DEFINITION OF STATISTICS
STATISTICS
A collection of methods for planning experiments,
obtaining data and then analyzing, interpreting
and drawing conclusions based on the data.
STATISTICS
Aspects
Theoretical aspect deals with the development, derivation
and proof of statistical theorems, formulas, rules and laws.
Applied – involves the application of those theorems, rules
and laws to solve real-world problems
In order for a statistician to gain information, he collects for
VARIABLES used to describe an event. DATA are the values
that the variables can assume. VARIABLES whose values are
determined by chance are called RANDOM VARIABLES.
STATISTICS
TYPES OF VARIABLES
1. Qualitative Variables – words or codes that represent a class or category.
Sex is a qualitative variable where male can be assigned the value 1 while female is assigned 0 as
the case may be. In surveying the opinion of respondents on a given issue, the respondents may be
“for,” ‘against,” or “undecided.” Arbitrary values can be assigned to these responses for
computational purposes.
2. Quantitative Variables – numbers that represent an amount or a count.
Classification
Discrete – can be assigned values such as 0, 1, 2, 3 …
Continuous - can assume all values between any two specific values like 0.5, 1.2 etc.
Example:
The temperature of a given person is continuous variable while the number of persons in a room is a
discrete variable.
STATISTICS
Fields of Statistics
1. Descriptive Statistics – This is statistics concerned with the
collection, classification, and presentation of data. This is done by
determining percentages, using measures of central tendencies,
measures of variability, measures of location, skewness, and
kurtosis.
2. Inferential Statistics – This is concerned with the analysis and
interpretation of data. Tools such as the z-test, t-test, F-test,
analysis of variance, chi square, and correlation are utilized under
this field.
STATISTICS
METHODS OF COLLECTING DATA
[Link] Method – collected through the use of interviews
[Link] Method – collected through the use of
questionnaires
[Link]
[Link] – gathered through experiments in
laboratories and classrooms
[Link] – acquired from private and government
agencies such as NSO
STATISTICS
WAYS OF PRESENTING DATA
[Link] form – data and information are presented in
paragraph and narrative form.
[Link] form – quantitative data are summarized in
rows and columns.
[Link] form – data are presented in charts, graphs
or pictures
STATISTICS
LEVEL OF MEASUREMENT
1. Nominal level – characterized by data that consist of names, labels, or
categories only.
Example
Classifying survey objects by gender (male, female), marital status (single,
married, separated) and employment (business, construction, engineering,
education etc.)
2. Ordinal Level – data measured can be ordered or ranked
Example
Rank of teachers – Instructor, Assistant Professor, and Associate Professor
Winners of marathon – ranked first, second and third
STATISTICS
LEVEL OF MEASUREMENT
3. Interval Level – precise differences between measures but there is no true zero
Example
Temperature 40°C and 50°C both have a meaningful difference of 10°C but 0°C does not
mean that there is no temperature.
*same as the ordinal level, with an additional property that we can determine meaningful
amounts of differences between the data.
4. Ratio Level – highest Level of measurement
An interval level modified to include the inherent zero starting point
Example
Those used to measure height, weight, area and volume.
P O P U L AT I O N A N D S A M P L E
Population
This is a set of data consisting of all possible observations of a
certain phenomenon.
In the study of The Factors Affecting the Academic
Performance of the Students of the College of Teacher
Education, every college student of CTE belongs to the
population. Oftentimes, the population is a big number,
reaching to thousands or millions. It is denoted by N.
P O P U L AT I O N A N D S A M P L E
Sample
This is a portion taken from a population,
possessing identical characteristics. A sample is
usually taken in cases where it is not possible to
take all the members of the population as subjects
or respondents in a study. It is represented by n.
METHODS OF DETERMINING THE SAMPLE SIZE
Slovin’s Formula:
where n is the sample size, N is the population, and e is the margin of error, which is
usually from 0 to 0.1.
Example:
Determine the sample size in a study where the actual population is 450 if a margin
of error of 0.05 is desired.
METHODS OF DETERMINING THE SAMPLE SIZE
Lynch Formula:
where z = 1.96, p = 0.50, d is the margin of error, n is the sample size, and N is the
population.
Example:
Determine the sample in the previous example using the same margin of error.
METHODS OF DETERMINING THE SAMPLE SIZE
A researcher wants to decide the number of respondents to be taken from the
population of first year students of NLPSC with 5% margin of error
Population Sample
BSE 120
BEED 50
BCAED 30
BPEd 30
BSBA 350
BSOA 90
ABEL 40
BA POS 80
BSM 35
BSCS 120
BS Crim 150
TOTAL 1095
METHODS OF DETERMINING THE SAMPLE SIZE
284.39
284
= = 0.2597
BSE/BSCS 0.2597 x 120 = 31.16 BCAED/BPEd 0.2597 x 30 = 7.79
BEED 0.2597 x 50 = 12.99 BSBA 0.2597x350=90.90
BSOA 0.2597 x 90 = 23.37 ABEL 0.2597 x 40 = 10.38
BA POS 0.2597 x 80 = 20.78 BSM 0.2597 x 35 = 9.09
BS Crim 0.2597 x 150 = 38.96
METHODS OF DETERMINING THE SAMPLE SIZE
Population Sample
BSE 120 31
BEED 50 13
BCAED 30 8
BPEd 30 8
BSBA 350 91
BSOA 90 23
ABEL 40 10
BA POS 80 21
BSM 35 9
BSCS 120 31
BS Crim 150 39
TOTAL 1095 284
METHODS OF DETERMINING THE SAMPLE SIZE
A researcher wants to decide the number of respondents to be taken from the
population of first year students of NLPSC with 5% margin of error
Population Sample
SCJE 615
CTE 705
CAS 856
CBE 724
TOTAL 2900
