Three Phase Induction Motor

07/03/2025 1
 Introduction to 3 phase Induction Motor

⚫ An motor is an
electrical
electromechanical device which
converts electrical energy into
mechanical energy.
⚫ They work on the principle of
electromagnetic induction. The
necessary voltage and current
in the rotor circuit are produced
by induction from the stator
winding, hence it is known as
induction motor.
⚫ They are simple and rugged
in construction, quite
economical with good
operating
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 Introduction to 3 phase Induction Motor
cntd.
• The asynchronous motors or the induction motors are most widely used ac motors in industry.
• They run at practically constant speed from no load to full load condition.
• The 3 - phase induction motors are self starting while the single phase motors are not Self starting as
they
produce equal and opposite torques (zero resultant torque) making the rotor stationary.

There basically 2 types of induction motor depending upon the type of input supply
–
(i) Single phase induction motor and
(ii) Three phase induction motor. 07/03/2025 3
 2. CONSTRUCTION
A 3 phase induction motor consists of two major parts:
1.Stator: It is a stationary part of induction motor. Stator winding is placed in the
stator of induction motor and the three-phase supply is given to it.
2.Rotor: It is the rotating part of induction motor. The rotor is connected to the
mechanical load through the shaft.

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Stator
Frame
• It is the outer part of the three phase induction motor.
• Its main function is to support the stator core and the field winding.
• It acts as a covering, and it provides protection and mechanical strength to all
the inner parts of the induction motor.

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Stator Core:
• The main function of the stator core is to carry the
alternating flux.
• In order to reduce the eddy current loss, the stator
core is laminated.

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Stator Winding or Field Winding
• The slots on the periphery of the stator core of
the three- phase induction motor carry three
phase windings.
• We apply three phase ac supply to this three-
phase winding.
• The three phases of the winding are connected
either in star or delta depending upon which
type of starting method we use.
• when this winding is excited by three phase ac
supply, it produces a rotating magnetic field.
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Depending on the requirement of the speed. The number of
poles are designed

Ns = (120f/P)

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Rotor of 3 Phase Induction Motor

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 ⚫ It is the rotating part of the motor.
⚫ Two types of rotor
i) Squirrel – cage rotor
ii) Phase wound rotor / Slip – ring rotor

https://youtu.be/AQqyGNOP
_3o

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 SQUIRREL – CAGE
⚫ This kind of rotorROTOR
is very strong and rugged in construction and is
practically indestructible & hence 90% of IM are provided with it.
⚫ Rotor is constructed of a laminated core, with the conductors placed parallel
to the shaft & embedded in the surface of the core.

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⚫ The rotor of three phase induction motor consists of a cylindrical laminated core with
parallel slots that can carry conductors.
⚫ The conductors are heavy copper or aluminum bars fitted in each slot and short-
circuited by the end rings.

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⚫ The purpose of skewing is

 The motor runs smoothly as the magnetic hum is reduced. i.e., noise gets reduced.

 More uniform torque is obtained while running.

 The rotor conductors and their end rings form a completely closed circuit in
itself resembling a squirrel cage hence the name.

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 PHASE WOUND ROTOR / SLIP – RING
ROTOR
⚫ It has 3 phase double layer
distributed windings placed in the
slots of the rotor core.
⚫ It is wound for the same number of
poles as the stator.

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⚫ The stator of a wound rotor motor is the same as a typical induction motor, but the
rotor has a three-phase winding, with each of the winding terminals connected to
separate slip rings.
⚫ In contrast, a traditional induction motor (“squirrel cage motor”) has windings that
are permanently short-circuited by an end ring.
⚫ The slip rings on the wound rotor motor contain brushes that form an external,
secondary circuit into which impedance (resistance) can be inserted.

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⚫ During starting, this resistance is placed in series with the rotor windings. This
added resistance causes the rotor current to run more in phase with the stator
current, which increases the torque that is developed.
⚫ But added resistance also decreases the current in the secondary circuit, so a
very high starting torque can be produced with low starting current.

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 Squirrel cage v/s Slip ring Induction Motor
Squirrel cage rotor Slip ring rotor
1) Rotor consists of bars which are shorted at the ends with 1) Rotor consists of 3Φ winding similar to the stator winding.
the help of end rings.
2) Construction is very simple. 2) Construction is complicated.
3) Slip rings & brushes are absent. 3) Slip rings & brushes are present to add external resistance.
4) Rotor copper losses are less hence have higher efficiency. 4) Rotor copper losses are high hence efficiency is less.
5) The construction is robust & maintenance free. 5) The construction is delicate & due to brushes, frequent
maintenance is necessary.
6) Due to simple construction, the rotors are cheap. 6) The rotors are very costly.
7) Moderate starting torque, which cannot be controlled. 7) High starting torque can be obtained.
8) Used for lathes, drilling machines, fans, blowers, water 8) Used for lifts, hoists, cranes, elevators, compressors etc.
pumps, grinders, printing machines etc.

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 Working Principle of 3 phase
• These are also called asInduction Motor
Asynchronous Motors, because an
induction motor always runs at a speed lower than
synchronous speed. Synchronous speed means the speed of
the rotating magnetic field in the stator
• In an induction motor only the stator winding is fed with an
AC supply.
• Alternating flux is produced around the stator winding
due to AC supply. This alternating flux revolves with
synchronous speed. The revolving flux is called as
"Rotating Magnetic Field" (RMF)
• The relative speed between stator RMF and rotor
conductors causes an induced emf in the rotor conductors,
according to the Faraday's law of electromagnetic
induction.
• The rotor conductors are short circuited, and hence rotor
current is produced due to induced emf. That is why such
motors are called as induction
07/03/2025motors. 18
⚫ Rotor current produces rotor flux.
⚫ Lenz’s law – opposes the cause of producing it.
⚫ The direction of induced emf is such that it oppose the cause of producing it.
⚫ i.e Relative speed between stators RMF & rotor.
⚫ Thus rotor try to catch with the rotating magnetic field and reduced relative
speed.
⚫ It always runs at a speed less than the synchronous speed.
⚫ The difference between the synchronous speed of magnetic field and the actual
speed is called slip speed.
⚫ It is given by Ns – N
⚫ Slip speed = Ns – N.

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 ADVANTAGE
S
⚫ Cost is low
⚫ Self-starting.
⚫ Robust in construction.
⚫ Economical.
⚫ Easier to maintain.
⚫ Highly efficient
⚫ It is very reliable
⚫ It has a fairly good power factor.

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 DISADVANTAGE
S
⚫ It is essentially a constant speed motor and the speed cannot be varied easily.

⚫ Its speed reduces to some extent with increase in load, as in the case of
dc shunt motor.
⚫ It has a somewhat lesser starting torque, as compared to a dc shunt motor.

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 Slip & its significance
Ns - N
⚫ % Slip (s) = ---------- *
100
Ns the synchronous speed NS and the actual speed N
⚫ The difference between
of the rotor is called slip.
⚫ Even though the rotor follows the stator field, but rotor can never reach
the speed of the stator field.

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⚫ As the load increases , IM speed(N) will reduce, hence slip increases & with it rotor
current will increase & also increases the torque till the driving torque.

⚫ In an induction motor, the change in slip from no-load to full-load is hardly 3-6%,
so that the IM is essentially a constant speed motor.

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 5. Frequency of rotor current
⚫ When the rotor is at standstill, the frequency of rotor current is the same as supply
frequency.
⚫ But when the IM is rotating, frequency of induced current in rotor conductor is
proportional to the slip speed. i.e s α f ̍

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 6. Necessity of the starter
⚫ 3Φ IM are self starting because of RMF.

⚫ But at the starting, the IM shows the tendency to draw more current, which is 5-8
times the rated current & can damage the motor winding.
⚫ Hence the device called starter is used to limit high starting current.

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⚫ Sudden inrush of current at start also causes large line voltage drop, so other appliances
connected to the same line may be subjected to voltage spikes, which affects their working
& hence the device starter is used.

⚫ Starter supplies reduced voltage to the motor at the start, hence the starting current will
reduce.

⚫ Starter also provides protection to the IM against overloading & low voltage situations.

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07/03/2025 27
⚫ Here TPDT switch connects the stator
winding in star at start. Hence per-
phase voltage gets reduced by the
factor 1/√3. Due to this reduced
voltage, the starting current is limited.
⚫ When the switch is thrown on other
side, the winding gets connected in
delta, across the supply. So it gets
normal rated voltage.
⚫ The windings are connected in delta
when motor gathers sufficient speed.

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⚫ This method is cheapest & maintenance free.

⚫ Its limitations are it is suitable for normal delta connected

motors only & can be reduced voltage only by 1/√3
times.

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 Generation of rotating magnetic field.
⚫ When 3Φ windings, displaced 1200 electrical relative to one another are
supplied with 3Φ currents, they produce a resultant magnetic flux which
rotates in space as if actual magnetic poles were being rotated mechanically.
⚫Consider a 3Φ Induction motor.

Let the delta-connected stator

windings be supplied from a 3Φ

AC source as in fig (a)

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⚫ As soon as power supply is switched on, alternating currents
flow simultaneously in the stator windings.
⚫ Each current establishes its own magnetic flux. This flux, due
to the current in the 3Φ windings is shown in fig (b).
⚫ Let the maximum value of flux due to

any one of the phases be Φm.

⚫ The resultant flux ΦT,

at any instant is given by the

vector sum of the individual fluxes,

ΦR, ΦY & ΦB due to the currents in the three phases.

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From fig (b), we have ΦR = Φm sin wt -------
(1)
ΦY = Φm sin (wt-1200) -------- (2)

ΦB = Φm sin (wt-2400) -------- (3)

a) At wt = θ = 0, in fig (b),
gives ΦR = Φm sin (0) = 0

ΦY = Φm sin (0-1200) = -0.866

Φm;

ΦB = Φm sin (0-2400) = 0.866 Φm

0 = 2 * 3
𝐶𝑜𝑠 30 0 =
From equations (1), (2) & (3)
2 ∅ 𝑚 𝑚
1.5∅
Φ = 2 * Φ
respectively
T B cos 30
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b) At wt = θ = 𝟔𝟎𝟎 , in fig (b),
From equations (1), (2) & (3)
is ΦR = Φm sin (600) = 0.866
Φm
ΦY = Φm sin (600-1200) = -0.866 Φm;
0 = 2 * 0.866 ∅
𝑚∗ 𝐶𝑜𝑠 30 =
0
ΦB = Φm sin (600-2400𝟎) = 0
1.5∅At𝑚wt = θ = 𝟏𝟐𝟎 , in fig
ΦT = 2 * ΦR cos 30
C)
(b), From equations (1), (2) &
(3) is ΦR = Φm sin (1200) =
0.866 Φm ΦY = Φm sin (1200-
ΦB =0 Φm sin (1200 −2400) = -0.866 Φm;
ΦT = 2 * ΦR cos 300 = 2 * 0.866 ∅ 𝑚 𝐶𝑜𝑠 300 =
120 ) = 0
1.5∅𝑚
∗
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d) At wt = θ = 𝟏𝟖𝟎𝟎, in fig (b),
From equations (1), (2) & (3) is ΦR = Φm sin (1800) =
0; ΦY = Φm sin (1800-1200) = 0.866 Φm
ΦB = Φm sin (1800 −2400) = -0.866
ΦmT ;= 2 * ΦY cos 300 = 2 * 0.866 ∅ 𝑚∗ 𝐶𝑜𝑠 300 =
1.5∅𝑚we come to the following conclusions:
Thus,
The resultant flux is of constant value = 1.5Φm
The resultant flux rotates around the stator at synchronous speed given
120 𝑓by NS =
,
𝑃
Where P = number of stator poles &
f = supply frequency in Hz.
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 Numerical
1. A 3Φ induction motor with 4 poles is supplied from an alternator having 6 poles &
running at 1000 rpm. Calculate i) the synchronous speed of the IM.ii) its speed when
slip is 0.04
iii) the frequency of the rotor emf when the speed is 600 rpm.

Solution: For the alternator : P = 6; NS = 1000

rpm; f = 𝑃𝑁 𝑆 = 6∗1000 = 50 𝐻𝑧
120 120

i) NS = 𝑃 =
120 𝑓 120∗50
= 1500
For induction motor : P = 4, f = 50Hz

𝑟𝑝𝑚
ii) N = NS4 (1-S) = 1500 (1-0.04) = 1440 rpm
iii) At N = 600 rpm; S = 𝑁 𝑆 −𝑁 1500−600 =
=
𝑁𝑆
fr = S*f = 0.6 *1500
0.6
Therefore, 50 = 30 Hz.
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2. A 6 pole IM is supplied by a 10 pole alternator which is driven at 600 rpm.
If the motor is running at 970 rpm. Determine the percentage slip.

Solution : For the alternator, P=10; NS = 600 rpm

120
𝑃𝑁 120
10∗600
f= 𝑆
= = 50 𝐻𝑧
For induction motor : P = 6, N = 970
rpm
120 𝑓
NS = 𝑃
120∗50
= 1000
6 𝑟𝑝𝑚
=
∗ 100 =
1000−97
𝑁 𝑆 −𝑁
𝑁
∗ 100 0 100
= 3%
%S=
𝑆
0
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3. A 4 pole, 3Φ, 50 Hz IM runs at a speed of 1470 rpm. Find the synchronous
speed, the slip & the frequency of the induced emf in the rotor under this
condition.
Solution:
Given – P =4, f = 50Hz, N = 1470
120𝑓 120∗50
= 1500
rpm
4
𝑟𝑝𝑚
NS = �
𝑁 𝑆 −𝑁 1500−1470
= = 0.02 =
�
S = 𝑁𝑆 1500
f=r = S * f = 0.02
2%
* 50 = 1 Hz
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4. If the electromotive force in the stator of an 8-pole induction motor has a frequency of 50 Hz &
that in the rotor 1.5 Hz, at what speed is the motor running & what is the slip?

Solution :

Given – P =8; f = 50Hz; fr = 1.5 Hz

120𝑓 120∗50
8
= 750
𝑟𝑝𝑚
NS = �

=
�
�𝑟
𝑓
= 1.5
= 0.03 =
3%
fr = S * f ; Therefore S = �
50
N = NS (1- S) = 750 (1-0.03) = 727.5 rpm

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5. A 6 – pole alternator running at 1000 rpm supplies power to a 4-pole
induction motor. The frequency of rotor of IM is 2 Hz. Determine the slip &
speed of the motor.

𝑃𝑁 𝑆 6∗1000
Solution: For the alternator : P = 6; NS = 1000 rpm;
f= = = 50 𝐻𝑧
120 120
For induction motor : P = 4, f = 50Hz
120 𝑓
NS = 𝑃
120∗50
= 1500
4 𝑟𝑝𝑚
2𝑓 = = 0.04 =
𝑓𝑟
f=
504%
r = S * f ; Therefore S
=
N = NS (1- S) = 1500 (1-0.04) = 1440 rpm
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6. A 8-pole alternator runs at 750 rpm & supplies power to a 4-pole induction
motor. The frequency of the rotor is 1.5 Hz. What is the speed of the motor?
What is its slip?
Solution:- For the alternator : P = 8; NS = 750 rpm;

f = 120
8∗750
=
𝟓𝟎 𝑯𝒛
=
𝑃𝑁 120
For 𝑆induction motor : P = 4, f = 50Hz ; f = 1.5Hz

= 𝟏𝟓𝟎𝟎
r

120 𝑓 120∗50
NS = 𝑃
4 𝒓𝒑𝒎 �𝑟
f=
𝑓
= 1.5
= 0.03
50= 𝟑%
r = S * f ; Therefore S �
=
N = NS (1- S) = 1500 (1-0.03) = 1455 rpm
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7. A 4-pole induction motor is supplied from a 50 Hz source. The rotor
emf makes 2 alternations per second. Find slip & speed of motor.
Solution:
Given – P = 4; f = 50 Hz; fr = 2 Hz
120∗𝑓
N = 𝑃
120∗50
= 1500
4 𝑟𝑝𝑚
S

f = S * f ; Therefore S 2 = = 0.04 =
𝑓𝑟
=r 𝑓
= 504%
N = NS (1- S) = 1500 (1-0.04) = 1440 rpm

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8. A 12-pole, three phase alternator is coupled to an engine running at 500 rpm.
It supplies an IM which has a full load speed of 1440 rpm. Find the percentage
slip & the number of poles of the motor.
Solution:
For the alternator: P=12, NS = 500 rpm
𝑃𝑁 𝑆 12∗500
f= = = 50 𝐻𝑧
120 120
For the IM: N = 1440 rpm; f = 50Hz
Since an IM on full load has slip of about 3 to 5%, its synchronous speed has to be
slightly greater than the actual speed.

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For frequency of 50 Hz, w.r.t

For Poles 2 4 6

NS (rpm) 3000 1500 1000

Hence, the synchronous speed of IM has to be NS = 1500

rpm, for which number of poles, P = 120∗𝑓
𝑁
120∗50
150 =
= 0
%𝑆 = 𝑁𝑁 𝑆 −𝑁
∗ 1500∗1440
𝑆

150 ∗ 100 = 4 4
100 = 𝑆 0
%
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9. A rotor induced voltage of a 3-Φ, 4-pole,squirrel cage IM fed by a salient pole
alternator is observed to make 1.5 alternations per second. The star-connected
alternator with 592 full-pitched armature conductor in series per phase with
distribution factor of 0.966 develops a line voltage of 6600 volts when the flux per
pole is 60 mwb. Determine the speed of the IM.
Solution:
For the alternator: ZPh = 592; Kp = 1; Kd = 0.966, EL = 6600V, Φ = 60 mwb
For Star connected alternator, E ph = 𝐸3𝐿 = 6600 = 3810.5
𝑉 3
Number of turns in series/phase, TPh = 𝑍 𝑃ℎ 592 =
2 2
296
07/03/2025 = 44
The voltage/phase is given as

3810.
Eph = 4.44 KpKdΦf𝑇𝑃ℎ
𝑓 𝐸𝑝 = 5 =
= 4.44𝐾 𝐾
ℎ 𝑝 𝑑 ∅𝑇 𝑝ℎ 4.44 ∗ 1 ∗ 0.966 ∗ 50 𝐻𝑧
0.06 ∗ :296
120 ∗ 𝑓 120 ∗
For the induction motor P = 4, fr = 1.5 Hz, f = 50Hz
𝑁𝑆 50 = = 1500
𝑃
= �𝑟 𝑟𝑝𝑚
fr = S * f ; Therefore S � = 1.5 4
𝑓
= 0.03 =
= 503%
N = NS (1- S) = 1500 (1-0.03) = 1455 rpm
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10. A 3Φ, 6 pole 50 Hz IM has a slip of 1% at no load, & 3% at full
Determine i) Synchronous speed ii) no-load speed
load. iii) full-load speed
iv) frequency of rotor at stand still. v) frequency of rotor current at full load.
Solution:
Given – P = 6; f = 50Hz; %SNL = 1%; %SFL = 3%
i) NS = 120
𝑃
𝑓
= 120∗50
= 𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎
𝒓𝒑𝒎 6 speed, N = N (1-S) = 1000 (1-0.01) = 990 rpm
ii) No load S

iii) Full load speed, N = NS (1-S) = 1000 (1-0.03) = 970

rpm
iv) Frequency of rotor at stand still is fr = 50 Hz
v) Frequency of rotor current at full load,
f = S * f = 0.03 *50 =07/03/2025
1.5 Hz 46
 Advantages of rotating field over rotating armature
1)We use AC power which has generation level around 11 kV to 33 kV,it is
difficult to get induced emf in armature because we can't mount as many as
conductors as required on rotating armature hence we prefer stationary armature.

2)As said in above point large conductors posses high centrifugal forces while
rotating. So there will be chance of conductors slipping out from slots. So by
using rotating field over rotating armature we can reduce mechanical and
electrical stresses.

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3)The problem of sparking at the slip rings can be avoided by keeping field rotating which is
low voltage circuit and high voltage armature as stationary.

4) It is not easy to collect larger currents at very high voltages from rotating armature.

5 )It is better to rotate low inertia system than high inertia system so we use low voltage on
rotor side so that inertia can be reduced along with insulation on the rotor side which also
reduces cost of the system

6) As we collect power from armature a rotating field type makes it easier to collect power
from the armature, and greater output can be collected at low losses compared to that of
rotating armature.
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