PRESENTED BY:

ANIRBAN PAL EMPLOYEE NO:102580

ASHISH CHAUDHARY EMPLOYEE NO:102692
HARMINDAR SINGH EMPLOYEE NO:102728
SOURCES OF WATER:
RAIN WATER
SURFACE WATER
(RIVER,STREAMS,PONDS,LAKE,SEA)
GROUND WATER (SPRINGS/ WELLS)
COMPOSITION
COMPOSITION OF RAW WATER DIFFER FROM
SOURCE TO SOURCE.
MAINLY THREE TYPES OF IMPURITIES AVILABLE
IN WATER

A. GASES CO2,O2, H2S, etc
B. SUSPENDED SOLIDS TURBIDITY,ORGANIC MATTERS
C. DISSOLVED SOLIDS SALTS OF Ca,Na,Mg,Al,Fe, etc

EFFECT OF IMPURITIES IN BOILER
SCALE FORMATION

CORROSION

CARRY OVER
FORCE OUTAGE OF BOILER :
NO. ONE CAUSE TUBE FAILURE: 70%
CAUSES OF TUBE FAILURE : CAN BE
MANY
DUE TO WATER CHEMISTRY : 70%
PROPER CARE OF WATER CHEMISTRY
CAN REDUCE FORCE OUTAGE.



OBJECTIVE OF WATER CHEMSITRY
PRACTICES:
REDUCE CORROSION OF METALS

PREVENT DEPOSITION OF SCALE

PRODUCE GOOD QUALITY STEAM
(WITHOUT CARRY OVER)
HOW THESE IMPURIIES ARE
REMOVED ?
PRETREATMENT PLANT


DEMINERALISATION


CONDITIONING OF WATER


WATER TREATMENT




CLARIFLOCCULATOR
GRAVITY FILTER/ PRESSURE
FILTER
ACF CATION
EXCHANGER
DEGASSER
ANION
EXCHANGER
MIXED BED DM WATER
P
R
E
T
R
E
A
T
M
E
N
T

P
L
A
N
T


D
E
M
I
N
E
R
A
L
I
S
A
T
I
O
N












P
L
A
N
T

Alum Chlorine Lime ,
,
RAW WATER
AERATOR
PRE- TREATMENT OF WATER

MIXING OF CHEMICALS WITH RAW WATER
COAGULATION AND FLOCCULATION
SEDIMENTATION
FILTRATION

AERATOR
IN AERATOR WE REMOVE DISSOLVE GASES LIKE CO2,H2S
ETC.

SOME DISSOLVED ION LIKE Fe
++
, Mn
++
OXIDISED TO Fe
+++
,
Mn
+++
.

TO KILL THE ORGANIC MATTERS CHLORINE IS MIXED IN
WATER. Cl2 ALSO INCREASE OF WATER.

LIME IS USED TO REDUCED THE HARDNESS OF WATER--
REMOVES CALCIUM & MAGNESIUM SALTS FROM WATER.

Ca(HCO3)2 + Ca(OH)2 2 CaCO3 + 2H2O


MgCO3 + Ca(OH)2 CaCO3 + Mg(OH)2

CALCIUM CARBONATE & MAGNESIUM HYDROXIDE
BEING SPARINGILY SOLUBLE, PRECIPITATE-OUT.



pH
COAGULATION & FLOCULATION
NORMAL TURBID WATER CONTAIN SUSPENDED MATTER .
THESE CLAY SIZE PARTICLES NOT SETTLE DOWN EASILY .
SUSPENDED PARTICLES CARRIES NEGATIVE ELECTRICAL
CHARGE ON THEIR SURFACE.
COAGULATION IS THE PROCESS WHICH NEUTRALISES
CHARGES & HELPS TO FORM FLOCKS.
FLOCK SETTLES DOWN AND REMOVED AS SLUDGE.
MAIN COAGULANTS IN WATER TREATMENT ARE :
1. ALUMINUM SULPHATE.
2. IRON SULPHATE.
3. POLY ALUMINIUM CHLORIDE ( PAC )



Al
+++


Al
+++


Al
+++


Al
+++


MICRO
FLOCK
MACRO -FLOCK

ALUM

PAC
```
14th June 2007 16
Raw
water
Chlorine
Alu
m
Lime
Flash
Mixer
Clarification
Sludge
settlin
g pond
Clarified
water to
filters
Flocculation
Water quality at Clarifier outlet
Turbidity - <20 NTU pH - 5.5 to 8.0
Residual Chlorine - 0.2 ppm
CLARIFLOCCULATOR
AERATOR
CLARIFIER
FILTRATION:
FILTRATION IS REMOVAL OF SOLID PARTICLES FROM
WATER BY PASSING THROUGH FILTERING MEDIUM.
THIS MECHANICAL PROCESS DOES NOT REMOVE
DISSOLVED SOLIDS.
TYPES FILTERS USED IN WATER TREATMENT :
1. PRESSURE FILTERS
2. GRAVITY FILTERS

PRESSURE FILTER --- INSIDE CLOSED, ROUND STEEL
SHELLS. FUNCTION WITH THE PRESSURE OF THE
INCOMING WATER.
GRAVITY FILTER --- INSIDE STEEL, WOOD OR
CONCRETE CONTAINERS OPEN AT THE TOP.
FUNCTION AT ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE.





FILTER MEDIA:
INERT GRANULAR MATERIALS ARE USED AS FILTER
BED.
QUARTS SAND, SILICA SAND, ANTHRACITE COAL,
GARNET ARE NORMALLY USED AT DIFFERENT LAYERS
OF FILTER BED.
FILTER MEDIUM IN GSF:
1st layer - 50 mm X 37 mm gravel
2
nd
layer - 37 mm X 12 mm gravel
3
rd
layer 12 mm X 6 mm gravel
4
th
layer 6 mm X 2.5 mm grit
5
th
layer 0.35 mm X 0.5 mm sand



GRAVITY SAND FILTER
14th June 2007 20
CLARIFIED
WATER
FROM
CLARIFIER
IN
OUT
5
th
layer
4th layer
3rd layer
2nd layer
1st layer
FOR BACK WASHING
OF THE GSF WATER
IS PASSED THROUGH
FILTER IN REVERSE
DIRECTION
DM PLANT
FROM GSF
DM
water
storage
tank
ACF
WAC
SAC WBA
SBA
MB
DEGASSER
CO2
To main plant for
boiler make up
ACF- Activated carbon
Filter
WAC- Weak Acid Cation
SAC- Strong Acid Cation
WBA- Weak Base Anion
SBA- Strong Base Anion
MB-Mixed Bed


ACTIVATED CARBON IS EXTREMELY POROUS
FORM OF CARBON.
IT HAS LARGE SURFACE AREA FOR
ADSORPTI ON.
IT IS USED IN D.M. PLANT FOR ADSORBING
RESIDUAL CHLORINE AND ORGANIC
COMPOUNDS.
IT CAN BE REGENERATED BACK BY
BACKWASHING.
ACTIVATED CARBON FILTER
SERVI CE AND REGENERATI ON ( BACK WASH )
SI - Service Inlet
SO - Service Outlet
BWI - Backwash In
BWO - Backwash Out
RO - Rinse Out

Air
vent
SO
SI
BO
RO
BI
To Cation
Exchanger
Drain
WATER FROM ACF OUTLET HAS NO CHLORINE.
TURBIDITY<0.5 NTU BUT STILL CONTAINS
DISSOLVED CATIONS AND ANIONS.

THESE ARE REMOVED BY ION EXCHANGE
METHOD.


ION EXCHANGE PROCESS IS A REVERSIBLE
PROCESS.



THE ION EXCHANGE PROCESS TAKES PLACE AS
HARD WATER PASSES THROUGH THE SOFTENING
MATERIAL CALLED RESI NS.

RESINS ARE ORGANIC SUBSTANCES, CONSISTS
OF MATRIX AND FUNCTIONAL GROUP.
FUNCTIONAL GROUPS ARE RESPONSIBLE FOR
ION EXCHANGE PROCESS.

CATEGORISATION OF RESINS
1. WEAK ACID CATION RESIN :
THE WEAK ACID CATION RESINS HAVE COOH
GROUP AS EXCHANGE SITES.

THESE RESINS HAVE HIGH EXCHANGE CAPACITY.

IT IS USED FOR WATER OF HIGH HARDNESS AND
ALKANITY .

THESE RESINS REGENERATED BY 0.8% TO 1% ACID
SOLUTION.

2. STRONG ACID CATION RESIN :
THE STRONG ACID CATION RESINS HAVE SO3H,
H2PO3 GROUP AS EXCHANGE SITES.
THE STRONG ACID CATION RESINS CAN CONVERT
NEARLY ALL NEUTRAL SALTS INTO CORRESPONDING
ACID.
AFTER EXHAUSTION THESE RESINS CAN BE
REGENERATED BACK BY 2% ACID SOLUTION.

ION-EXCHANGE REACTIONS

CATION EXCHANGER
During Service
NaCl RNa + HCl
RH + CaCO
3
R
2
Ca + H
2
CO
3
MgSO
4
R
2
Mg + H
2
SO
4
Na
2
SiO
3
RNa +H
2
SiO
3

During Regeneration

RNa NaCl
R
2
Ca + HCl RH + CaCl
2
R
2
Mg MgCl
2

3. WEAK BASE ANION RESIN :
WEAK ANION RESINS HAVE PRIMARY (RNH2),
SECONDARY (R-NHR) & TERTIARY AMINE (R3N)
GROUPS AS EXANGE SITES .
THESE RESINS CAN REMOVE STRONG ACIDS
SUCH AS HCL & H2SO4 BUT DOESNT REMOVE
WEAKLY IONIZED ACIDS SUCH SILICIC ACID AND
BICARBONATES.
THESE RESINS CAN BE REGENERATED WITH
WEAK ALKALIS SUCH AS SODIUM CARBONATE.


4. STRONG BASE ANION RESIN :
THE STRONG BASE ANION RESINS HAVE
QUATERNARY AMMONI UM EXCHANGE SITES.
THESE RESINS CAN BE REGENERATED BY STRONG
ALKALI.
5. MIXED BED :
MIXED BED UNIT CONTAINS BOTH CATI ON AND
ANI ONS EXCHANGE RESINS.





ION-EXCHANGE REACTIONS


ANION EXCHANGER
During Service
HCl RCl + H
2
O

ROH + H
2
CO
3
R
2
CO
3
+ H
2
O

H
2
SO
4
R
2
SO
4
+ H
2
O

H
2
SiO
3
R
2
SiO
3
+ H
2
O

During Regenration
RCl NaCl
R
2
CO
3
+ NaOH ROH + Na
2
CO
3


R
2
SO
4
Na
2
SO
4

R
2
SiO
3
Na
2
SiO
3
CATION EXCHANGER AND ANION EXCHANGER
DF - Down Flow
NF - Nozzle flushing
Regeneration line to weak
exchanger
Drain
Drain
Weak Strong
SI
SO
SO
Acid/Alkali injection
DF
Air
Vent
Air
Vent
NF
SI
BO
BO
BI
BI
RO
RO
SERVICE AND REGENERATION
MIXED BED
SERVICE AND REGENERATION
AIR
VENT
SI
SO
DRAIN
ALKALI
INJECTION
Acid injection
NF
AIR
IN BETWEEN CATION AND ANION EXCHANGER
WE USE DEGASSER FOR REMOVING CO
2
.

H
2
CO
3
H
2
O + CO
2






D.M. WATER QUALITY

pH = 6.8-7.0
CONDUCTIVITY < 0.1 mho
TDS - NIL
SiO
2
< 20 ppb