SIGNAL AND SYSTEM
LECTURES SUMMARY
What are they?
Signal
System
General Introduction
Signal:a function of one or more variables that convey
information on the nature of a physical phenomenon.
Examples: v(t),i(t),x(t),heartbeat, blood pressure,
temperature, vibration.
• One-dimensional signals: function depends on a single
variable, e.g., speech signal
• Multi-dimensional signals: function depends on two or
more variables, e.g., image
Fundamentals of Signals and Systems
System: an entity or operator that manipulates
one or more signals to accomplish a function,
thereby yielding new signals.
Input signal Output signal
System
• Commonly encountered systems:
communications systems
Automatic speaker recoginition system
Aircraft landing system
.
Fundamentals of Signals and Systems
1. CT and DT signals:
Classification of signals
For many cases, x[n] is obtained by sampling
x(t) as:
x[n] = x(nT) , n =0,+1,+2,…
Are there any requirements for the sampling?
Classification of signals (cont.)
2.Even and odd signals:
Even:
x(−t) = x(t)
x[−n] = x[n]
Odd:
x(−t) = −x(t)
x[−n] = −x[n]
Any signal x(t) can be expressed as
x(t) = xe(t) + xo(t) )
x(−t) = xe(t) − xo(t)
where
xe(t) = 1/2(x(t) + x(−t))
xo(t) = 1/2(x(t) − x(−t))
Classification of signals (cont.)
3. Periodic and non-periodic signals:
CT signal: if x(t) = x(t + T), then x(t) is periodic.
Smallest T=Fundamental period: To
Fundamental frequency fo = 1/To (Hz or cycles/second)
Angular frequency: o = 2 /To (rad/seconds)
DT signal: if x[n] = x[n + N], then x[n] is periodic.
min(No): fundamental period
Fo = 1/No (cycles/sample)
=2 /N (rads/sample). If the unit of n is designated as
dimensionless,
then is simply in radians.
Note: A sampled CT periodic signal may not be DT periodic.
Any Condition addition of two periodic CT signals, resultant
must be periodic signal ?
Classification of signals (cont.)
4. Deterministic and random signals.
• Deterministic signal: No uncertainty with respect
to its value at any time
• Completely specified at any time
• Random signal: Uncertain before it occurs. E.g.,
thermal noise.
Classification of signals (cont.)
Energy and power signals:
• CT signal x(t):
E = (t )dt
2
Energy: x
T
1
lim (t )dt
2
Power: P= x
T 2T T
Classification of signals (cont.)
• DT signal x[n]:
Energy: E= x n
2
Power: 1 N
lim x 2
n
N 2 N 1 n N
Energy signal: if 0 < E <
Power signal: if 0 < P <
Classification of signals (cont.)
Analog Signal and Digital Signal
Classification of signals (cont.)
Basic operations on signals
Basic Operations on Signal
• Rule for time shifting and time scaling:
See figure below. Find y(t) = x(2t + 3).
Basic Operations on Signal(cont.)
1. Exponential
2-Sinusoidal
Elementary signals
3. Step function
Elementary signals(cont.)
4.Unit impulse function
5.Unit ramp function
Elementary signals(cont.)
System Properties
2.Memory /Memoryless
• Memory system: present output value depend on
future/past input.
• Memoryless system: present output value depend only on present input.
• Example
System Properties(cont.)
System Properties(cont.)
System Properties(cont.)
Invertibility
y(t) x(t)
x(t)
1
H H
System Properties(cont.)
Series(cascade) Interconnection
System 1 System 2
Input Output
Parallel, Interconnection
System 1
Input Output
+
System 2
Interconnection of systems
•Feedback Interconnection
Input System Output
1
System
2
Interconnection of systems
