Module 1
Introduction to C:
Content
Introduction to computers
input and output devices
designing efficient programs.
Introduction to C
Structure of C program
Files used in a C program,
Compilers,
Compiling and executing C programs,
variables,
constants,
Input/output statements in C
Introduction to computers
BASIC ORGANIZATION OF A COMPUTER
A computer is an electronic device that performs five major
operations:
◦ Accepting data or instructions (input)
◦ Storing data
◦ Processing data
◦ Displaying results (output)
◦ Controlling and coordinating all operations inside a
computer
BASIC ORGANIZATION OF A COMPUTER
Figure shows the interaction between the different units of a
computer system.
BASIC ORGANIZATION OF A COMPUTER
[Link]:This is the process of entering data and instructions
(also known as programs ) into the computer system.
Data and instructions can be entered by using different input
devices such as keyboard, mouse, scanner, and trackball.
Note that computers understand binary language, which
consists of only two symbols (0 and 1), so it is the
responsibility of the input devices to convert the input data
into binary codes.
[Link] Storage is the process of saving data and
instructions permanently in the computer so that they can be
used for processing. The computer storage space not only
stores the data and programs that operate on that data but also
stores the intermediate results and the final results of
processing.
Storage Primary storage
Secondary storage
Primary storage, also known as the main memory , is the
storage area that is directly accessible by the CPU at very high
speeds.
Secondary storage Also known as auxiliary memory, this
memory is just the opposite of primary memory. It overcomes
all the drawbacks of the primary storage area. It is cheaper,
non-volatile, and used to permanently store data and programs
of those jobs that are not being currently executed by the CPU.
[Link] Output is the process of giving the result of data
processing to the outside world (external to the computer
system). The results are given through output devices such as
monitor, and printer.
4. Control The control unit (CU) is the central nervous system
of the entire computer system. It manages and controls all the
components of the computer system.
[Link]
The process of performing operations on the data as per the
instructions specified by the user (program) is called processing .
Data and instructions are taken from the primary memory and
transferred to the ALU, which performs all sorts of calculations.
The intermediate results of processing may be stored in the main
memory, as they might be required again.
When the processing completes, the final result is then transferred
to the main memory. Hence, the data may move from main
memory to the ALU multiple times before the processing is over.
[Link] and output devices
[Link] Devices
[Link]
[Link] Devices
[Link] Devices
[Link] Devices
[Link] Input Devices
[Link] Devices
[Link] Copy Devices
[Link] Copy Devices
2.1 Input devices
Keyboard
Pointing Devices
Handheld devices
Optical devices
Audiovisual input devices
2.1 Input devices
• 1:Keyboard:The keyboard is the main input device for
computers
• Using a keyboard, the user can type a document, use keystroke
shortcuts, play games and perform numerous other tasks.
• Most keyboards have 80 and 110 keys which include the
following
1) Typing keys
2) Numeric keys
3) Function keys
4) Control keys
2.1 Input devices
2.1 Input devices
2:Pointing Devices: Example- Mouse,Trackball,Touchpad
Mouse:
The mouse is an input device that was invented in 1963.
It can be used to handle the pointer easily on the screen to
perform various functions such as opening a file or program
Some of the popular mouse types are
Mechanical mouse
Optical mouse
Cordless mouse/wire
less
Trackball:It is a pointing device. It is similar to a mouse.
This is mainly used in notebook or laptop computer, instead of
a mouse.
This is a ball which is half inserted, and by changing fingers
on the ball, the pointer can be moved.
The user rolls the ball with their thumb, fingers or the palm of
their hand to move a cursor without moving their arm.
Touchpad:A touchpad is a small,flat, rectangular stationary
pointing device with a sensitive surface of 1.5-2 square inches.
User has t slide his or her fingertips across the surface of the
pad to point to a specific object on the screen
Input devices
3:Handheld devices: Example
Joystick
Stylus
touchscreen
4:Optical devices:
Example: Barcode Reader, Image scanner, OCR device and
OMR Device
4:Audiovisual input devices
Audio devices,Video input devices are Examples of
Audiovisual input devices
2.2 Output devices
Soft copy devices
Hard copy devices
Soft copy devices:
Example: Monitors , projectors and speakers
Hard copy devices
Examples: Printers, Impact printer, non impact printer and
plotter
Designing efficient programs
Content
Programming paradigms
Example of a structured program
Design and implementation of efficient programs
Program design tools: Algorithms,flowcharts and
pseudocodes
Types of errors
Testing and debugging approaches
