Aircraft Propulsion 2E

Solution Manual

Chapter 11: Aircraft Engine Component Matching and Off-Design

Problem 11.1
The corrected and physical mass flow rates at the engine face are related by:

m c 2 = m 2 2 / 2
2 = Tt2/Tref = 268/288.2 = 0.9299
2 = pt2/pref = (0.99)112/101.33 = 1.0942

m c 2 110.2 kg / s

Therefore,

Nc2

m fc

=6400 rpm/ 0.9299 6,637 rpm

2
m f

2 2

2.37 kg/s

Fc F / 0

0 pt 0 / pref =112/101.33 = 1.1053

Therefore the corrected thrust is Fc= 145 kN/(1.1053) = 131.2 kN
TSFC c

TSFC

First, we calculate the TSFC to be:

TSFC=(2.5 kg/s)/145 kN = 17.24 mg/s/N
TSFCc = (17.24 mg/s/N)/(0.9299)0.5 17.88 mg/s/N
Problem 11.2
The corrected mass flow rate per unit area (at the engine face) is

m c 2 / A2 =

c pref
Rc

Tref

M z 2 1 +

c 1
2

2
M z2

( c +1)
2 ( c 1)

= f ( M z 2 , c , Rc )

We collect the constants on one side:

[(180 kg/s)/(1 m2)][287 J/kg.K/1.4]0.5[288.2 K]0.5/[101.33 x1000 N/m2]=0.4331776
The function of axial Mach number is:

Aircraft Propulsion 2E

M z 2 1 +

c 1

M z 22
2

( c +1)
2( c 1)

Solution Manual

M z 2 (1 + 0.2M z 2 2 ) = 0.4331776
=
3

We use an Excel spreadsheet to get Mz2 to be

Mz2 0.50
From the relationship between the corrected and physical mass flow rates:

m c 2 = m 2 2 / 2
We need to calculate 2 and 2 to arrive at the physical mass flow rate:
Tt2=Tt0= (250 K) [1+0.2(0.85)2]= 286.125 K
pt2=pt0. d = 30 kPa [1+0.2(0.85)2]3.5 (0.995) = 47.874 kPa
2 =286.125/288.2 = 0.9928
2 = 47.874/101.33 = 0.47246
Therefore the physical (air) mass flow rate at the engine face is:

m 2 = 180 kg/s [0.47246]/[0.9928]0.5 85.35 kg/s

From the continuity equation, we calculate the capture area, A0

A0 =

m 0

c pt 0
Rc

1 2
M 0 1 + c
M0
2
Tt 0

( c +1)
2( c 1)

0.758 m2

Problem 11.3
Using the chain rule:
pt4/pt2 = (pt4/pt3)(pt3/pt2)= (0.95)(10) = 9.5
The compressor exit total temperature is:
Tt3=Tt2.c(-1)/ec= 300 K(10)0.4/1.4/0.9 623 K
Energy balance across the burner gives Tt4
Tt4=[cpcTt3 +fQRb]/(1+f) cpt 1684 K
Therefore Tt4/Tt2=1684/300 5.613

Aircraft Propulsion 2E

Solution Manual

The area ratio A4/A2 is related to corrected mass flow rates, pressure and temperature ratios
according to:

A4
(1 + f ) m c 2 / A2
=
A2 b m c 4 / A4 c

Tt 4
Tt 2

The corrected mass flow rate per unit area at the compressor face is:

m c 2 / A2 =

c pref
Rc

Tref

( c +1)

1
2( c 1)
M z 2 1 + c
M z 22
= 180.86 kg / s / m 2
2

For a choked throat at the turbine inlet, M4=1.0, we have:

( t +1)

t pref t + 1 2( 1)

=
m c 4 / A4

=
237.06 kg / s / m 2

Rt Tref 2
t

Therefore, A4/A2= 0.195745, which gives:

A4=0.1957 m2

m c 4 = 237.06 A4
Therefore, m c 4 = 46.4 kg / s
The physical mass flow rate is the sum of air and fuel flow rates, i.e.,
m 4= 180 + 6= 186 kg / s

Problem 11.4
From equation 11.19, we have:

m c 4
= t
m c 5
t
Also, turbine pressure and temperature ratios are related to the turbine efficiency according to:

t = 1 t 1 t (

1) / t

or
t

1 t t 1
=
=0.3441
1
t
t

m c 4

= t =0.344/(0.8)0.5 = 0.3847
m c 5
t
3

Aircraft Propulsion 2E

Solution Manual

Similarly, the ratio of corrected mass flow rates between stations 3 and 4 is

m c 4
= (1 + f ) b =(1+0.03)(1.8)0.5/0.95 = 1.455
m c 3
b
Problem 11.5

Nc2

Since, Tt2=Tref, 2=1, therefore Nc2=N=8,000 rpm

Nc4

Since 4=Tt4/Tref=Tt4/Tt2=6, then

Nc4=8,000 rpm/(6)0.5 3,266 rpm
Compressor temperature ratio is c=Tt3/Tt2=872 K/288.2 K = 3.0257
From polytropic efficiency and temperature ratio, we get
c ec

c = c

c 1

= 32.7

Since pt2=pref and Tt2=Tref, the corrected and physical mass flow rates at the engine face are equal,
therefore,

2 m=
m
=
360 kg / s
2c
Also the compressor power is

=
c m 2 c pc (Tt 3 Tt 2 ) 211.0 MW
The power balance across the burner yields, f, but first lets get Tt4=6Tt2=1729 K:

=
f

c ptTt 4 c pcTt 3
1156(1729.2) 1004(872)
=
0.0284
QRb c ptTt 4 42000(1000)(0.99) 1156(1729.2)

The compressor-turbine power balance gives

m (1 + f )c pt (Tt 4 Tt 5 ) =

c 211.01x106 W
=
m 0
360 kg / s

Therefore Tt5 1236 K

And Tt5/Tt4 = 1236/1729 = 0.71487

Aircraft Propulsion 2E

pt5/pt4 = =
1
t

1 t
t

Solution Manual
t
t 1

0.1926

pt 5 pt 5 pt 4 pt 3
= (0.1926)(0.94)(32.7) = 5.922
=
pt 2 pt 4 pt 3 pt 2
Tt 5 Tt 5 Tt 4
= (0.71487)(6) = 4.289
=
Tt 2 Tt 4 Tt 2
Problem 11.6
Using the same calculation steps as in Example 11.1 and an Excel spreadsheet, as follow, we
calculate and graph the gas generator pumping characteristics.

Tt4/Tt2
6.5
6.5
6.5
6.5

Nc2 (rpm) pi-c

9000
8500
8000
7500

27.5
22.5
16
14

m-c2 (kg/s) eta-c

tau-c
fQeta/cpT tau-t
180
0.84
2.878 3.621747
143
0.84
2.707 3.792742
116
0.87
2.389 4.111288
85
0.845
2.332 4.168024

Nc4 (rpm) m-c4 (kg/s) m-c4.Nc4 eta-t

3530
18.093
63870
3334
17.568
58571
3138
20.040
62884
2942
16.783
49370

Nc2
9000
8500
8000
7500

pi-t
0.88
0.88
0.88
0.88

0.755
0.777
0.819
0.826

pt5/pt2
Tt5/Tt2
0.269
7.019
4.908
0.309
6.600
5.053
0.395
6.007
5.323
0.4123
5.484
5.371

tau-c-1
Nc2/Nc2)2 tuac-1/tauc-1
1.878
1
1
1.707 0.891975
0.908961
1.389 0.790123
0.739363
1.332 0.694444
0.709157

The pumping characteristics are summarized in the following table:

Nc2%des pt5/pt2
Tt5/Tt2
mc2%des fQeta/cpT
0.833333 5.483834 5.371213 0.4722222 4.168024
0.888889 6.006888 5.323132 0.6444444 4.111288
0.944444 6.59916 5.053179 0.7944444 3.792742
1 7.018628 4.908269
1 3.621747

Aircraft Propulsion 2E

Solution Manual

Gas Generator Pumping Characteristics

7
6.5
6
5.5
5
4.5
4
3.5
0.82 0.83 0.84 0.85 0.86 0.87 0.88 0.89 0.9 0.91 0.92 0.93 0.94 0.95 0.96 0.97 0.98 0.99

Nc2 % Design

Corrected flow rate at compressor face

(% design)
1
0.9
0.8
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.83 0.84 0.85 0.86 0.87 0.88 0.89 0.9 0.91 0.92 0.93 0.94 0.95 0.96 0.97 0.98 0.99

Nc2 % Design

Problem 11.7
The flow area A4 can be calculated from the given corrected flow rate
m c 4 = 80 kg / s

And the Mach number, M4=1.0 as well as gas properties, t=1.33 and cpt=1,156 J/kg.K.
( t +1)

=
m c 4 / A4

t pref t + 1 2( 1)
Rt

Tref

237.1kg / s / m 2

Therefore, A4 = 0.3375 m2
Since, we have

m c 4

= t and t=0.8 with t=0.85, we calculate

m c 5
t

Aircraft Propulsion 2E

1 t
=
1
t
t

Solution Manual

t
t 1

= 0.3392 and thus

m c 5 211 kg/s

t pref

=
m c 5 / A5

Rt

Tref

t 1

M z 5 1 +
M z 52
2

( t +1)
2( t 1)

= 176.2 kg/s/m2

Therefore, A5 = 1.197 m2
Energy balance across the afterburner yields

(1 + f + f AB )c pABTt 7 (1 + f )c ptTt 5 =
f AB QRABab
=
f AB

(1 + f )(c pABTt 7 c ptTt 5 )

QRABab c pABTt 7

c pABTt 7 c ptTt 5
QRAB ab c pABTt 7

First we calculate Tt5 and Tt7 to be:

Tt5= Tt4.t = 1760 K (0.8) = 1408 K
Tt7=2.Tt5 = 2816 K
Therefore fAB 0.0514
Application of the continuity equation at the nozzle throat produces the throat area, A8, but first

m c 4

m c8

m 4 4

4
m 8 8

(1 + f AB )m 4 8

The ratio of the two equations gives

m c8
=
m c 4

4 8

8
4
=

Tt 8 pt 4
Tt 4 pt 8

For the dry case Tt8=Tt5 = 1408 K

and

pt 8 =

pt 8 pt 7
pt 5
pt 7 pt 5

pt5 = t . pt4 = 0.3392 (2000 kPa) = 678.4 kPa

Aircraft Propulsion 2E

Solution Manual

pt8 = (0.98)(0.96)(678.4 kPa) = 638 kPa

Therefore the corrected mass flow rate at the nozzle throat is

m c8

(80 kg / s )

1408 2000

224.2 kg / s
1760 638.2

And for a choked throat, we have

( t +1)

=
m c8 / A8

t pref t + 1 2( 1)
Rt

Tref

237.1kg / s / m 2

Hence the throat area is

A8-dry 0.946 m2

m c8 wet
T
pt 4
= t 8 wet
m c 4
Tt 4 pt 8 wet
Tt8-wet = 2 Tt5 = 2816 K

pt 8 wet =

pt 8 wet pt 7

pt 5 =(0.95)(0.90)(678.4 kPa)
pt 7 pt 5 wet

pt8-wet 580 kPa

m c8 wet (80 kg / s )
=
m c8 wet / A8 wet

2816 2000

348.94 kg/s
1760 580
( AB +1)
AB 1)

AB pref AB + 1 2(

=
235.16 kg / s / m 2

RAB Tref 2

Therefore A8-wet 1.4838 m2

Before we calculate A9/A8, let us first calculate M9-dry
pt9 = (pt9/pt8) pt8 = (0.99)(638.2 kPa) = 631.8 kPa

=
M 9 dry

t 1

2 pt 9 t

1 1.875
1

p
t
9

The physical mass flow rate through the nozzle is

m
m 8 dry = c8 8 = (224.2 kg/s) (638.2/101.33)/(1408/288.2)0.5 = 638.8 kg/s

8 dry

Aircraft Propulsion 2E

Solution Manual

Continuity demands:

=
m 9

9 pt 9
R9

1 2
A9 M 9 1 + 9
M9
2
Tt 9

9 +1
2( 9 1)

A9-dry 1.4939 m2
A9-dry/A8-dry 1.579
In wet-mode, we calculate the nozzle exit Mach number for perfect expansion, i.e., M9-wet

=
M 9 wet

AB 1

2 pt 9 wet AB
1

p
1
AB
9

pt9-wet = (0.95)(580 kPa) = 551 kPa

therefore, M9-wet 1.794

m 9 wet (1 + f AB )m 8 dry =1.0514(638.85 kg/s) = 671.7 kg/s

Now using continuity equation at the nozzle exit, we calculate the exit area, A9-wet
A9-wet 2.424 m2
(A9/A8)wet = 2.424/1.4838 = 1.634
V9-dry = M9-dry a9-dry
T9-dry is calculated from total temperature and Mach number to be 891.2 and thus the speed of
sound, a9 is 583.1m/s
V9-dry = 1093 m/s
Fg-dry = (638.85 kg/s)(1093 m/s) = 698.372 kN
T9-wet is similarly calculated to be ~1900 K and speed of sound is a9-wet= 842 m/s
V9-wet = (1.7938)(842 m/s) = 1510 m/s
Fg-wet = (671.7 kg/s)(1510 m/s) 1014 kN

Problem 11.8
p-t-0 (kPa)
101.33

T-t-0 (K)
288.2

Tau-r
1.0000

Pi-r
1.0000

a-0 (m/s)
340

V-0 (m/s) p-t-2 (kPa)

0.0000
99.34

p-t-3 (kPa)
2483

Aircraft Propulsion 2E
Tau-c
2.7784

T-t-3 (K)
801

T-t-4 (K)
1729

T-t-5 (K) Pi-t

1218
0.2363
p-t-9 (kPa)
540

Solution Manual
p-t-4 (kPa)
2358

f
0.0232

Tau-t
0.7044

p-t-5 (kPa)
557

M-9
1.75

T-9 (K)
755

a-9 (m/s)
551

V-9 (m/s) Fn/m-a0

TSFC (mg/s/N)
964
2.9
23.5

At off design conditions, we keep t constant and calculate c-O-D from

c ,O D 1 +

( r / ) D
( c 1) D = 1+(1/6)(2.7784-1)/(1.1445/6.5) 2.6833
( r / ) O D

In the above, we substituted the ram temperature ratio and limit parameter at off design according
to their simple relations on flight Mach number and given -O-D

c OD = c OD
N c 2,O D
=
N c 2, D

ec
1

22.4

(Tt 4 / Tt 2 )O D
=
(Tt 4 / Tt 2 ) D

m c 2,O D c ,O D

c,D
m c 2, D

1456.5 / 295.3
1.11
1729.2 / 288.2

(Tt 4 / Tt 2 ) D
(Tt 4 / Tt 2 )O D

22.4 1
0.8037
25 1.11

c 2OD 0.8037(80 kg / s ) 64.3 kg / s

And
thus, m
=
From corrected mass flow rate and the axial Mach number at the engine face at the design point,
we calculate A2

m c 2 / A2 =

c pref
Rc

Tref

( c +1)

1
2( c 1)
M z 2 1 + c
M z 22
180.1kg / s / m 2
2

The compressor face flow area is thus

A2 = 0.4443 m2
From the off-design corrected mass flow rate and the physical flow area at 2,

c pref

m c 2OD / A2 =M z 2OD 1 +
Rc Tref

c 1

M z 2 2OD
2

( c +1)
2( c 1)

64.3
=
=
144.71kg / s / m 2
0.4443

10

Aircraft Propulsion 2E

Solution Manual

We arrive at one equation, one unknown in Mz2-OD, using an Excel spreadsheet, we get
Mz2-OD 0.378
We calculated the TSFC at design in our cycle analysis (spreadsheet). For the off-design
analysis, we repeat our cycle analysis with the off-design compressor pressure ratio and the
parameters that are specified in the problem. The spreadsheet is shown below:

Design-Pt
Off-Design

M0
0
0.85

p-t-0 (kPa)
Design-Pt 101.33
Off-Design 32.08
p-t-3 (kPa)
2482
704
Tau-t
0.7044
0.7086
p-t-9 (kPa)
540.5
113.3

p0 (kPa)
101.33
20
T-t-0 (K)
288.2
295.3

Tau-c
2.7784
2.6832

Tau-r
1.0000
1.1445

T-t-3 (K)
801
792

T-t-5 (K) Pi-t

1218
0.2363
1032
0.1839
M-9
1.75
1.80

T0 ( K )
288.2
258

gam-c cp-c (J/kg.K)

1.4
1004
1.4
1004
Pi-r
1.0000
1.6038

T-t-4 (K)
1729
1456

a-0 (m/s)
340
322

p-t-4 (kPa)
2358
669

Pi-d
0.98
0.98

Pi-c
25
22.4

V-0 (m/s) p-t-2 (kPa)

0.0000
99.3
274
31.4
f
0.02318
0.02206

p-t-5 (kPa)
557.2
123.0

T-9 (K)
755
671

a-9 (m/s)

V-9 (m/s) Fn/m-a0

TSFC (mg/s/N)
551
964
2.9001
23.5
506
913
2.0502
33.4

Problem 11.9
We first calculate the design values for r, f, cH and :

r = 1 + 0.2(0) = 1

0.2857 / 0.90
0.31746
(1.8)
1.2051
f =
=
=
f
0.2857 / 0.90
0.31746
=
cH cH=
(14)
=
2.3113

c ptTt 4 1146 1600 + 273

=

7.42
c pcT0 1004 15.2 + 273

Now, we can calculate the first constant, C1

=
C1

r f
1.2051
( cH=
1)
(1.3113) 0.2130

7.42

Constants C2 and C3 are:

11

Aircraft Propulsion 2E
C2 =+
(1 )( f 1)

Solution Manual

r
=
6(0.2051)(1/ 7.42) 0.1659

r . f
1.2051
=
C3 =
28.214
. cH
5(14)

7.42
Let us calculate r, and for the off-design operation:

r ,OD =
1 + 0.2(0.90) 2 =
1.162
=
,OD

c ptTt 4 1146 1300 + 273

=

7.097
c pcT0 1004 273 20

Now, let us substitute all the parameters in equation 10.66

C1
r

C3
r
1 = C 2

+
.ecH
C1 r ( cH 1)

1

(
)

cH

r ( cH 1)

1.162
1.162 + 28.214
0.213(7.097) 1 =

0.1659
7.097 3.15
0.213(7.097) 1.162( cH 1)
cH

7.097

1.162(
1)

cH

The solution to this equation is found using an Excel spreadsheet to be:

cH2.135
Therefore the high-pressure compressor pressure ratio at off design is
cH=cHe/(-1)=(2.135)3.1510.90

Off-Design
cH10.90

The fan pressure ratio at off-design is calculated from:

f =

C1
=1.1463
r ( cH 1)

f=f3.15=1.14633.15 1.537

Off-Design
f 1.537

The off-design bypass ratio is calculated from

. cH

r . f
const. = C3

5.972

Off-Design
5.97

12

Aircraft Propulsion 2E

Solution Manual

Based on these off-design parameters, we may proceed to calculate other engine off-design
performance such as thrust specific fuel consumption or specific thrust, thermal and propulsive
efficiencies.

Problem 11.10
The turbojet cycle analysis at design point follows the steps developed in Chapter 4. The
spreadsheet of input data is shown below:

Design-pt.

M0
0

Tau-Lamb
7.882377

Q-R
(kJ/kg)
42600

Pi-n
0.9

p0 (kPa)
101.33

T0 ( K )
288.2

Eta-b
0.98

gam-c cp-c (J/kg.K)

1.4
1004

Pi-b
0.95

gam-t
1.33

Pi-d
0.95

cp-t (J/kg.K)
1156

Pi-c
30

e-t
0.85

e-c
0.9

Eta-m
0.98

p9/p0
1

We solve the above design point cycle to arrive at the following cycle parameters:
p-t-0 (kPa)
Design-pt. 101.33
p-t-3 (kPa)
2888

Tau-c
2.9439

T-t-5 (K) Pi-t

1494
0.2674
p-t-9 (kPa)
660

T-t-0 (K)
288.2

Tau-r
1.0000

T-t-3 (K)
848

T-t-4 (K)
1973.

p-t-5 (kPa) p-t-7 (kPa)

734
734

M-9
1.894

T-9 (K)
938

Pi-r
1.0000

a-0 (m/s)
340

p-t-4 (kPa)
2744

V-0 (m/s) p-t-2 (kPa)

0.0000
96.3
f
0.03621

Tau-t
0.7571

T-t-7 (K)
1494
a-9 (m/s)
598

V-9 (m/s) Fn/m-a0

TSFC (mg/s/N)
1133
3.452
30.8

Eta-th
0.4314

Now, we use the design-point turbine expansion parameter, t=0.7571 at off design to calculate
the compressor pressure ratio at off design. First, the ram and limit temperature ratios at off
design:
r,O-D = 1.128
,O-D = 8.577

c ,O D 1 +

( r / ) D
( c 1) D = 1+[(1/7.882)/(1.128/8.577)](2.9439-1) = 2.875
( r / ) O D

c,O-D= c,O-Dec/ (-1) 27.85

13

Aircraft Propulsion 2E

Solution Manual

M0
0
0.8

Design-pt.
Off-design

p0 (kPa)
101.33
20

T0 ( K )
288.2
238

gam-c cp-c (J/kg.K)

1.4
1004
1.4
1004

Pi-d
0.95
0.95

Pi-c
30
27.85

The off-design engine analysis is now based on the above parameters. The results are:
p-t-0 (kPa)
Design-pt. 101.3300
Off-design 30.4868
p-t-3 (kPa)
2888
807

T-t-0 (K)
288.2
268.5

Tau-c
2.9439
2.8752

Tau-r
1.0000
1.1280

T-t-3 (K)
848
772

Tau-t
0.7571
0.7599

T-t-5 (K) Pi-t

1494
0.2674
1347
0.2593

p-t-9 (kPa)
660
179

M-9
1.89
2.09

Pi-r
1.0000
1.5243

T-t-4 (K)
1973.
1773.

a-0 (m/s)
340.2
309.2

p-t-4 (kPa)
2743.5
766.3

p-t-5 (kPa) p-t-7 (kPa)

733.5
733.5
198.7
198.7
T-9 (K)
938
782

a-9 (m/s)

V-0 (m/s) p-t-2 (kPa)

0.0000
96
247.3
29
f
0.0362
0.0321

T-t-7 (K)
1494
1347

V-9 (m/s) Fn/m-a0

598
1133
3.4518
546
1143
3.0153

TSFC (mg/s/N) Eta-th

30.8
0.4314
34.4
0.4704

p 2/(1+V9/V0)=0.355 at cruise.
Problem 11.11
Tt4/Tt2

Nc2 (rpm) pi-c

7
10000
7
9500
7
9000
7
8500

m-c2 (kg/s) eta-c

tau-c
m-c3/m-c2 m-c3 (kg/s) pi-b
13.5
90
0.85 2.298292 0.1122972 10.106746
11.2
72
0.89 2.117119 0.1299136 9.3537796
9.3
58
0.9 1.990087 0.1516886 8.7979406
8
46
0.88 1.922099 0.1732997 7.9717881

fQeta/cpT tau-t
Nc4 (rpm) m-c4 (kg/s) m-c4.Nc4 eta-t
4.701708 0.842823 3779.645 19.123676 72280.7
4.882881 0.864756 3590.662 18.440688 66214.29
5.009913 0.880135 3401.68 17.889891 60855.69
5.077901 0.888366 3212.698 16.494171 52990.79
pt5/pt2
Tt5/Tt2
Nc2
5.625733 5.899758
5.30868 6.053294
4.818129 6.160948
4.345246 6.218564

10000
9500
9000
8500

0.85
0.85
0.85
0.85

pi-t
0.438654
0.497365
0.541923
0.566968

tau-c-1
Nc2/Nc2)2 tuac-1/tauc-1
1.298292 1.234568
0.691223
1.117119 1.114198
0.594765
0.990087
1
0.527132
0.922099 0.891975
0.490935

14

0.95
0.953
0.956
0.958

Aircraft Propulsion 2E

Solution Manual

Nc2%des pt5/pt2
Tt5/Tt2
mc2%des fQeta/cpT
0.85 4.345246 6.218564 0.5111111 5.077901
0.9 4.818129 6.160948 0.6444444 5.009913
0.95 5.30868 6.053294
0.8 4.882881
1 5.625733 5.899758
1 4.701708
Gas Generator Pumping Characteristics
6.5
6
5.5
5
4.5
4
0.85

0.86

0.87

0.88

0.89

0.9

0.91

0.92

0.93

0.94

0.95

0.96

0.97

0.98

0.99

0.97

0.98

0.99

Nc2 % Design

Nc2%des mc2%des
0.85 0.511111
0.9 0.644444
0.95
0.8
1
1

Corrected flow rate at the compressor face

(% design)
1
0.9
0.8
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.85

0.86

0.87

0.88

0.89

0.9

0.91

0.92

0.93

0.94

0.95

0.96

Nc2 % Design

Problem 11.12
We start with the definition of corrected mass flow rates at the nozzle exit and the engine face.
Then, we take the ratio of the two expressions.

15

Aircraft Propulsion 2E

m c 9
m c 2

Solution Manual

m 9 9

9
m 2 2

T /T
Tt 5 / Tt 2
m c 9 m 9 9 / 2
= =
(1 + f ) t 9 t 2 =
(1 + f )
n ( pt 5 / pt 2 )
m c 2 m 2 9 / 2
pt 9 / pt 2
Nozzle total pressure ratio as a function of engine corrected mass flow rate is graphically
specified. We insert a column of n values in our table. Then, we insert a column of nozzle exit
corrected mass flow rates according to the above formula. Since the nozzle exit is choked, we
can calculate the area, A8, from the corrected mass flow rates. This becomes a new column in our
spreadsheet. Finally, we graph the exit area variation as a percent of design value and graph it
using Excel, as follows:
Tt4/Tt2 Nc2 (rpm) pi-c m-c2 (kg/s) eta-c
tau-c
m-c3/m-c2 m-c3 (kg/s) pi-b
pi-n
7
10000 13.5
90
0.85
2.298292 0.1122972 10.106746 0.95 0.97
7
9500 11.2
72
0.89
2.117119 0.1299136 9.3537796 0.953 0.98
7
9000
9.3
58
0.9
1.990087 0.1516886 8.7979406 0.956 0.99
7
8500
8
46
0.88
1.922099 0.1732997 7.9717881 0.958 0.99
pt5/pt2
Tt5/Tt2
m-c9 (kg/s) A-8 (m2)
5.625733 5.899758 41.261591 0.197619
5.30868 6.053294 35.071391 0.167971
4.818129 6.160948 31.086752 0.148887
4.345246 6.218564 27.465691 0.131544
Nc2%des mc2%des A-8%des
0.85 0.511111 0.665647
0.9 0.644444 0.753405
0.95
0.8 0.849975
1
1
1
Nozzle exit area, A8
(% design)

1
0.9
0.8
0.7
0.6
0.85

0.86

0.87

0.88

0.89

0.9

0.91

0.92

0.93

0.94

0.95

0.96

0.97

0.98

0.99

Nc2 % Design

16

Aircraft Propulsion 2E

Solution Manual

Problem 11.13
We first calculate the design values for r, f, cH and :

r = 1 + 0.2(0) = 1

0.2857 / 0.90
0.31746
=
f =
(1.65)
=
1.1723
f
0.2857 / 0.90
0.31746
=
cH cH=
=
(20)
2.5884

c ptTt 4 1146 1650 + 273

=

7.62
c pcT0 1004 15.0 + 273

Now, we can calculate the first constant, C1

=
C1

r f
1.1723
1)
( cH=
(1.5884) 0.2444

7.62

Constants C2 and C3 are:

C2 =+
(1 )( f 1)

r
=
8(0.1723)(1/ 7.62) 0.18086

r . f
1.1723
=
C3 =
54.907
. cH
7(20)

7.62
Let us calculate r, and for the off-design operation:

r ,OD =
1 + 0.2(0.85) 2 =
1.1445
=
,OD

c ptTt 4 1146 1500 + 273

=

7.844
c pcT0 1004 273 15

Now, let us substitute all the parameters in equation 11.66

C1
r

C3
r

= C2
.ecH
C1 r ( cH 1)

1

( cH )

r ( cH 1)

1.1445
1.1445 + 54.907
0.2444(7.844) 1 =

0.18086
7.844 3.15
0.2444(7.844) 1.1445( cH 1)
cH

7.844

1.1445(
1)
cH

The solution to this equation is found using an Excel spreadsheet to be:

17

Aircraft Propulsion 2E

Solution Manual

cH 2.468
Therefore the high-pressure compressor pressure ratio at off design is
Off-Design

cH=cHe/(-1)=(2.468)3.1517.21

cH17.2

The fan pressure ratio at off-design is calculated from:

f =

C1
=1.1409
r ( cH 1)

Off-Design

f=f3.15=1.14093.15 1.515

f 1.515

The off-design bypass ratio is calculated from

. cH

r . f
const. = C3

Off-Design
7.818

7.818

Based on these off-design parameters, we may proceed to calculate engine off-design

performance such as thrust specific fuel consumption or specific thrust, thermal and propulsive
efficiencies.

Problem 11.14
M0
0

Design

e-c
0.9

p0 (kPa)
100

Tau-Lamb
7.028303

e-t
0.8

Eta-m
0.995

T0 ( K )
288

Q-R
(kJ/kg)
42800

gam-c cp-c (J/kg.K)

1.4
1004

Eta-b
0.98

Pi-n
0.97

Pi-b
0.97

Pi-d
0.98

gam-t
1.33

Pi-c
15

cp-t (J/kg.K)
1156

p9/p0
1

Based on the above input values, we calculate t at design point:

Design

p-t-0 (kPa)
100

p-t-3 (kPa)
1470

T-t-0 (K)
288

Tau-c
2.3624

Tau-r
1

T-t-3 (K)
680

Pi-r
1

T-t-4 (K)
1758

a-0 (m/s)
340
p-t-4 (kPa)
1426

V-0 (m/s) p-t-2 (kPa)

0.0000
98
f
0.034

Tau-t
0.8115

Based on the following equation, we calculate compressor temperature ratio at off design:

c ,O D 1 +

( r / ) D
( c 1) D
( r / ) O D

The off design values for ram and limit temperature ratios are:

18

Aircraft Propulsion 2E

Solution Manual

r-OD = 1.8
-OD = 7.80
Therefore, c-OD = 1.8401, which gives the compressor pressure ratio at off design as
c-OD 6.83

m c 2,O D c ,O D

m c 2, D
c,D

(Tt 4 / Tt 2 ) D
(Tt 4 / Tt 2 )O D

0.5797

m c 2,O D 13.9 kg / s
N c 2,O D
=
N c 2, D

(Tt 4 / Tt 2 )O D
(Tt 4 / Tt 2 ) D

0.785

Therefore, Nc2,O-D=4,710 rpm

From the design values of compressor corrected flow and axial Mach number, we get

m c 2 / A2 =

c pref
Rc

Tref

M z 2 1 +

c 1

M z 22
2

( c +1)
2( c 1)

= 180.06 kg / s / m 2

Therefore A2 = 0.13329 m2

c pref

( c +1)

1
2( c 1) 13.9124
=
=
m c 2OD / A2 = M z 2OD 1 + c
M z 2 2OD
104.38 kg / s / m 2
Rc Tref
2
0.13329

The only unknown in the above equation is the axial Mach number at the engine face at off
design. We use Excel to calculate Mz2,OD.
Mz2,OD 0.261
Problem 11.15
We start our cycle analysis at design point and proceed to calculate turbine expansion parameter
t, which we keep constant at off-design operation as well.
The spreadsheet is shown below. The turbine expansion parameter is calculated to be
t = 0.7936
Power balance between the turbine and compressor yields:

19

Aircraft Propulsion 2E

c ,O D 1 +

Solution Manual

( r / ) D
( c 1) D
( r / ) O D

Which gives c,OD=1.90 and the corresponding c,OD = 7.564

M0
0
2.5

Design
Off-Design

e-c
0.9
0.9

p0 (kPa)
101.33
15

T0 ( K )
288.2
223

m-c2 (kg/s)
67
36.37

Pi-b
0.97
0.98

gam-t
1.33
1.33

Q-R-AB (kJ/kg)
42800
42800

N-c2 (rpm)
7120
5512

cp-t (J/kg.K)
1156
1156

Eta-AB
0.98
0.98

gam-c cp-c (J/kg.K)

1.4
1004
1.4
1004

Pi-AB-On
0.95
0.95

e-t
0.8
0.8

Tau-Lamb
7.083353
9.551927
Eta-m
0.995
0.995

gam-AB-On
1.3
1.3

Pi-d
0.95
0.82

Q-R
(kJ/kg)
42800
42800

Pi-c
18
7.56

Eta-b
0.98
0.97

Tau-L-AB
9.66
13.60
cp-AB-On
(J/kg.K)
1243
1243

Pi-n
0.9
0.88

p9/p0
1
1

p-t-0 (kPa)
Design
101.3300
Off-Design 256.2891
p-t-2 (kPa)
96.3
210.2
T-t-4 (K)
1773
1850

p-t-3 (kPa)
1733
1590
p-t-4 (kPa)
1681
1558

p-t-7 (kPa)
498.1
459.8
T-9 (K)
1596
1145

T-t-0 (K)
288.2
501.7

Tau-r
1.0000
2.2500

a-0 (m/s)
340.2075
299.2604

m-2 (kg/s)
63.6500
57.1639
f
0.03322
0.02999

V-0 (m/s)
0.0000
748.1
Tau-c
2.5032
1.9009

Tau-t
0.7936
0.7929

T-t-7 (K)
2250.
2450.
a-9 (m/s)
772
654

Pi-r
1.0000
17.086

f-AB
0.0309
0.0357

T-t-5 (K) Pi-t

1407
0.3120
1467
0.3107
p-t-9 (kPa)
448.3
404.6

T-t-3 (K)
721
954

p-t-5 (kPa)
524.4
484.0
M-9
1.652
2.756

V-9 (m/s) Fn/m-a0

TSFC (mg/s/N) Eta-th
1275
3.9871
47.26
0.6050
1801
3.9135
56.12
1.1211

20

Aircraft Propulsion 2E

Solution Manual

Problem 11.16
m-dot-c2 (kg/s)
100

M-z2
0.5

a-0 (m/s)
340

f(M-z2)
0.43192

M-0
0

p-0 (kN)
101

T-0 (K)
288

R (J/kg.K)
287

gamma
1.4

A-2 (m^2)
0.557

Problem 11.17
M_4
1

M_8
1

M_0-D
0

p_0-D
101

T_0-D
288

Tau_t
0.7

T_t2-D
288

f-D
0.023

Eta_m-D
0.993

e_c-D
0.9

gamma
1.4

c_p
1004

T_t4-D
1950

M_0-OD
2

f-OD
0.023

Eta_m-OD
0.993

e_c-OD
0.9

p_0-OD
25

T_0-OD
223

T_t4-OD
1650

Tau_c-D
3.063

Pi_c-D
34.0

T_t2-OD
401.4

Tau_c-OD
2.253

Pi_c-OD
12.9

Problem 11.18
Pi-cdes
30

Pi-c-OD
31.5

m-c-2,D (kg/s)
250

m-c-2,OD (kg/s)
238.1

Stall Margin
(%)
10.25

R
287

T-ref
288.2

p-ref
101.33

M-z2,D
0.5

m-c2,D/mc2,St
1.050
Mz2 @ Stall
0.465

21

Aircraft Propulsion 2E

Solution Manual

Problem 11.19
Design Point
M_0
0

p_0
101.33

T_0
288.2

gam_c
1.4

c_pc
1004

Pi_d
0.98

mdot_c2
600

Pi_f
1.8

e_f
0.9

Alpha
5

Pi_cH
14

e_cH
0.9

T_t4
1873

Q_R
42800

Eta_b
0.99

Pi_b
0.95

e_tH
0.85

Eta_mH
0.995

e_tL
0.89

Eta_mL
0.995

gam_t
1.33

c_pt
1146.4

Pi_nf
0.98

p_0-OD
20

Off-Design Parameters
T_0-OD
T_t4-OD
253
1573

Tau_f
1.205

Design Point Analaysis

Tau_lam Tau_cH
7.421
2.311

C_1
0.2130

C_2
0.1659

C_3
28.209

M_0-OD
0.84

Tau_r
1

Tau_r-OD
1.14

Off-Design Analysis
Tau_lam-OD
7.10

Tau_cH-OD
2.192

Equation 11.67-C_2
0.000663

Tau_f-OD
1.111

Pi_cHOD
11.85
AlphaOD
5.63

Pi_f-OD
1.394

M_z2
0.5

m-dot_c2-OD
(kg/s)
475

Problem 11.20

M_0
0.85

Pi_d
0.995

gam
1.4

R
287

m-dot_c2
200

m-dot_c0
(kg/s)
199

From Appendix A for 12 km US Standard Atmosphere

p_0 (kPa)
T_0 (K)
19.39
218.7

p_ref (kPa)
101

T_ref
(K)
288

A_0 (m^2)
0.844

M_th
0.7

22

Aircraft Propulsion 2E
p_t0
(kPa)
31.11

T_t0 (K)
250.3

m-dot_0
(kg/s)
65.75

Solution Manual

A_th (m^2)
0.905

a_0
(m/s)
296.4

V_0 (m/s)
252.0

D_r (kN)
16.56

23