STATES OF MATTER
MATTER
Is made up of
Can be
particles:
elements, Can be solid,
atoms,
compounds or liquid or gas
molecules or
mixtures
ions
Occupies in a
volume in Has a mass
space
Physical Volume Density Shape Fluidity
state
Solid Has a fixed high Has a definite Does not flow
volume shape
Liquid Has a fixed Moderate to No definite Generally
volume high shape – takes flows easily
the shape of
the container
Gas No fixed low No definite Flows easily
volume – shape – takes
expands to fill the shape of
the container the container
The three states of matter can be represented by a simple model
STATE SOLID LIQUID GAS
DIAGRAM
ARRANGEMENT OF REGULAR RANDOMLY RANDOMLY
PARTICLES ARRANGEMENT ARRANGED ARRANGED
MOVEMENT OF VIBRATE ABOUT A MOVE AROUN/PAST MOVE QUICKLY IN
PARTICLES FIXED POSITION EACH OTHER ALL DIRECTIONS
CLOSENESS OF VERY CLOSE CLOSE FAR APART
PARTICLES
In a liquid, the particles are still close together. However, the particles are not regularly
arrange and move around/past each other.
CHANGES IN STATE
Water: solid, liquid and gas
Water can be a solid (ice), a liquid (water), and a gas (water vapour or steam).
The thermometer shows 0°C When the water is heated its The thermometer stays at
until all the ice has melted. temperature rises, and some 100 °C while the water
So 0 °C is called its melting of it changes to water boils off. 100 °C is the
point. vapour. This change is called boiling point of water.
evaporation.
KEY WORDS
• Melting point (m.p)=the temperature at which a solid
turns into a liquid
• Boiling: the process of change from liquid to gas at the
boiling point – gas molecules escape not just from the
surface of the liquid. It takes place at a specific
temperature (knowns as boiling point b.p)
• Evaporation= a process occurring at the surface of a
liquid, involving the change of state from a liquid into a
vapour at a temperature below the boiling point.
• Volatile: term to describe a liquid that evaporates easily
Pure substances and Effect of impurities
Pure substance consists of only one substance without any contaminating
impurities. A pure substance melts and boils at definite precise temperatures.
Impurities affect the value of the melting or boiling point of a substance.
Impurities lowers the melting point and increase the boiling point
Heating and cooling curve
Expected boiling vaporazing
point
Heating curves show how the
temperature changes as a
substance is heated up.
Heating and cooling curve
Cooling curves are the opposite. They show
how the temperature changes as a substance
is cooled down
Freezing point
Kinetic Particle Theory
of Matter
The main points of the kinetic theory
• All matter is made up of very small particles (different substances
contain different types atoms, molecules or ions).
• Particles are moving all the time (the higher the temperature, the
higher the average energy of the particles).
• The pressure of a gas is produced by the atoms or molecules of the
gas hitting the walls of the container. The more often the particles
collide with the walls, the greater the pressure.
SOLID LIQUID GAS
MELTING EVAPORATION
When the temperature is raised, the In the liquid, some particles have
particles gain energy and vibrate enough energy to escape from the
more strongly; the particles occupy surface – evaporation takes place. As
more space – this causes the solid to the temperature rises, more particles
expand. have enough energy to escape –
evaporation is faster at higher
temperatures.
Topic Questions
Diffusion
Particles mix by colliding with each other and bouncing off in all direction.
This mixing process is called Diffusion.
The overall result is the flow of particles from where there are more
concentrated to where there are less concentrated, until they evenly
spreads out throughout the place.
• Particles mix by colliding with each other and bouncing off in all
direction. This mixing process is called Diffusion.
• The overall result is the flow of particles from where there are more
concentrated to where there are less concentrated, until they evenly
spreads out throughout the place.
• The rate of diffusion in liquids is much slower than in gases
• Diffusion does not take in place in solids as the particles cannot move
from place to place
Diffusion in Liquid
Diffusion of Gases
A few drops of liquid bromine are put
into a gas jar and the lid is replaced.
After a short time the jar becomes full of
brown gas. Bromine vaporises easily and
its gas will completely fill the container.
Gases diffuse to fill all the space available
to them.
