Class XII

Computer Networks (Part-

1)

Neha Tyagi, KV 5 Jaipur II Shift

 What is a Network?
• In a network, two or more computers
are connected in a way so that
they can share their resources like
printer, CD, hard disk etc.
• A Computer network is a network of
computers which share
information and resources from each
other.
• Such networks can be connected via
cable, telephone line, radio
waves, satellite, infrared etc.

Neha Tyagi, KV 5 Jaipur II Shift

 Benefits of Network
 RESOURCE SHARING : Now a days, computer networks are used in schools and
offices to share various resources like printer, scanner etc. in order to minimize
expenses of an organization.
 Effective communication- Communication has became very effective and fast
with the help of network :
 Less expenses- because of sharing of resources, communication expenses has
decreased on a faster rate.
 Reliability- With the use of computer, calculations and communications became
much reliable.
 Central storage of data: Organizations are storing their data centrally so that it can
be available to all concerned people keeping integrity of data. Banking is good
example of this.
Neha Tyagi, KV 5 Jaipur II Shift
 Terminology
 Nodes(Workstations) : The term nodes refers to computers that are attached to a network and are seeking to
share resources.
 Server : A computer that facilities the sharing of data, software and hardware resources on the network.

 Network Interface Unit (NIU) : A Network interface unit is an interpreter that helps in establishing communication
between the server and the client.

 IP Address : Every machine on a TCP/IP Network has a unique identifying number called an IP Address.

 Domain Name : It is a way to identify and locate the computers connected to the internet. It must be unique.

• URL(Uniform Resource Locator) it stands for "Uniform Resource Locator." A URL is the address of a
specific webpage or file on the Internet. For example, the URL of the TechTerms website
is "[Link] for ex - "[Link] . It has following information-
– http:// – the URL prefix, which specifies the protocol used to access the location

– [Link] – the server name or IP address of the server

– /definition/url – the path to the directory or file

Neha Tyagi, KV 5 Jaipur II Shift
 Structure of a Network
Sender : A device or computer that send
information/data.
Receiver : A device or computer who receives
data/information.
Message : An information needs to broadcast.
Transmission Medium : It is a physical path with
the help of which information goes from sender to
receiver.
Protocol: It is a collection of rules which regulates
transfer of information.

Neha Tyagi, KV 5 Jaipur II Shift

 Types of
• PAN – PERSONAL AREA NETWORK : PANs are small networks which can be
Network
established to set communication between computer and hand handed devices. Its
maximum distance capability is 10 meter. For ex- connection of two devices by
Bluetooth, connection of computer and mobile via USB. PANs are used to transfer
files, e-mails etc in computers, mobiles and tablets etc.
• LAN – LOCAL AREA NETWORK : It’s a small network of computers to share
resources. It is in a limited area like residence, school, laboratory, university
campus and office building etc.
• MAN – METROPOLITIAN NETWORK : It is a computer network which spreads over
a city like area. MAN is basically collection of small LANs.
• WAN – WIDE AREA NETWORK : It is wide telecommunication network which
spreads over a very huge geographical area . It can be through out a country or
world.
Neha Tyagi, KV 5 Jaipur II Shift
Neha Tyagi, KV 5 Jaipur II Shift
 Evolution of Networking (ARPANET, NSFNET, INTERNET)
1. ARPANET: The Foundation
Introduction:
•Year: 1969
•Developed By: Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA), U.S.
Department of Defense agency.
•Purpose: ARPANET was designed to connect various research institutions
and facilitate resource sharing and communication.
Key Features:
•Packet Switching: ARPANET introduced packet switching, a method of
breaking data into small packets that are sent independently and
reassembled at the destination. This was a major innovation compared to
traditional circuit-switching methods.
•First Message: The first message sent over ARPANET was "LO," intended
to be "LOGIN." However, the system crashed after just two letters.
Impact:
•Network of Networks: ARPANET laid the groundwork for future networks
by demonstrating the viability of packet switching and distributed networking.
•Networking Protocols: It was the precursor to many networking protocols
that would later become fundamental to the
Internet.
2. NSFNET: Expanding the Network
Introduction:
Year: 1985
Developed By: National Science Foundation (NSF)
Purpose: NSFNET was created to provide high-speed networking capabilities for research and educational
institutions across the U.S.

Key Features:
Backbone Network: NSFNET initially provided a backbone network connecting supercomputing centers,
which helped facilitate scientific research and collaboration.
TCP/IP Protocol: NSFNET adopted the TCP/IP protocol suite, which had been developed in the 1970s and
was foundational for the Internet. This protocol suite allowed different networks to interoperate and
communicate effectively.

Impact:
Growth of the Network: NSFNET greatly expanded the reach of networking beyond ARPA's original scope,
connecting thousands of institutions and providing the infrastructure for the growing academic and research
community.
Commercialization: By the early 1990s, NSFNET's backbone network was decommissioned, and
commercial networks took over, leading to the commercialization of the Internet.
. The Internet: The Global Network

Year: Early 1990s (formalized with the creation of the World Wide Web in 1991)
Developed By: The Internet evolved from ARPANET and NSFNET into a global network of networks.
Purpose: The Internet was designed to be a scalable, decentralized network that connects millions of networks
and devices worldwide.

Key Features:

World Wide Web (WWW): Developed by Tim Berners-Lee in 1991, the WWW made the Internet more
accessible by providing a user-friendly way to navigate and share information using hypertext and
web browsers.
IP Addressing: The Internet uses the IP addressing scheme to identify and locate devices across the globe.
Impact:
Global Connectivity: The Internet connects billions of devices worldwide, facilitating communication,
information sharing, and commerce.
Technological Advancements: It has led to the development of various technologies, including email, social
media, e-commerce, and cloud computing.
Digital Transformation: The Internet has transformed how we live, work, and interact, impacting nearly every
aspect of modern life.
 INTERNET
• Internet is the latest technique of information broadcasting. It is
basically a collection of computer networks through out
the world. Thousands of computers are connected to each
other in this network. Generally, computers are connected via
telephone lines. Other option are also there for
connection by which a computer can get connected to
internet.
• Internet is not subject to any company or government but it has
several servers which are related to various organizations
or private companies. We can say that internet is a medium
for world wide communication. It is an easy and feasible
medium to analysis any product at an international level.
It is an effective medium to publish various information like
Neha Tyagi, KV 5 Jaipur II Shift
• Intranet is a private network of computers which works on internet
protocols for working. Any organization can use intranet for
secure transmission of information amongst its employees.
Internet is a network between various organizations
whereas intranet is a network of one organization only.

Neha Tyagi, KV 5 Jaipur II Shift

 REVIEW
• Network: A collection of independent computers that communicate
with one another over a shared network medium.
• Node: A computer attached to a network.
• Server: A computer that facilitates sharing of data, software and
hardware resources on the network.
• Network Interface Unit (NIU): A device that helps to establish
communication between the server and workstations.
• Circuit switching: A technique in which a dedicated and complete
physical connection is established between two nodes for
communication.
• Packet switching: A switching technique in which packets are routed
between nodes over data links shared with other traffic.
• Personal Area Network (PAN): A computer network organized around
an individual person.
Neha Tyagi, KV 5 Jaipur II Shift
• Local Area Network (LAN): A network in which the devices are
connected over a relatively short distance.
• Metropolitan Area Network (MAN): A network which spans a
physical area ( in the range of 5 and 50 km diameter) that is larger
than a LAN but smaller than a WAN.
• Wide Area Network (WAN): A network which spans a large
geographical area, often a country or a continent.
• It is a network of networks spread across the globe
• Internet: all of which are connected to each other.
• Interspace: A client/server software program that allows multiple
users to communicate online with real time audio, video and text
chat in dynamic 3D environments.
• Channel: A medium that is used in the transmission of a message
from one point to another. Bandwidth: The range of frequencies
available for transmission of data.
Neha Tyagi, KV 5 Jaipur II Shift
 COMMUNICATION/TRANSMISSION
MEDIA

GUIDED UNGUIDED
(WIRED) (WIRELESS)

Twisted Pair Coaxial Optical Fibre Infrared Radio Bluetooth

Microwave Satellite
Cable Cable Cable Waves Wave & Wi-Fi

Neha Tyagi, KV 5 Jaipur II Shift

 TWISTED PAIR(Ethernet) CABLE
• 2 or 4 insulated wires are in twisted form in this cable. Twisting resists the effect of
surrounding noise and electromagnetic interference. RJ-45 (registered jack)connector
is used to connect computers.
• Cat-5 and Cat-6 specifications are generally used in LAN whereas other lower categories are
used in telephone connections.
• It is further divided in to categories-unshielded and shielded twisted pair cable.
Shielded twisted pair cable remains covered with insulation to reduce signal interference
. Advantages :
• Cheap, light weight and flexible cable.
• It is easy to install and maintain. Shielded Twisted Pair

Disadvantages :
• It is effective up to 100 meters only after this, repeaters are required.
• It supports low bandwidth with the speed up to 100Mbps.
Neha Tyagi, KV 5 Jaipur II Shift
Unshielded Twisted Pair
 COAXIAL
• In a coax, there are two solid insulated conductors which shares one
common axis. CABLE(coax)
Inner conductor is a straight wire surrounded
by a wired mesh. Internal core carries signals and mesh works as
a noise reflector. It is generally used in cable TV transmission.
• ADVANTAGES :
• It provides high bandwidth. It carries data up to the distance of
185-500 meters.
• It is suitable for broadband transmission(cable TV) and can also
be useful in shared cable network.
• It is less sensitive towards electromagnetic fields.
• DISADVANTAGES :
• As compared to twisted pair cable, it is less flexible and is
expensive.
• Installation is not easy due to thickness of 1 cm diametere
and poor flexibility.
Neha Tyagi, KV 5 Jaipur II Shift
•
OPTICAL FIBRE
Its design is based on the concept of total internal reflection.
• CABLE
It has glass tubes to carry signals in the form of light rays (photons). Signals are to be
emitted by Light Emitting Diode (LED) or laser beam from source.
• It has following parts-
• CORE(Glass/Plastic) : it is a thin glass rode, light rays travels from one end to other.
• CLADDING : it is an optical material covering core that transforms the light and sends it back to
the core.
– BUFFER COATING : it is a plastic coating which prevents the cable from damage and moisture.

• ADVANTAGES :
– It is free from Electromagnetic Interference(EMI).

– It is secure and suitable for high speed transmission.

• DISADVANTAGES :
– It is fragile and very expensive.

– Its installation is very tough and expensive. Neha Tyagi, KV 5 Jaipur II Shift
• RADIO WAVES
WIRELESS
•
MEDIA
Radio waves uses radio frequencies in the limit 3 GHz to 3 Ghz. Signals are modified on high speed radio wave
carrier frequency using amplitude modulation (AM) and frequency modulation (FM). These waves uses
ionosphere as shown in the diagram for signal transmission. It can be transmitted on long distance and
supports mobility.
• Radio waves are used for communication from small walkie-talkie distances to sufficient distances within a
city (AM/FM radio broadcasting).

Neha Tyagi, KV 5 Jaipur II Shift

• ADVANTAGES :
– Radio communication covers a big area and supports mobility.
– Radio waves can disperse in all directions and can cross the solid walls
as well.
– These waves facilitates the communication in inaccessible areas.
– It is not needed to physically aligned transmitter and receiver
antenna.
– DISADVANTAGES :
– It is expensive and unsecured communication medium.
– It is very sensitive towards weather..
– Permission from concerned departments is required for radio
waves transmission.
Neha Tyagi, KV 5 Jaipur II Shift
 MICROWAVES
• In microwave transmission, two direct parabolic antennas are needed to install on towers/
buildings/mountains for sending and receiving signals. They are needed to aligned to each other.
• ADVANTAGES :
– This facilitates transmission in tough areas.

– It supports data transmission at the speed of 16 Giga bits per second.

DISADVANTAGES :
– It is an unsecured communication.

– Signals are distributed and transmitted in all directions.

– It gets affected by weather conditions.

– Cost of placing tower and antenna is high.

Neha Tyagi, KV 5 Jaipur II Shift

 INFRARED WAVES
• Infrared waves allows transmission in devices up to small distances of 300 GHz to 400 THz (about 5 meters)

using wireless signals. Infrared transmission technique used in computer is similar to the technique used in

remote operated electronic equipment like TV, cordless phone toys etc.

• Advantages:

– It is a kind of line of sight transmission.

– It does not require government Licence.

– It is basically for less distance transmission.

• Disadvantage:

– It is a kind of line of sight transmission, therefore, at a time, only two devices can communicate with each other.

– It can not travels through solid materials.

– It gets affected by long distances.

Neha Tyagi, KV 5 Jaipur II Shift
 SATELLITE LINK
• Satellite communication uses microwave (1.5GHz-20GHz) as a medium. Satellites
like Geostationary or Polar satellites are used to set transmission on various center on earth.
• Services like DTH, VSAT, GPS Satellite phones, etc. have became possible by
satellite
transmission. A satellite works Trans-Receiver Antenna in space which receive,
as a regenerate and
redirect signals.
• ADVANTAGE:
– It provides secure,
It covers a largeuninterrupted
geographical and
[Link] quality transmission.
– Geographical conditions like mountains, tall building, towers does not raise interruption.
– Signals sent or received by earth stations may be fixed or mobile.
• DISADVANTAGE:
– These are slow than microwave transmission.
– legal permissions are needed for these.
– Installation is very complex.
– Signals can be interrupted by external interference.
Neha Tyagi, KV 5 Jaipur II Shift
 Client-Server
• Architecture
In this model data is stored in powerful computers, these computers are known as
servers.
• These are generally maintained by system administrator. Other employees works on
other machines, known as clients.
• This system is termed as client-server model.

Neha Tyagi, KV 5 Jaipur II Shift

 NETWORK DEVICES
• Network devices are also known as communication devices which are used to set
network. These are as follows -
• NIC (Network Interface Card)
• Hub
• Switch
• Repeater
• Gateway
• Router
• Modem
• WAP (Wireless Access Point)

Neha Tyagi, KV 5 Jaipur II Shift

NIC
A Network Interface Card (NIC) is a hardware component that
enables a computer to connect to a network, allowing it to send
and receive data. It's essentially the bridge between a computer
and a network, whether wired or wireless.

Without a NIC, a computer cannot connect to a network, and

therefore cannot communicate with other devices or access the
internet.
 HU
•
• It can not handle network traffic.
B
Hub is a broadcast device which connects several computers together.

• Message is delivered from one computer to rest of all computers i.e. broadcasting.
• In a Hub, ports are there which are used to connect NIC of computers.

Neha Tyagi, KV 5 Jaipur II Shift

 SWITCH
• Switch is a type of Hub. It contains a filter which filters the data before sending
and it is then directed to the intended node only.
• It is an intelligent Hub.
•

Neha Tyagi, KV 5 Jaipur II Shift

 Repeater
• It is a device which accepts the weak signals and amplifies the signals for further broadcasting.
• With the use of it, signal length increases.
• It is also known as amplifier.

Neha Tyagi, KV 5 Jaipur II Shift

 Gateway
• On internet, when two or more networks uses different hardware and software then
gateway is used to set coordination between them.
• It converts one network language into another network language so that they
can communicate.

Neha Tyagi, KV 5 Jaipur II Shift

 Route
•
r
Router is also a networking device which sent data packets from source machine to destination
machine.
• It takes the shortest path for this.
• Router, works on third layer (NETWORK LAYER) of OSI reference model.

Neha Tyagi, KV 5 Jaipur II Shift

 Modem
Modem stands for Modulator/Demodulator.
• The modem is defined as a networking device that is used to connect devices
connected in the network to the internet.
• The main function of a modem is to convert the analog signals that come
from telephone wire into a digital form. In digital form, these converted
signals are stored in the form of 0s and 1s.
• The modem can perform both the task of modulation and demodulation
simultaneously.
 Topology
Topology is the manner of connecting computers in a network, as
shown in given diagrams. Topology is of following types-