Chapter 3
Operational Amplifiers –L1
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Contents
Introduction
The ideal operational amplifier and
characteristics
Different Op amp configurations and analysis
Op amp applications
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Introduction
Op Amp is short for operational amplifier
is a very high gain differential amplifier
with high input and low output
impedance
is modelled as a voltage controlled voltage
source
It contains a number of differential amplifier
stages to achieve a very high voltage gain
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Introduction cont..
With the application of negative feedback, it can
be used to implement functions such as addition,
subtraction, differentiation, integration,
averaging and amplification
Typical uses of the Op Amps are to provide
Voltage amplitude changes (amplitude and polarity),
Oscillators
Filter circuits, and
Many types of instrumentation circuits
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Introduction cont..
Op-amps are drawn as a triangle in a circuit schematic
There are two inputs
inverting and non-inverting
And one output
Also power connections (note no explicit ground
V+
2 7
inverting input 6
output
non-inverting input +
3 4
V
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Basic op-amp circuit
1 Input stage
The differential amplifier pairs take input signals and
produce an amplified current from the current mirror which
goes into the second stage.
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Basic op-amp circuit cont..
2 second stage
converts current to voltage and provides frequency
compensation through the capacitor Cc, which prevents
oscillation by causing the gain to roll-off as the frequency increases.
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Basic op-amp circuit cont..
3 output stage
The last stage is a class B push-pull emitter follower amplifier
which provides current to drive a load.
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The ideal op-amp
Infinite voltage gain
a voltage difference at the two inputs is magnified infinitely
in truth, something like 200,000
means difference between + terminal and terminal is
amplified by 200,000!
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The ideal op-amp cont..
Infinite input impedance, Rin ∞
no current flows into inputs
in truth, about 1012 for FET input op-amps
Zero output impedance, Ro= 0
rock-solid independent of load
roughly true up to current maximum (usually 5–25 mA)
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The ideal op-amp cont..
Infinitely fast (infinite bandwidth)
in truth, limited to few MHz range
slew rate limited to 0.5–20 V/s
Infinitely large CMRR
no offset voltage
Because it use identical transistors
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The ideal op-amp cont..
Equivalent circuit of the ideal op-amp
can be modeled by voltage controlled source with very
large gain A/AOL known as open loop gain
Use Feedback circuit to reduces the gain of op-amp
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PRACTICAL OP-AMP
The ideal characteristics cannot be achieved
In many practical situations, op-amps can approximate
these characteristics
Very Large Finite Gain
Usually 200,000 when used alone without the addition of
feedback paths
Large Input Impedance and Small Output Resistance
input impedance usually above 100 KΩ
output resistance for a typical op-amp may be 50Ω
Very Large CMRR
op-amps exhibit very good ability of rejecting common
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mode signals.
PRACTICAL OP-AMP cont..
Output Voltage and Current Saturation
Op amps will operate linearly over a limited range of output
voltage and current.
For a typical op-amp (741) the range for linear operation:
voltage is around ±(10-15) V
current is around ±(10-20) mA.
Beyond this range, the output will be nonlinearly
distorted (e.g. cut-off).
Transfer characteristics of
practical operational amplifier
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PRACTICAL OP-AMP cont..
Limited Bandwidth
frequency response
characteristics from zero
hertz to upper limits of
approximately 100 KHz
or more.
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PRACTICAL OP-AMP cont..
Slew rate
Another nonlinear distortion for large output signals are so-
called slew-rate limiting.
This refers to the maximum allow rate of change of
signal, defined as:
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PRACTICAL OP-AMP cont..
Offset Voltages
Practical open-loop op-amps have non-zero output even when
there is no applied input voltage called output offset voltage.
mainly caused by the mismatch of amplifier the internal circuit
parameters.
Input voltage required to produce zero output is defined as input
offset voltage (Vos).
can be modeled as the dc voltage in series with op-amp.
external terminals specifically for offset adjustment are provided
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PRACTICAL OP-AMP cont..
Offset and Bias Currents
In a practical op-amp, input terminal are supplied with
dc currents to function.
Generally, the bias current of the inverting terminal is different
from that of the non-inverting terminal.
When the op-amp is operated in a closed loop the bias
currents will start to circulate in the external circuit
elements producing none-zero output voltage.
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PRACTICAL OP-AMP cont..
Offset and Bias Currents
These two currents are modeled with two current
sources as shown in the figure below.
The average of these two currents is referred as input
bias current.
The different between these two currents is referred as
input offset current.
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