DYNAMICS OF MACHINES
By
Dr.K.SRINIVASAN,
Professor,
AU-FRG Inst.for CAD/CAM,
Anna University
BALANCING
OF
RECIPROCATING MASSES
SINGLE CYLINDER ENGINE
IN-LINE ENGINES3 , 4 ,5, 6 cylinders are Common
V-ENGINES 4, 6, 8,10, 12 ,16
with 6 & 8 being popular
RADIAL ENGINES-
Four cylinder inline engine crank arrangement
Ring
gear
6-cylinder inline engine
Crank arrangement
V-six engine crank arrangement
Effect of Inertia forces in a SINGLE CYLINDER ENGINE:
mA r
due to rotating part
A
2
O2
B4
1
main bearing
mA r
m BA B
Cylinder wall
inertia force due to revolving
masses
[mB r 2 (cos + cos 2 / n + . )]
-inertia force due to reciprocating masses
F23
F32
3
Tg
F21
F43
F12
F41
Shaking force, F
x
21
Shaking couple , T
mBAB
x F41
Forces on the frame of the engine
Shaking force, F
x
21
Shaking couple , T
mBAB
x F41
shaking force
Shaking force, F
Forces of
shaking couple
x
21
Shaking couple , T
mBAB
x F41
y
A
F21y
F21
F21x
=t
O2
1
main bearing
B 4
x
F 14
F21x unbalanced inertia force along the line of
stroke
F21y & F 14 - unbalanced couple on the engine
cylinder
unbalanced force, F
x
21
mBAB
= mB {r 2 (cos + cos 2 / n + . )}
= mB {r 2 cos } + mB r 2 {cos 2 / n }
Primary disturbing
force
unbalanced couple , T
secondary disturbing
force
x F41 = x F
y
21
m A r
Fy
F21
piston inertia force
Fx
=F
x
21
+ m A r 2 cost
= mB r 2 {cos t + cos 2 t / n} + m A r 2 cost
F
= m A r 2 sint
Can be fully balanced
(due to rotating masses)
mA
Secondary
Imaginary crank
mB
mB= piston mass
r/4n
=t
F21x
O2
m A - mass at crank radius representing revolving masses
of the crank shaft
m B - imaginary mass at crank radius equal to
reciprocating masses
x
21
= mB r 2
{cos t} + mB r 2 {cos 2 t / n}
mB r 2
mB
balancing force
=t
b B r B 2 cos t
1
mB r 2cos t
Primary disturbing
force
b B r B 2
b B r B 2 sin t
this force to line stoke not balanced
b B r B = mB r
for 100 %Balancing along the line of stroke
Example :
Data given :
Engine
: Single cylinder oil engine
Stroke
: 375 mm
speed
: 300 rpm
Mass of the reciprocating parts : 68 kg
Revolving parts
: 81.5 kg at crank radius
Radius at which balance
mass to be introduced at 180 o : 150 mm
Nature of balancing to be obtained : whole of the revolving parts
&
one-half of the reciprocating parts
To find :
1. required balancing mass
2. Residual unbalanced force on the main bearing
Solution :
The total equivalent revolving mass at
crank radius which has to be balanced = 81.5 + 68 X 0.5
= 115.5 kg
@ (375/2) mm radius
We have. M b X r b = 115.5 X (375 /2)
Where
M b is the balancing mass
& r b is radius of the balancing mass
Balancing mass @ 150 mm radius
= 115.5 X (375 /2) / 150
= 144.375 kg
Contd..
Calculation of residual unbalanced force :
= (2 X X 300 ) /60
=31.4 rad /s
Unbalanced force parallel to the line of line of stroke
( due to reciprocating mass)
F parallel = [ X {68 2 r cos }]
Unbalanced force perpendicular to the line of line of stroke
( due to reciprocating mass)
F perpendicular = [ X {68 2 r sin }]
Total unbalanced force ,F = X 68 2 r
= X 68 X 31.4 2 X 0.1875
= 6,286 N
Balancing
web
Engine specifications:
one - cylinder
four - stroke
Bore
: 75 mm
Stroke : 88.5 mm
l / r
: 3.5
rpm
: 3400
: 5 kg
:2.1 kg
=43.2 k N
Variation of unbalanced force
with crank rotation
Engine fully balanced for revolving masses
and
Unbalanced for reciprocating masses
(4.27 kg
at 44 mm)
=14.9 kN
Unbalanced force on the engine
with exact balancing
Partially balanced
for reciprocating masses
(6.4 kg at 44 mm)
=7.5 kN
unbalanced force on the engine
with over balancing
=14.9 k N
=43.2 k N
30o- 40o
Speed
3400 rpm
=12.75 k N
Forces on the main pin
at various balancing conditions
Effect of crank balancing on the shaking force
Unbalanced
Exact balancing
overbalanced
Unbalanced
Exact balancing
overbalanced
Effect of crank balancing on the shaking force
Effect of crank balancing on the main pin force
Extended con.rod
Beyond crankpin
Engine piston
OFFSET TYPE OPPOSED PISTON ENGINE
MULTI CYLINDER IN-LINE ENGINES:
Common crank shaft
driven by number of connecting rods
Angular interval between successive cranks ,
(2 / n) in the case of 2-stroke engine
(4 / n) in the case of 4-stroke engine
Where n is the number of cylinders
firing order influences balancing condition
Effect of unbalanced inertia forces due to reciprocating masses:
Line of stroke
Couple effect
Condition for complete balance of primary disturbing forces
In a multi cylinder in line engines
Q
Line of stroke
b
a
c
Q
ml
End view
of the
cranks
f
h
Line of stroke
rotated
Line of stroke
