Introduction to

Design for (Cost Effective) Assembly

and Manufacturing

Purpose Statement
To provide an overview of Design for Manufacturing
and Assembly (DFMA) techniques, which are used to
minimize product cost through design and process
improvements.

Objectives
Participants will understand:
Differences and Similarities between Design for
Manufacturing and Design for Assembly
Describe how product design has a primary
influence
Basic criteria for Part Minimization
Quantitative analysis of a designs efficiency
Critique product designs for ease of assembly
The importance of involving production engineers
in DFMA analysis

Design for Assembly

Definition: DFA is the method of design of the
product for ease of assembly.
Optimization
of the part/system
assembly

DFA is a tool used to assist the design teams in the design of

products that will transition to productions at a minimum cost,
focusing on the number of parts, handling and ease of assembly.

Design for Manufacturing

Definition: DFM is the method of design for ease of
manufacturing of the collection of parts that will form
the product after assembly.
Optimization of the
manufacturing
process
DFA is a tool used to select the most cost effective material and
process to be used in the production in the early stages of product
design.

Differences
Design for Assembly (DFA)
concerned only with reducing product assembly cost
minimizes number of assembly operations
individual parts tend to be more complex in design

Design for Manufacturing (DFM)

concerned with reducing overall part production cost
minimizes complexity of manufacturing operations
uses common datum features and primary axes

Similarities
Both DFM and DFA seek to reduce material,
overhead, and labor cost.
They both shorten the product development cycle
time.
Both DFM and DFA seek to utilize standards to
reduce cost

Terminology

Design for Manufacturing (DFM) and Design

for Assembly (DFA) are now commonly
referred to as a single methodology, Design
for Manufacturing and Assembly (DFMA) .

What Internal Organization has the most

Influence over Price, Quality, & Cycle
Time?

Manufacturing

20 - 30%

Design

70 - 80%

Knowledge and Learning

Marketing
Knowledge

DFSS

Cost of Change

High
100

100

Percentage

90
80

90

Knowledge of Design
Behavior

80

70

70

60

60

50

50

40

40

30

30

20
10

20

Design Freedom to
Make Changes

Time Into the Design Process

Process
Capability
Knowledge

10
Production

Low

Sequence of Analysis
Concept Design

Design for
Assembly

Optimize
Optimize Design
Designfor
for
Part
Part Count
Countand
and
Assembly
Assembly

Design for
Manufacturing
Optimize
Optimize Design
Designfor
for
Production
ProductionReadiness
Readiness
Detailed Design

Design for Assembly

DFA is a process that REQUIRES
involvement of Assembly Engineers

Design for Assembly Principles

Minimize part count

Design parts with self-locating features
Design parts with self-fastening features
Minimize reorientation of parts during assembly
Design parts for retrieval, handling, & insertion
Emphasize Top-Down assemblies
Standardize partsminimum use of fasteners.
Encourage modular design
Design for a base part to locate other components
Design for component symmetry for insertion

DFA Process
Step 1

Product Information: functional requirements

Functional analysis
Identify parts that can be standardized
Determine part count efficiencies

Step 2

Determine your practical part count

Step 3

Identify quality (mistake proofing) opportunities

Step 4

Identify handling (grasp & orientation) opportunities

Step 5

Identify insertion (locate & secure) opportunities

Step 6

Identify opportunities to reduce secondary operations

Step 7

Analyze data for new design

Benchmark when possible

DFA Analysis Worksheet

Cummins
Tools

Step One

Product Information: functional requirements

Functional analysis
Identify parts that can be standardized
Determine part count efficiencies

Considerations/Assumptions
The first part is essential (base part)
Non-essential parts:
Fasteners
Spacers, washers, O-rings
Connectors, leads

Do not include liquids as parts

(e.g.. glue, gasket sealant, lube)

Step One

Part Identification
List parts in the
order of assembly
Assign/record part
number

So take it apart!

Count Parts & Interfaces

List number of parts
(Np)
List number of
interfaces (Ni)

Your Turn

List parts in the order of assembly.

Assign part number to keep up with the part.
List number of parts (Np)
List number of interfaces (Ni)

Determine Theoretical Min. No. of

Parts
Movement

Current
Design
Does the part
Does the part
move relative Y
move relative
to all other
to all other
parts already
parts already
assembled?
assembled?

Adjustment or
Replacement

Isolation

N
Is the part of
Is the part of
a different
a different
Y
material, or
material, or
isolated from,
isolated from,
all other parts
all other parts
already
already
assembled?
assembled?

Consider
Specification
Is the
Is the
movement
movement
essential for
essential for
the product
the product
to function?
to function?

Other
Options

N
Is a different
Is a different
material or
material or
isolation
isolation
essential for
essential for
the product
the product
to function?
to function?

Must the part

Must the part
be separate
be separate Y
to provide the
to provide the
required
required
movement?
movement?
N

Must the part

Must the part
be separate
be separate
to satisfy the
to satisfy the Y
different
different
material or
material or
isolation
isolation
requirement?
requirement?

Is the part
Is the part
separate to
separate to Y
allow for its
allow for its
in-service
in-service
adjustment or
adjustment or
replacement?
replacement?

Is the
Is the
adjustment or Y
adjustment or
replacement
replacement
essential?
essential?

Must the part

Must the part
be separate
be separate Y
to enable the
to enable the
adjustment or
adjustment or
replacement?
replacement?

N
Non
Non
Essential
Essential
Part
Part

Essential
Essential
Part
Part

Functional Analysis

Adjustment
or
Replacement

Isolation

Movement

Current Design
Does
Doesthe
thepart
partmove
move
relative
to
all
other
relative to all other
parts
partsalready
already
assembled?
assembled?
N
IsIsthe
thepart
partof
ofaa
different
differentmaterial,
material,or
or
isolated
from,
all
isolated from, all
other
otherparts
partsalready
already
assembled?
assembled?

Consider Specification
Y

N
IsIsthe
thepart
partseparate
separate
to
allow
for
to allow forits
itsininservice
adjustment
service adjustment
or
orreplacement?
replacement?
N
Non
NonEssential
Essential
Part
Part

IsIsthe
themovement
movement
essential
essentialfor
forthe
the
product
to
product to
function?
function?
N
IsIsaadifferent
different
material
or
material orisolation
isolation
essential
for
essential forthe
the
product
to
product to
function?
function?

N
Y

IsIsthe
theadjustment
adjustmentor
or
replacement
replacement
essential?
essential?
N

Other Options
Must
Mustthe
thepart
partbe
be
separate
to
provide
separate to provide
the
therequired
required
movement?
movement?
N
Must
Mustthe
thepart
partbe
be
separate
to
satisfy
separate to satisfy
the
thedifferent
different
material
materialor
orisolation
isolation
requirement?
requirement?

N
Y

Must
Mustthe
thepart
partbe
be
separate
to
enable
separate to enable
the
theadjustment
adjustmentor
or
replacement?
replacement?

Essential
Essential
Part
Part

Determine if Parts Can be

Standardized
Can the current parts be
standardized?:
Within the assembly
station
Within the full assembly
Within the assembly plant
Within the corporation
Within the industry

Should they be?

(Only put a Y if both
answers are yes)

Theoretical Part Count

Efficiency
Theoretical Part
Count Efficiency

Theoretical Min. No. Parts

Total Number of Parts

Theoretical Part
Count Efficiency

Theoretical Part
Count Efficiency

* 100

1
10

* 100

= 10%

Rule of Thumb Part Count

Efficiency Goal > 60%

Goal
Goal

DFA Complexity Factor

Definition
Cummins Inc. metric for assessing complexity of a
product design
Two Factors
Np Number of parts
Ni Number of part-to-part interfaces

Multiply the two and take the square root of the total
Np x Ni
This is known as the DFA Complexity Factor

DFA Complexity Factor Target

DCF Np x Ni

Part 3

Part 2
Part 1

DCFt Npt x Nit

Part 4

DCFt x = 6.32
Part 5

Smaller is better (Minimize Np and Ni)

Let Npt = Theoretical Minimum Number of parts
from the Functional Analysis
Npt = 5

Let Nit = Theoretical minimum number of part to part interfaces

Nit = 2(Npt-1)
Nit = 2(5-1) = 8

Determine Relative Part Cost

Levels
Subjective estimate
only

Low/Medium/High
relative to other parts
in the assembly
and/or product line

Cost Breakdown

Media paper 21.4%

Centertube 3.6%
Endplates (2) 3.0%
Plastisol 2.6%
Inner Seal 4.0%
Spring
0.9%
Shell
31.4%
Nutplate 21.0%
Retainer 4.8%
Loctite
0.3%
End Seal 7.0%

Step Two

Determine Practical Minimum Part Count

Determine Practical Minimum Part

Count
Team assessment of
practical changes
Tradeoffs between
part cost and
assembly cost

Creativity & Innovation

Theoretical Number of
Parts...
Blue Sky

Innovation
Practical & Achievable
Current Design

Theoretical Min.
No. Parts

Practical Min.
No. Parts

No. Parts

Cost of Assembly Vs Cost of Part

Manufacture

Saving

Total Saving
Assembly Saving
(DFA)
Part Manufacture
Saving (DFM)
Optimum

Part Count Reduction

Idea Classification
Implementation

Step Two

Long
Term

Medium
Term

Short
Term
Low

Medium

High

Risk

Dont constrain yourself to

incremental improvement unless
you have to!

This style doesnt tear paper like the claw style and is much cheaper
to produce!

Your Turn...

Instructions
Product Information:
functional requirements
Functional analysis
Identify parts that can be
standardized
Determine part count
efficiencies
Determine your practical part count

Steps One
& Two

Fasteners
Step One

A study by Ford Motor Co. revealed that

threaded fasteners were the most common
cause of warranty repairs
This finding is echoed in more recent survey of
automotive mechanics, in which 80% reported
finding loose or incorrect fasteners in cars they
serviced

Component Elimination
Example: Rollbar Redesign

..If more than 1/3 of the components in a product are

fasteners, the assembly logic should be questioned.

24 Parts
8 different parts
multiple mfg. & assembly
processes necessary

2 Parts
2 Manufacturing processes
one assembly step

Fasteners: Cummins Engines

Engine Type
B Series, 6 Cyl 5.9L

Number of
Components
1086

Number of
Fasteners
436

Percent
Fasteners
40%

B Series, 4 Cyl 3.9L

C Series, 8.3L

718
1111

331
486

46%
44%

Data from Munroe & Associates October 2002

Standard Bolt Sizes

Minimize extra sizes to both reduce inventory and
eliminate confusion during assembly
Candidates for elimination

M5 x .8
12mm
14mm
16mm
20mm
25mm
30mm
35mm
39.5mm
40mm
45mm
50mm
60mm
70mm
Required

M6 x 1.0 M8 x 1.25 M10 x 1.5 M11 x 1.25 M12 x 1.25 M12 x 1.75 M14 x 1.5 M16 x 2.0 Qty Required
0
2
3
3
4
8
8
20
6
6
12
3
8
11
10
35
45
32
12
10
4
58
41
27
6
74
22
9
1
32
4
9
25
18
12
68
13
8
15
36
6
6
7
93
152
75
16
21
0
1
367

Fastener Cost

Select the

screwing

most
inexpensive

riveting

fastening
method
required

plastic bending
snap fit

General Design Principles

Self-fastening features

General Design Principles

Symmetry eliminates reorientation

Asymmetric Part

Symmetry of a part
makes assembly easier

General Design Principles

Top-Down Assembly

General Design Principles

Modular Assemblies
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.

Imaging
Drives
Development
Transfer/Stripping
Cleaning
Fusing
Charge/Erase
Copy Handling
Electrical Distribution
Photoreceptor
Input/Output Devices

Xerox photocopier

Eliminated Parts are NEVER

Designed
Detailed
Prototyped
Produced
Scrapped
Tested
Re-engineered
Purchased
Progressed

Received
Inspected
Rejected
Stocked
Outdated
Written-off
Unreliable
Recycled
late from the supplier!

Step
Three

Identify quality (mistake proofing)

opportunities

Mistake Proofing Issues

Cannot assemble wrong part

Cannot omit part
Cannot assemble part wrong
way around.

symmetrical parts

asymmetrical parts

Mistake Proofing Issues

72 Wiring Harness
Part Numbers
CDC - Rocky Mount,
NC

Step Four

Identify handling (grasp & orientation)

opportunities

Quantitative criteria
Handling Time: based on assembly process
and complexity of parts

How many hands are required?

Is any grasping assistance needed?
What is the effect of part symmetry on assembly?
Is the part easy to align/position?

Handling Difficulty

Size
Thickness
Weight
Fragility
Flexibility
Slipperiness
Stickiness
Necessity for using 1) two hands, 2) optical
magnification, or 3) mechanical assistance

Handling Difficulty

size

sharpness

slipperiness

flexibility

Eliminate Tangling/Nesting

Step Five

Identify insertion (locate & secure)

opportunities

Quantitative criteria
Insertion time: based on difficulty required
for each component insertion
Is the part secured immediately upon insertion?
Is it necessary to hold down part to maintain
location?
What type of fastening process is used?
(mechanical, thermal, other?)
Is the part easy to align/position?

Insertion Issues
Provide self-aligning & self locating parts

Insertion Issues
Ensure parts do not need to be held in position

Insertion Issues
Parts are easy to insert.
Provide adequate access & visibility

Insertion Issues
Provide adequate access and visibility

Step Six

Identify opportunities to reduce secondary

operations

Eliminate Secondary Operations

Re-orientation (assemble in Z axis)
Screwing, drilling, twisting, riveting, bending,
crimping.

Rivet

Eliminate Secondary Operations

Welding, soldering, gluing.
Painting, lubricating, applying liquid or gas.
Testing, measuring, adjusting.

Assembly Metrics

Error
Proofing

Sum all Ys in Error Columns

Theoretical Min. No. Parts

Handling
Index

Sum all Ys in Handling Columns

Theoretical Min. No. Parts

Insertion
Index

Sum all Ys in Insertion Columns

Theoretical Min. No. Parts

2nd Op.
Index

Sum all Ys in 2nd Op. Columns

Theoretical Min. No. Parts

Analyze All Metrics

First consider:
Reduce part count & type
& DFA Complexity Factor

Part Count Efficiency

Then think about:

Error Proofing

Error Index

Then think about:

Ease of handling
Ease of insertion
Eliminate secondary ops.

Handling Index
Insertion Index
2nd Op. Index

Set Target Values for These Measures

Your Turn...
Steps
Two - Six

Instructions
Complete the
remaining columns &
calculate your
products
Assemblability
Indices

Step
Seven

Analyze data for new design

DFA Process
Step 1

Product Information: functional requirements

Functional analysis
Identify parts that can be standardized
Determine part count efficiencies

Step 2

Determine your practical part count

Step 3

Identify quality (mistake proofing) opportunities

Step 4

Identify handling (grasp & orientation) opportunities

Step 5

Identify insertion (locate & secure) opportunities

Step 6

Identify opportunities to reduce secondary operations

Step 7

Analyze data for new design

Benchmark when possible

DFA Guidelines
In order of importance:
Reduce part count & types
Ensure parts cannot be installed incorrectly
Strive to eliminate adjustments
Ensure parts self-align & self-locate
Ensure adequate access & unrestricted vision
Ensure parts are easily handled from bulk
Minimize reorientation (assemble in Z axis) &
secondary operations during assembly
Make parts symmetrical or obviously asymmetrical

Understanding Product Costs

Consideration of True Production costs and the
Bill of Material Costs,
Typical Costing

Total Cost

Pareto by Part Cost

Pareto by Total Cost

1. Castings

$$

1. Fasteners

2. Forging

$$

2. -----

3.

3. ------

-------

-------

------

------

------

------

-------

-------

------

------

n. Fasteners

n. Castings

$$$$$

$$

Selection of Manufacturing
Method
Have we selected the Best Technology or Process
to fabricate the parts?
Is
Ishard
hardtooling
tooling Required...
Required...

Have we selected the best Material needed for

function and cost?
Have
Havewe
welooked
lookedat
at all
all the
thenew
new
Technology
Technologythat
thatis
is available
available

Selection of Manufacturing
Method
Has the Design Addressed Automation
Possibilities?

Is
Isthe
theProduct
Product configured
configured
with
withaccess
accessfor
forand
andthe
the
parts
parts shaped
shaped for
for the
the
implementation
implementationof
of
automation?
automation?

Understanding Component
Features
Part Features that are Critical To the
Products Functional Quality
Every
EveryDrawing
Drawing
Call
Call Out
Out is
isnot
not
Critical
Critical to
to
Function
Function and
and
Quality
Quality

Key DFMA Principles

Minimize Part Count
Standardize Parts and Materials
Create Modular Assemblies
Design for Efficient Joining
Minimize Reorientation of parts during Assembly

and/or Machining
Simplify and Reduce the number of Manufacturing

Operations
Specify Acceptable surface Finishes for

functionality

References
1. Assembly Automation and Product Design
G. Boothroyd, Marcell Dekker, Inc. 1992
2. Product Design for Manufacture and Assembly
G. Boothroyd and P. Dewhurst, Boothroyd Dewhurst, Inc. 1989
Marcell Dekker, Inc. 1994
3. Design and Analysis of Manufacturing Systems
Prof. Rajan Suri University of Wisconsin 1995
4. Product Design for Assembly: The Methodology Applied
G. Lewis and H. Connelly
5. Simultaneous Engineering Study of Phase II Injector Assembly line
Giddings & Lewis 1997
6. Design for Manufacturing Society of Manufacturing Engineers,
(VIDEO)