Computer Number
Systems
Quarter 1: Module
5
Canva Creative
LESSON OBJECTIVES
Demonstrate an understanding of
1 binary arithmetic operations such as
addition, subtraction, multiplication,
and division.
2
convert decimal numbers to octal
and hexadecimal equivalents, and
vice versa, using appropriate
conversion techniques.
develop an appreciation for the role
3 of number systems in digital
computing and their importance in
representing and processing
information in computer systems.
CONTENT STANDARDS
Demonstrate an understanding
of the computer number
systems
LEARNING COMPETENCIES
Differentiate the various
computer number systems
A number system is a method of
representing numbers using specific
rules. It provides a consistent way to
express numerical values. In
mathematics, we use various number
systems to represent and manipulate
numbers.
Computer number systems are
fundamental to digital computing,
providing a means of representing
and manipulating numerical data
in electronic devices. The four
primary number systems used
in computing are binary, octal,
decimal, and hexadecimal. Each
system has unique properties and
applications, serving essential
roles in various aspects of
computer science and
1. Decimal Number System (Base-10):
· The decimal system uses ten digits: 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6,
7, 8, and 9.
· Each position to the left of the decimal point
represents powers of 10 (units, tens, hundreds,
thousands, etc.).
2. Binary Number System (Base-2):
· The binary system uses only two digits: 0 and 1.
· It is widely used in computer science and digital
electronics.
3. Octal Number System (Base-8):
· The octal system uses eight digits: 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6,
and 7.
· It is less common but still used in some contexts.
4. Hexadecimal Number System (Base-16):
· The hexadecimal system uses sixteen digits: 0–9
and A–F (where A represents 10, B represents 11,
and so on).
· It is commonly used in computer programming
and memory addressing.
The number system plays a crucial role in
mathematics in our daily lives.
1. Representation of Quantities:
✧ A number system provides a way to represent
quantities. Whether it’s counting objects,
measuring distances, or calculating time, numbers
allow us to express these concepts precisely.
✧ For example, when you count the number of
apples in a basket or measure
the length of a room, you’re using the number
system.
2. Foundation for Mathematical Concepts:
✧ All mathematical concepts and formulas are
based on the number system. Whether you’re
solving equations, working with geometry, or
analyzing data, numbers are fundamental.
✧ From basic arithmetic operations (addition,
subtraction, multiplication, division) to advanced
calculus and algebra, numbers underpin
mathematical reasoning.
[Link] of Numbers:
✧ The number system encompasses
various types of numbers:
1. Counting Numbers: These start with 1
and continue indefinitely (1, 2, 3, …).
2. Whole Numbers: Include all counting
numbers along with zero (0, 1, 2, …).
[Link] of Numbers:
3. Integers: Positive and negative whole
numbers, including zero (-3, -2,-1, 0, 1, 2,
3, …).
4. Rational Numbers: Expressible as
fractions (e.g., 3/4, -2/5).
5. Irrational Numbers: Cannot be
expressed as fractions (e.g., √2, π).
Types of Numbers:
6. Real Numbers: Encompass both rational and
irrational numbers.
7. Even Numbers: Divisible by 2 (e.g., 2, 4, 6, …).
8. Odd Numbers: Not divisible by 2 (e.g., 3, 5,
7,
… ).
9. Prime Numbers: Divisible only by 1 and
themselves (e.g., 5, 7, 13).
10. Composite Numbers: Have multiple factors
(e.g., 10, 15, 28).
Binary Number System
The binary number
system is the
foundation of digital
computing,
representing numbers
using only two symbols:
0 and 1.
Binary Number System
In binary, each digit, or bit,
represents a power of 2, with the
rightmost bit corresponding to
2^0, the next bit to 2^1, and so
on. Binary numbers are used
extensively in digital electronics,
where devices such as transistors
and logic gates interpret binary
signals to perform arithmetic and
logical operations.
Octal
Number
System
Octal Number System
The octal number system uses eight symbols
(0-7) to represent numbers. Each octal digit
corresponds to three binary digits (bits),
making octal a convenient shorthand for
representing binary numbers. Octal numbers
are commonly used in computing for
representing binary-coded data and memory
addresses, particularly in older computer
architectures and programming languages.
Decimal Number System
The decimal number system, familiar
to most people, uses ten symbols (0-
9) to represent numbers. Each decimal
digit represents a power of 10, with
the rightmost digit corresponding to
10^0, the next digit to 10^1, and so
on. Decimal numbers are used in
everyday arithmetic and mathematics,
as well as in various applications
where human-readable numerical
representations are required.
Hexadecimal Number System
The hexadecimal number system uses
sixteen symbols (0-9 and A-F) to
represent numbers. Each hexadecimal
digit corresponds to four binary digits
(bits), making hexadecimal a compact
and convenient way to represent binary
data. Hexadecimal numbers are
commonly used in computing for
representing memory addresses, byte
values, and color codes in graphics and
web development.
Importance in Computing:
Computer number systems play a crucial
role in various aspects of computing,
including:
• Data Representation: Binary, octal, decimal,
and hexadecimal numbers are used to
represent data in digital systems, including
integers, floating-point numbers, and
characters.
• Memory Addressing: Memory addresses in
computer systems are often represented
using hexadecimal notation, providing a
Importance in Computing:
• Programming and Coding: Programmers
frequently work with binary, octal,
decimal, and hexadecimal numbers when
writing and debugging software,
particularly in low-level programming
and embedded systems development.
• Digital Communication: Binary data is
transmitted and received in digital
communication systems, where it is
encoded and decoded using various
modulation techniques.
REFERENCES
• Tanenbaum, A. S., & Bos, H. (2015). Modern
Operating Systems (4th ed.). Pearson.
• Stallings, W. (2019). Computer Organization
and Architecture: Designing for Performance
(11th ed.). Pearson.
• Patterson, D. A., & Hennessy, J. L. (2017).
Computer Organization and Design: The
Hardware/Software Interface (5th ed.). Morgan
Kaufmann.
QUIZ #5
What is the base of the binary
number system?
a) Base-2
b) Base-8
c) Base-10
d) Base-16
How many symbols are used in
the octal number system?
a) 6
b) 8
c) 10
d) 16
In the decimal number system,
what does each digit represent?
a) A power of 2
b) A power of 8
c) A power of 10
d) A power of 16
What is the hexadecimal
equivalent of the binary number
1010?
a) A
b) B
c) C
d) D
Why is the hexadecimal number
system commonly used in
computing?
a) It is easy to convert to binary
b) It is widely understood by non-technical
users
c) It requires fewer symbols than binary
d) It is the most efficient for arithmetic
operations
ANSWER KEY
1.a) Base-2
2.b) 8
3.c) A power of 10
4.a) A
5.a) It is easy to convert to binary
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