HVAC
Heating ventilation and air conditioning.
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Reference books.
Heat and mass transfer - [Link]
Refrigeration A/C- [Link]
Refrigeration A/C- [Link]
Thermodynamics- KOTHANDARAMAN.
Refrigeration and A/C- REGIPUT.
Refrigeration A/C- AHMADUL AMEEN
Heating ventilation and a/c - Fage C Mc quiston and
Jarald D Parker
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Refrigeration and a/c data book – Domkundwar &
Domkundwar .
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heat transfer .
Heat transfer can be defined as the transmission of heat
energy from one region to another as a result of
temperature difference
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The modes of heat transfer
conduction, convection and radiation.
Heat conduction is due to the vibration of molecules.
(solids)
Heat convection is due to movement of matter.(fluids)
Heat radiation is due to electromagnetic radiations.(no
need of medium eg sun to earth)
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Fourier’s law of heat conduction
The time rate of heat transfer through a material is
proportional to the negative gradient in the temperature
and to the area, at right angles to that gradient, through
which the heat flows.
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Newton’s law of convective heat transfer
Newton's law of convective heat transfer states that
the rate of heat loss of a body is proportional to the
temperature difference between the body and its
surroundings, while under the effects of a breeze.
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Newton’s law of convective heat transfer
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Radiation heat transfer
Stefan-Boltzmann Law
The total energy emitted by a black body at a particular
temperature is proportional to the fourth power of
absolute temperature.
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Conduction of heat through a slab
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Heat conduction through a composite wall
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Conduction of heat through hollow
cylinder
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All length All Temp.
on LHS on LHS
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Overall heat transfer coefficient(U)
Ti
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U value is also known as Thermal transmittance, or
Overall heat transfer coefficient.
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Natural and forced convection
When a temperature difference produces a density
difference which results in mass movement , the
process is called free or natural convection. ( due to the
effect of buoyancy).
When the mass motion of the fluid is caused by an
external device like a pump, compressor, blower or
fan, the process is called forced convection .
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Critical Thickness of Insulation
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An electric cable of 10 mm diameter is to be insulated
by a rubber (K=0.14W/mK). Assume cable surface
temperature is 60°C. The surrounding air temperature
is 20°C and convective heat transfer coefficient is 10
W/m2 K in both bare and insulated cases. Find the
most economical thickness of the insulation and
compare the heat transfer.
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The interior temperature of a refrigerator is maintained
at 7°C. The walls are constructed with two mild steel
sheets 3 mm thick with 5 cm of glass wool insulation
between them. The heat transfer coefficients on inner
and outer surface of refrigerator are 10 W/m2°C and
12.5 W/m2 °C respectively. Find the rate of heat leaked
the refrigerator in watts when it is kept in a kitchen
room.
The temperature in kitchen room is 28°[Link] K (mild
steel) =40 W/m-°C K (glass wool) = 0.04 W/m-°C.
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Hot air at 40°C is flowing through a steel pipe of 10cm
diameter. The pipe is covered with two layers of
insulating materials of thickness 4 cm and 3 cm and
their corresponding conductivities are 0.1 and 0.32
W/m-°C respectively. The inside and outside
convective heat transfer coefficients are 50 and 10
W/m2-oC. If the atmospheric temperature is 10°C, find
the heat loss from 10 m length of pipe. Neglect the
thermal resistance of the pipe material. Also find the
overall heat transfer coefficient based on the outer
surface of the composite cylinder.
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Introduction to Radiation heat transfer
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Absorptivity+ reflectivity +transmissivity =1
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A body which absorbs all the incident radiation is
called ‘black body’ .
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A body which transmits all the incident radiation is
called “absolute transparent” or “diathermanous” body.
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GREY BODY
If a body absorbs a definite percentage of incident
radiation irrespective of their wavelengths, the known as
“grey body”.
The absorptivity of the grey body always lies between 0
and 1.
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Stefan-Boltzmann Law
The total energy emitted by a black body at a
particular temperature is given by the following
expression
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MONOCHROMATIC POWER
A body at a particular temperature radiates energy at
all wave-lengths. A body at any temperature radiates
different quantities of energy at different wave-lengths.
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The energy radiated at a particular wavelength for the
given temperature of the black- body per unit area of
the body and per unit time is known as
“monochromatic emissive power” of the body.
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Wien’s Displacement Law
Another characteristic of this distribution is that the
Maximum value of monochromatic emissive power of
a black body shifts towards lower wavelength with
increasing temperature.
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Emissivity
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KIRCHHOFF’S LAW OF RADIATION
The ratio of total emissive power to the absorptivity is
constant for all surfaces which are in thermal
equilibrium with the surroundings.
Or
emissivity = absorptivity
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Desirable properties of thermal insulator
It should have very low thermal conductivity
should be cheap
available in abundance.
It should be water moisture resistant
The thermal expansion must be almost equal with
the surface covered.
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non-toxic
free from vermin and fungus growth.
no bad smell
free from fire hazard
chemically stable
good surface amiability to take required finish
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Commonly used insulating material
[Link] wool
2. ploy styrene
3. glass fibre
4. wooden material
5. silica aerogel
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Solar heat gain through glass
(i) Double pan glass reduces the solar heat by 10% to
20%.
(ii) Special heat absorbing glass reduces the solar heat
by 25%.
(iii) Stained glass can reduce it up to 65% depending
upon its colour.
(iv) Shading devices installed on the outside of
windows reduce sun load up to 15%.
(v) Ventilation blinds and curtain shades reduce it by
30% to 35%.
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Glass wool
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Ploy styrene
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Glass fibre
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Silica Aerogel
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