Introduction to Amplifiers
B.Tech 4th semester
Subject: Analog Electronics
1
To learn……..
• List the three fundamental ac properties of
amplifiers
• Describe the general model of a voltage amplifier
• Discuss how i/p and o/p impedance effect on the
effective gain of the circuit
• Study the three BJT amplifier configurations
• Discuss the various amplifier operation classes
• Understand the concept of dB
2
Typical amplifiers.
VCC
VCC
BJT JFET
Amplifier R1 RC
RD
Amplifier
Load
Q1 Load Q1
R2 R1
RE RS
Rf
Rin
+V Op-Amp Based
Amplifier
Load
-V
3
General amplifier models.
Zout
Zin A
Zin A Zout
4
Table : Gain symbols.
Type of Gain Symbol Relation
vout
Voltage Av Av
vin
iout
Current Ai Ai
iin
Pout
Power Ap Ap
Pin
5
Fig 8.3 Example 8.1.
The symbol shown in Fig. 8.3 is a generic symbol for an amplifier.
Calculate the voltage gain for the amplifier represented in the figure.
400V 250mV
A
vout 250mV
Av 625
vin 400μV
6
Voltage amplifier model.
RS Zout
vS vin Zin Avvin vL RL
Z in RL
vin vS vout Av vin vL vout
RS Z in Z out RL
vL
Av (eff )
vS 7
Combined effects of the input and
output circuits.
RS Zout
20 250
vS Zin RL
v vout vL
15mV in 980 1.2k
Av=340
Z in 980Ω RL 1.2kΩ
vin vS 15mV vL vout 5V
RS Z in 1kΩ Z out RL 1.45kΩ
14.7mV 4.14V
vout Av vin 340 14.7mV vL 4.14V
Aveff 276
5V vS 15mV 8
Voltage Amplifier
Characteristics
Ideal:
• Any value of voltage gain (can be infinite if
needed)
• Infinite input impedance
• Zero output impedance
Practical:
• Certain value of gain (cannot reach
infinity).
• High input impedance
• Low output impedance 9
BJT Amplifier
Configurations
• Common-emitter (CE) amplifier
• Common-collector (CC) amplifier
• Common-base (CB) amplifier
10
Table: Property ranges.
Property Low Midrange High
Gain < 100 100-1000 >1000
Impedance <1k 1k-10k >10k
11
Common-emitter (CE) amplifier.
+VCC
•Midrange values of
voltage and
vout
current gain.
vin •High power gain
4Vpp
•Midrange input
Load
20mVpp impedance
•Midrange output
impedance
12
Common-collector (CC)amplifier.
• Midrange current gain.
+VCC
• Extremely low voltage gain
• High input impedance
• Low output impedance
vin
vout
2Vpp
1.8Vpp
Load
13
Common-base (CB)
amplifier.
• Midrange voltage gain
• Extremely low current gain (slightly less than 1)
• Low input impedance
+VCC
• High output impedance
vin vout
20mVpp 2Vpp
Load
-VEE 14
Table :A comparison of CE, CC,
and CB circuit characteristics.
Type Av Ai Ap Zin Zout
CE Midrange Midrange High Midrange Midrange
CC <1 Midrange Ai High Low
CB Midrange <1 Av Low High
A
p Av Ai
15
BJT Terminal Connections
Type Emitter Base Collector
CE Common Input Output
CC Output Input Common
CB Input Common Output
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Amplifier Classifications
• Class A – low distortion, high loss
• Class B – some distortion, lower loss
• Class C – high distortion, lowest loss
• Others
– Classes D, E, G, H, T
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Class A Amplifiers
VCC
Conduction: Transistor conducts
during 360 deg. of ac input.
Maximum theoretical eff.: 25%
Distortion: Little (subject to
R1 RC
nonlinear distortion.)
Q1 Load
R2
RE
18
Class B Amplifiers
+VCC
Conduction: Each transistor conducts
for 180 deg. of ac input.
R1
Maximum theoretical eff.: 78.5%
Q1
Distortion: Little. Crossover distortion
is most common.
R2
RL
Q2
R3
19
Class C (Tuned) Amplifiers
+VCC
Conduction: Each transistor
conducts for less than 180 deg. of
L1 C1 ac input.
Maximum theoretical eff.: 99%
Distortion: Mild to severe.
Q1 RL
-VBB
20
Decibels (dB)
Pout
Ap (dB) 10 log Ap 10 log dB
Pin
dB Value Ap dB Value Ap
3 2 -3 1/2
6 4 -6 1/4
12 16 -12 1 / 16
20 100 -20 1 / 100
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dB gains are additive.
Input A A Output
Ap1 = 20 dB Ap2 = 6 dB
ApT = 26 dB
22
The dBm Reference
P
Ap (dBm) 10 log
1mW
dB Voltage Gain
2
Pout vout Rin vout Rin
Ap (dB) 10 log 10 log 2
20 log 10 log
Pin Rout vin vin Rout
vout
Ap (dB) Av (dB) 20 log Av 20 log Rout Rin
vin
23
Summary
• Amplifier properties
• BJT amplifier configurations
• Amplifier classifications
• Decibels
24
Reference
• Introductory Electronic Devices and Circuits By Robert
T. Paynter
• Electronics Devoces and Circuit Theory by Robert L.
Boylestad.
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