OSI Model and TCP/IP
S.K.Gaikwad
The OSI Model
OSI is short for Open Systems Interconnection.
OSI model was first introduced by the International Organization
for Standardization (ISO) in 1983
– WHAT needs to be done to send data from one computer to another.
– HOW it should be done.
– Protocols stacks handle how data is prepared for transmittal
Some Other Protocols:
IBM launched SNA (System Network Architecture) in 1974
DEC (Digital Equipment Corporation) launched DNA (Digital
Network Architecture) in 1980
Main OSI Layer Terms
Service :Each layer serves additional services for the higher
layer.
Type of service is dependent on the definition of the layer model.
Interface :Services are usable via an interface through layers.
Usage of services is also specified between layers.
Protocol :It defines the internal operation procedure of a layer.
The protocol is private to the layer. It can be changed or replaced
without affecting other layers.
OSI Seven Layer Model
Physical Layer
Transmitting raw bit stream between two nodes.
Converts sequence of:
Binary digit into electrical signal when two nodes are on a
cable circuit
Binary digit into light signal when two nodes are on a fiber-
optic circuit.
Binary digit into or electromagnetic signals when two nodes
are on a microwave/radio circuit.
Specifies voltage, wire speed, and pin out cables.
Passes data up to data link layer (and receives from data link
layer)
Position of the physical layer
Data-link Layer
Performs framing of bits, flow and error control but not
correction
Responsible for transmission of frames across the physical link
Provide access to media using MAC address
Passes data between physical and network layers
The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) has
subdivided the data link layer into two sublayers: Logical Link
Control (LLC) and Media Access Control (MAC).
MAC layer the MAC address is defined at this layer. The
MAC address is the physical or hardware address burned into
each NIC. The MAC layer specification is included in the
IEEE802.1 standard.
LLC layer The LLC layer is responsible for the error and flow-
control mechanisms of the data-link layer. The LLC layer is
specified in the 802.2 standard.
Position of the data-link layer
Network Layer
Passes data between data link and transport layers
Responsible for routing data across a network, from
source to destination using network-wide addressing
Pass data between (separate) sub networks
Hides network topology from higher layers
Network layer protocols:
X.25 protocol & Internet Protocol (IP)
Position of network layer
Transport Layer
Error checking Protocols at the transport layer ensure that data is sent or
received correctly.
Service addressing Protocols such as TCP/IP support many network services.
The transport layer makes sure that data is passed to the right service at the
upper layers of the OSI model.
Segmentation To traverse the network, blocks of data need to be broken down
into packets that are of a manageable size for the lower layers to handle. This
process, called segmentation, is the responsibility of the transport layer.
Protocols that operate at the transport layer:
User Datagram Protocol (UDP)--- connectionless.
Transmission Control Protocol (TCP)---connection oriented.
Responsible for data flow control
Two common methods : buffering and windowing
Buffering :
Data is temporarily stored and waits for the destination device to
become available. Buffering can cause a problem if the sending
device transmits data much faster than the receiving device is able to
manage it.
Windowing:
Data is sent in groups of segments that require only one
acknowledgment. The size of the window (that is, how many
segments fit into one acknowledgment) is defined at the time the
session between the two devices is established.
Session Layer
Passes data between presentation and transport
layers
Responsible for managing network sessions (series
of related data streams)
Provides synchronization and scheduling
Presentation Layer
Passes data between application and session layers
Provides translation services for data to ensure
applications are using compatible formats
E.g. converting from ASCII(American Standard Code
for Information Interchange) to EBCDIC(Extended
Binary Coded Decimal Interchange Code ) text
representations
Application Layer
Passes data to presentation layer (and receives from
presentation layer)
Communicates with remote applications
Determines the user capability within the network
Position of application layer
Summary of layers
2.18
Network Devices to the OSI Model
Device OSI Layer
Hub Physical (Layer 1)
Switch Data-link (Layer 2)
Bridge Data-link (Layer 2)
Router Network (Layer 3)
NIC Data-link (Layer 2)
Introduction to TCP/IP
• The U.S. Department of
Defense (DoD) created
the TCP/IP reference
model because it wanted a
network that could
survive any conditions.
• Some of the layers in the
TCP/IP model have the
same name as layers in
the OSI model.
Application Layer
Handles high-level protocols, issues of
representation, encoding, and dialog control.
The TCP/IP protocol suite combines all
application related issues into one layer and
ensures this data is properly packaged before
passing it on to the next layer.
Application Layer Examples
Transport Layer
Five basic services:
Segmenting upper-layer application data
Establishing end-to-end operations
Sending segments from one end host to
another end host
Ensuring data reliability
Providing flow control
Transport Layer Protocols
Internet Layer
The purpose of the Internet layer is to send packets from
a network node and have them arrive at the destination
node independent of the path taken.
Network Access Layer
• The network access layer is concerned with all of the issues
that an IP packet requires to actually make a physical link to
the network media.
• It includes the LAN and WAN technology details, and all the
details contained in the OSI physical and data link layers.
Comparing the OSI Model and TCP/IP Model
TCP/IP and OSI model
2.28
Similarities of the OSI and TCP/IP Models
• Both have layers.
• Both have application layers, though they
include very different services.
• Both have comparable transport and network
layers.
• Packet-switched, not circuit-switched,
technology is assumed.
• Networking professionals need to know both
models.
Differences of the OSI and TCP/IP Models
• TCP/IP combines the presentation and session
layer into its application layer.
• TCP/IP combines the OSI data link and
physical layers into one layer.
• TCP/IP appears simpler because it has fewer
layers.
• TCP/IP transport layer using UDP does not
always guarantee reliable delivery of packets
as the transport layer in the OSI model does.
SUMMARY
Computer networks are implemented using a concept of
layered protocols. Most networks support hierarchies,
with each layer providing services to the layer above it
and insulating them from the details of the protocols used
in the lower layers. Protocol stacks are typically based
either on the OSI model or the TCP/IP model. Both of
these have network, transport, and application layers, but
they differ on the other layers.
