Operational Amplifier or Op-amp
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Introduction
An Operational Amplifier, or op-amp for short, is fundamentally a
voltage amplifying device designed to be used with external feedback
components such as resistors and capacitors between its output and
input terminals. These feedback components determine the resulting
function or “operation” of the amplifier and by virtue of the different
feedback configurations whether resistive, capacitive or both, the
amplifier can perform a variety of different operations, giving rise to its
name of “Operational Amplifier”.
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• Open Loop Gain, (Avo) of an operational amplifier can be very high, as much
as 1,000,000 (120dB) or more.This very high gain is of no real use to us as it
makes the amplifier both unstable and hard to control as the smallest of input
signals.
• The open loop DC gain of an operational amplifier is extremely high we can
therefore afford to lose some of this high gain by connecting a suitable resistor
across the amplifier from the output terminal back to the inverting input
terminal to both reduce and control the overall gain of the amplifier. This then
produces and effect known commonly as Negative Feedback, and thus
produces a very stable Operational Amplifier based system.
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Applications:
• audio and video pre-amplifiers and buffers
• voltage comparators
• differential amplifiers
• differentiators and integrators
• Filters
• Precision rectifiers
• Precision Peak Detector
• voltage and current regulators
• analogue calculators
• Voltage clamp
• analogue-to-digital converters
• digital-to-analogue converters
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Equivalent circuit of ideal op-amp
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Characteristic of the ideal op-amp
• Ideal Characteristic
• 1. Infinite input impedance
The ideal op amp is not supposed to draw any input
current
• 2. Zero output impedance
Output voltage independent of the current.
• 3. Zero common-mode gain
if v1 = v2 = 1 V, then the output will (ideally) be zero.
• 4. Infinite open-loop gain A
• 5. Infinite bandwidth
Ideal opamp gain A is constant for all frequencies.
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Op-amp : Comparator
Output voltage of openloop op-amp
Vo= A * (VNI-VI)
A-Open loop gain of op-amp
if VNI > VI - Vo= + infinite, but practically
its saturate +ve supply voltage
if VNI < VI - Vo= - infinite, but practically
its saturate -ve supply voltage
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• The process by which a fraction of output energy is injected back to the input is called feedback.
The amplifiers using this technique are called feedback amplifiers.
• Need for feedback: Parameters of a basic amplifier are required to changed as per need
• Types : Negative feedback and Positive feedback
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Op-amp : Voltage follower
Vout = Vin
This is called as unity buffer or
volatge follower circuit
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Closed loop gain
Inverting Op-amp G0 = V0 / Vin
Assume Op-amp to be ideal
V2 -V1 = V0 / A = 0
Due to virtual ground
V1=0 so V2=0
Apply ohms law to find i1
v1 v1 v1 0 v1
i1
R1 R1 R1
vo v1 I 1 R2
Apply ohms law to find i2
Rf
v o v1
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Non-Inverting Op-amp
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Problem
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Problem
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Problem
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