UNIT III DC and AC

Machines
Prepared by
B.Rajesh
Asst. Professor
Dept. of EEE
DC and AC Electrical Machines

UNIT III
Motor and Engine rating,
Requirements,
DC machines,
Three phase AC machines,
Induction machines,
permanent magnet machines,
switched reluctance machines.
 Introduction
The electric machine delivers processed power or torque to the transaxle
to propel the vehicle.
The machine also processes the power flow in the reverse direction
during regeneration, when the vehicle is braking, converting
mechanical energy from the wheels into electrical energy.
The term “motor” is used for the electric machine when energy is
converted from electrical to mechanical, and the term “generator” is
used when power flow is in the opposite direction, with the machine
converting mechanical energy into electrical energy.
The braking mode in electric machines is referred to as regenerative
braking.
 Why Electric Motor ?

 The major advantages of an electric motor over an IC engine are that

the motor provides full torque at low speeds and the instantaneous
power rating can be two or three times the rated power of the motor.
 These characteristics give the vehicle excellent acceleration with a
nominally rated motor.
 Simple Electric Machines
Two principles for torque generation

 Interaction between two orthogonal magnetomotive forces (mmf) -

Lorentz Force principle
 Varing reluctance flux path
 Fundamental Machine Phenomena

Two basic phenomena responsible for electromagnetic energy

 Voltage is induced when conductor moves in a magnetic field

- Generator
 When current carrying conductor is placed in magnetic field
conductor experiences mechanical force - Motor
 MOTOR AND ENGINE RATINGS
 The strength of electric motors and IC engines are typically described with
“hp” or horsepower ratings, although a comparison between electric motors
and IC engines in terms of hp only is not fair.
 For short periods of time, the motor can deliver two to three times the rated
hp. Therefore, at starting, high power is available from an electric motor for
acceleration, and the motor torque can be maximum under stall conditions,
i.e., at zero speed.
 Motor type determines whether maximum torque is available at zero speed or
not. On the contrary, an IC engine is rated at a specific r/min level for
maximum torque and maximum hp.
 The IC engine maximum torque and hp ratings are typically derived under
idealized laboratory conditions. In practical situations, it is impossible to
achieve the rated hp; the maximum hp available from an IC engine is always
smaller than the rated hp.
Electric motor and IC engine torque characteristics
A transmission is essential for an IC engine to match the vehicle speed with the narrow high hp speed range of the
engine. On the other hand, the electric motor produces high torque even at zero speed and typically has constant
power characteristics over a wide speed range.

Therefore, the electric motor can be attached directly to the drive wheels and accelerate the vehicle from
zero speed all the way to top speed. The motor and, hence, the vehicle speed can be controlled directly
through the power electronic converter feeding the current into the motor.

There is essentially no requirement for a transmission with an electric motor, other than a fixed gear for
appropriately sizing the motor.
 EV AND HEV MOTOR REQUIREMENTS

The important characteristics of a motor for an EV or HEV include flexible drive control, fault
tolerance, high efficiency, and low acoustic noise.
The requirements of an EV or HEV motor, not necessarily in order of importance, are itemized in the
following:
 Ruggedness
 High torque-to-inertia ratio (Te/J); large Te/J results in “good” acceleration capabilities
 Peak torque capability of about 200 to 300% of continuous torque rating
 High power-to-weight ratio (Pe/w)
 High-speed operation, ease of control
 Low acoustic noise, low electromagnetic interference (EMI), low maintenance, and low cost
 Extended constant power region of operation
DC MACHINES
The torque in electric machines is produced utilizing one of two
basic principles of electromagnetic theory:
by Lorentz force principle, where torque is produced by the
mutual interaction of two orthogonal magnetomotive forces
(mmf);
and by reluctance principle, where the rotor produces torque
while moving toward the minimum reluctance position in a
varying reluctance path.
The DC and AC machines, including the permanent magnet
machines, work on the first principle, while the switched
reluctance machines work on the later principle.
DC Machine based EVHV
 DC Machines

Advantages of DC machines are as follows:

 Ease of control due to linearity
 Capability for independent torque and flux control
 Established manufacturing technology
Disadvantages of DC machines include the following:
 Brush wear that leads to high maintenance
 Low maximum speed
 EMI due to commutator action
 Low power-to-weight ratio
 Low efficiency
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Equivalent circuit of DC Motor
Magnetisation Characteristics
When current moves through a conductor a circular
magnetic field is induced around the conductor
The Direction and Motion of an Induced Magnet
Field in a Conductor

Current Coming Current Moving

Towards You Away From You
 Current and Magnetism in a Coil

When current moves through a coiled conductor a

circular magnetic field is induced about the coil
Motor (armature) rotation is caused by the simultaneous
attraction and repulsion between the electromagnetic
field in the armature and a fixed magnetic field

Armature

Fixed Magnets
A Conductor in a Fixed Magnetic A Current Carrying Conductor in a Fixed
Field Magnetic Field

Force

Fixed Magnetic Field

Induced Magnetic Field (Due to

current)
 A Motor Armature in a Fixed
Magnetic Field

S
N Direction of Force (Torque) acting to
turn the Armature (Conductor)

The magnetic field surrounding a current

carrying conductor interacts with an
existing magnetic field.
 Fleming's Left Hand (Motor) Rule
Thumb = Direction of
Conductor Motion
Fore Finger = Direction of Fixed
Magnetic Field (N to S)

Middle Finger =
Conventional Current
Direction

Determines the direction of DC current

carrying conductor in a fixed magnetic field
 Fleming's Left Hand (Motor) Rule
Direction of Rotation

Fixed Magnetic Field Direction

Conventional
Current Direction S
N
 A
S
Use the Left Hand Rule to
Determine the Rotation Direction of
the Armatures in A and B

N Hint: You will have to turn your left

hand upside down for example A

B
Notice that when the
current through the
armature is reversed,
S
it moves (Rotates) in
the opposite direction N
The Armature of a Brush Commutated DC
Motor is made up of Current Carrying
Conductors Wrapped Around an Iron Core

The Motor Armature is an electro Magnet and Operates according

to the Principles Described in this Slide Show
A Real DC Motor
 DC Machine

Commutator
Sectional view of a DC machine
Field winding
Rotor and rotor winding
 Armature winding
There are 2 types of winding
Lap and Wave winding

Lap winding Wave winding

A=P A=2

The armature It is used in low

windings are current output
divided into and high voltage.
no. of sections
equal to the no 2 brushes
of poles
Field system
It is for uniform magnetic field within
which the armature rotates.
Electromagnets are preferred in
comparison with permanent magnets
They are cheap , smaller in size ,
produce greater magnetic effect and
Field strength can be varied
Field system consists of the following parts

Yoke
Pole cores
Pole shoes
Field coils
Armature core
The armature core is cylindrical
High permeability silicon steel
stampings
Impregnated
Lamination is to reduce the eddy
current loss
Commutator
Connect with external circuit
Converts unidirectional current into ac
Cylindrical in shape
Made of wedge shaped copper segments
Segments are insulated from each other
Each commutator segment is connected to armature
conductors by means of a cu strip called riser.
No of segments equal to no of coils
Carbon brush
Carbon brushes are used in DC machines because they are
soft materials
It does not generate spikes when they contact commutator
To deliver the current through armature
Carbon is used for brushes because it has negative
temperature coefficient of resistance
Self lubricating , takes its shape , improving area of
contact
Brush rock and holder
Other parts
Brush leads (pig tails)
Brush rocker ( brush gear )
Front end cover
Rear end cover
Cooling fan
Bearing
Terminal box
 Back emf
 The induced emf in the rotating armature conductors always acts in
the opposite direction of the supply voltage .
 According to the Lenz’s law, the direction of the induced emf is
always so as to oppose the cause producing it .
 In a DC motor , the supply voltage is the cause and hence this
induced emf opposes the supply voltage.
Classification of DC motors

DC motors are mainly classified into

three types as listed below:
Shunt motor
Series motor
Compound motor

Differential compound
Cumulative compound
Torque
The turning or twisting force about an
axis is called torque .
P = T * 2 πN/ 60
Eb*Ia = Ta * 2 πN/ 60
T ∞φIa
Ta ∞ Ia2
Characteristic of DC motors
T/ Ia characteristic

N/ I a characteristic

N/T characteristic
Speed control of DC motors
 According to the speed equation of a dc motor
 N ∞ Eb/φ
 ∞ V- Ia Ra/ φ
 Thus speed can be controlled by-
 Flux control method: By Changing the flux by
controlling the current through the field winding.
 Armature control method: By Changing the armature
resistance which in turn changes the voltage applied
across the armature


Flux control
 Advantages of flux control:
It provides relatively smooth and easy control
Speed control above rated speed is possible
As the field winding resistance is high the field current
is small. Power loss in the external resistance is small .
Hence this method is economical
 Disadvantages:

Flux can be increased only upto its rated value

High speed affects the commutation, motor operation
becomes unstable
Armature voltage control method
The speed is directly proportional to the voltage
applied across the armature .
Voltage across armature can be controlled by
adding a variable resistance in series with the
armature
Potential divider control :
If the speed control from zero to the rated speed is
required , by rheostatic method then the voltage
across the armature can be varied by connecting
rheostat in a potential divider arrangement .
 Torque-speed characteristics
DC shunt motor:
 The torque-speed characteristics of dc shunt motor
is as shown in fig.(1).
 At no load, the torque produced by the motor is T a0
and the motor rotates at the no load speed N 0.
 As the load increased, the torque requirement also
increase. To generate the required amount of torque,
the motor has to draw more armature current.
 And more armature current can be drawn if the more
speed decreases.
 Therefore, as the load increases, torque will also increase
and the speed decreases.
 However the reduction in speed is not significant as the
load is increased from no load to full load. Therefore
practically the dc shunt motor is called as a constant speed
motor.
Speed Torque Characteristics DC Shunt Motor
speed
Constant speed
(ideal)

Practical

No load
Ta0

Increase in load Torque

Fig.(1):speed-torque characteristics of dc shunt motor

DC series motor:
 The speed –torque characteristics of DC series motor is as shown in
fig.(2).
 We know that
N ∝ 1/ Ia and T ∝ Ia2
N ∝ 1/√T and Ia ∝ √T
 This shows that the speed decreases with increase in the value of
torque.
Speed Torque Characteristics DC Series Motor

N ∝ (1/√T)

Fig.(2): speed-torque characteristics of dc series motor

DC compound motor:
 The torque- speed characteristics of the DC compound
motor is as shown in fig.(3).
 It is combination of characteristics of DC series and DC
shunt motor.
 The exact shape of these characteristics is dependent on
the precise effects of series and shunt field winding.
Fig.(3): speed torque characteristics of dc compound motor
Specifications of DC Motor
 Some of important specifications of a DC motor:
1. Output power in horse power(H.P.)
2. Rated voltage
3. Type of field winding
4. Excitation voltage
5. Base speed in RPM
6. Current
7. Frame size
8. Rating
Typical specifications of DC series motor:
Sr. Specifications/Rating Value
No.

1. Output power in horse power 3HP

2. Voltage 230V
3. Type of field winding Series
4. Excitation voltage 230V
5. Insulation B
6. Base speed 1000RPM
7. Current 11Amp
8. Frame size 132 S
9. Rating Type Continous
10. S.R.Number 840858
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