Pure Substances: Compounds
Compounds
● composed of two or
more different
elements that are
combined in a fixed
ratio by a chemical
Water (H2O) is formed when two
reaction hydrogen atoms (H) combined with
one oxygen atom (O). 1
Acids:
Hydrochloric acid: HCl - Used in cleaning, food processing,
and metal cleaning.
Sulfuric acid: H₂SO₄ - Used in fertilizers, detergents, and
batteries.
Acetic acid: CH₃COOH - Found in vinegar, used for pickling and
cleaning.
Nitric acid: HNO₃ - Used in the production of fertilizers and
explosives.
Phosphoric acid: H₃PO₄ - Used in cola beverages and
detergents.
•Nitric Acid: HNO₃
2
Bases:
•Sodium hydroxide (Lye/Caustic
soda): NaOH –
Used in soap and paper
production.
•Potassium hydroxide (Caustic
potash): KOH
Used in the production of fertilizers
and soaps.
•Calcium hydroxide (Slaked
lime): Ca(OH)₂ - Used in
mortar and plaster.
•Magnesium hydroxide (Milk of
magnesia): Mg(OH)₂
Used as an antacid. 3
Salts:
•Sodium chloride (Common salt): NaCl - Used for flavoring and
preserving food.
•Sodium bicarbonate (Baking soda): NaHCO₃ - Used in baking and as
a cleaning agent.
•Sodium carbonate (Washing soda): Na₂CO₃ - Used for cleaning.
•Calcium carbonate (Limestone): CaCO₃ - Used in building materials
and as a dietary supplement.
•Ammonium nitrate: NH₄NO₃ - Used in fertilizers and explosives.
4
Other Compounds:
•Water: H₂O - Essential for life.
•Carbon dioxide: CO₂ - Used in carbonated drinks
and as a
refrigerant (dry ice).
•Methane: CH₄ - Used as a fuel.
•Ethanol: C₂H₅OH - Used in alcoholic beverages.
•Sucrose: C₁₂H₂₂O₁₁ - Table sugar.
•Sodium fluoride: NaF - Used in toothpaste.
•Titanium dioxide: TiO₂ - Used as a white pigment.
•Phenol: C₆H₅OH - Used in antiseptics.
•Sodium hypochlorite: NaOCl - Used as bleach.
5
Pure Substances: Compounds
● Many compounds are found in
the environment.
● Some compounds are formed
when an element reacts with
another element.
● Some compounds are products
of chemical reactions
between two or more 6
Pure Substances: Compounds
● Chemical bonds cannot
be broken easily
● Unlike elements,
compounds can be
broken down into
In water electrolysis, an electric
simpler forms by current is passed through water to
separate its components to oxygen
chemical means
and hydrogen. 7
Pure Substances: Compounds
The properties of elements that make up a
compound are different from the properties of
the compound formed.
○ sodium chloride (NaCl) or table salt - one Na
atom and one Cl atom
○ its constituent elements are harmful and toxic
8
Pure Substances: Compounds
● may be classified according to the specific
elements present
○ organic compounds - contains carbon and
hydrogen
■ ex. carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, etc.
9
Pure Substances: Compounds
● may be classified according to the specific
elements present
○ inorganic compounds - do not contain carbon-
hydrogen bonds
■ ex. CO2, H2O, table salt (NaCl)
10
How do compounds differ
from elements?
11
Mixtures
● consist of two or more pure
substances that are
combined physically
● no chemical reaction
between the components
Seawater is a mixture
● components retain their of dissolved salts and
characteristic properties water.
when mixed together 12
Mixtures
● each component has the same chemical makeup
it had before the mixture is formed
● do not have definite proportions and definite
properties
● properties depend on the substances that are
present in it
● may be further classified as homogeneous or
heterogeneous 13
Homogeneous Mixtures
Homogeneous Mixture
● consists of substances that are evenly distributed
all throughout
● the components cannot be distinguished from
each other by the naked eye
● also known as solution
14
Homogeneous Mixtures
Solution
● composed of two components:
○ solute - the substance that is
dissolved by another
substance; exists in smaller
amounts
○ solvent - the dissolving In a salt solution, the
solute is the salt while
medium in which the solute the solvent is water. 15
Homogeneous Mixtures
Solution
● soluble - when substances
dissolve in a given solvent
● miscible - when liquids are
soluble in each other at all
In a salt solution,
proportions
salt is soluble in
water. 16
Homogeneous Mixtures
Solutes dissolved in a solvent when the solute
particles are pulled away from one another and the
solvent particles continue to surround it until they 17
Homogeneous Mixtures
● may be solid, liquid or gas
Steel is a solid solution, or an
Wine is a liquid solution of
alloy, made up of iron and
alcohol and water. 18
carbon.
Heterogeneous Mixtures
Heterogeneous Mixture
● consists of substances that are not evenly
distributed all throughout
● the components can be distinguished from each
other by the naked eye
● can be further classified as colloids or
suspensions
19
Heterogeneous Mixtures: Colloids
Colloids
● a heterogeneous mixture with
particles that are bigger than those
in a solution but smaller than those
in a suspension
● particles do not settle at the bottom
even after being left to stand for a Milk is an
long time example of a
20
Heterogeneous Mixtures: Colloids
Tyndall Effect
● the phenomenon wherein light is scattered.
The Tyndall effect. 21
Heterogeneous Mixtures: Colloids
Suspensions
● a heterogeneous mixture with
suspended particles that are
large enough to be seen by
the naked eye
● particles settle at the bottom
of the container due to gravity Boba milk is an
example of a
22
To easily distinguish the types of
mixtures, always refer to the
uniformity of its appearance.
Homogeneous mixtures have a
uniform appearance while
heterogeneous mixtures are not
uniform in terms of its appearance.
23
Classify the following materials either as an
element, a compound, or a mixture.
2. 3.
mossy zinc mayonnaise baking soda
24
● Matter may be classified according to their
composition: pure substances and
mixtures.
● A pure substance is a kind of matter with a
definite or fixed composition.
● A mixture is a kind of matter that consists of
two or more substances that are combined 25
● Pure substances are classified as elements or
compounds.
○ An element is the simplest form of matter
made up of one type of atom.
○ A compound is made up of different types
of atoms that are combined chemically.
26
● Mixtures are classified as homogeneous
mixtures or heterogeneous mixtures.
○ A homogeneous mixture consists of
particles that are evenly distributed all
throughout.
○ A heterogeneous mixture consists of
particles that are not evenly distributed all
27
How can you easily distinguish
homogeneous mixtures from
heterogeneous mixtures?
28
