Int. J. Electron. Commun.

(AEÜ) 137 (2021) 153797

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International Journal of Electronics and Communications

journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/aeue

Regular paper

Design and experimental verification of fractal based MIMO antenna for

lower sub 6-GHz 5G applications
Gorre Naga Jyothi Sree *, Suman Nelaturi
Department of Electronics & Communication Engineering, VFSTR (Deemed to be University) Vadlamudi, Andhra Pradesh, India

A R T I C L E I N F O A B S T R A C T

Keywords: This article presents fractal shape based MIMO antenna with microstrip feeding for sub 6-GHz applications. The
Mutual coupling proposed fractal based structure is a flower-shaped construct with added rectangular strips patch and circular,
Diversity gain rectangular slots are introduced into the ground plane to reduce the isolation between the patches. The main
Total active reflection coefficient
purpose in designing 2 × 1 MIMO system antenna is to enhance the scattering signals and optimize the per­
Compact size
formance. The proposed structure uses FR-4 material with a dimension of 25 mm × 38 mm. The 2 × 1 MIMO
structure resonate at 3.5 GHz for the sub 6 GHz 5 G communications with directional radiation pattern. The
performance characteristics of the antenna such as surface current distributions, radiation patterns and S-pa­
rameters are investigated. In addition the performance of diversity system of MIMO structure including the total
active reflection coefficient (TARC), multiplexing efficiency, envelope correlation coefficient (ECC) and diversity
gain (DG) are studied. For this proposed MIMO structure all antenna parameters are found that within an
acceptable range.

1. Introduction MIMO systems with decoupling structure and enhancing matching [12],
UWB MIMO systems are designed using molecule fractal structure, band
The need of the hour is to design and construct a reliable and high notch characteristics and octagonal fractal structure [13–15]. For gain
capacity wireless communication systems. As single input single output and isolation enhancement design MIMO patch antenna using the EMNZ
system (SISO) have limited data rate and channel capacity, it becomes superstrate [16], UWB MIMO antenna systems designed for wireless
very difficult for SISO systems to meet the today’s wireless communi­ applications and interference inherent [17,18]. Using Hilbert type
cation requirements. Multiple Input Multiple Output (MIMO) systems fractal slot for enhanced isolation [19], a kotch fractal compact UWB
have come into existence to meet this drawback. In order to improve the MIMO with WLAN rejection [20], design of wang structure neutraliza­
stability, capacity and reliability multiple antenna elements are used tion method for reducing greater mutual coupling [21], a tree shape
both at the transmitter as well as receiver ends in MIMO technology, structure for MIMO/ diversity antenna for UWB communications [22],
without incurring additional channel bandwidth [1]. For dual band using periodic multi-layered EBG structure for low mutual coupling
operations using the decoupling method of dual-band metasurface is [23], kotch fractal tri-band circular polarized microstrip patch [24] and
used [2], for enhanced isolation discontinues elements used in UWB backside radiation problems integrated microstrip patches of DGS [25]
MIMO system [3], a compact Sierpinski knop 4-element fractal UWB are designed. The newer wireless systems/devices need less inter
MIMO system with dual-band notch characteristics [4], for the current element spacing, diversity system with more number of radiating ele­
on-demand systems of WLAN rejection a four element UWB MIMO ments and mutual coupling require is desired. Mutual coupling problem
system [5], using F-shaped stubs to reduce mutual coupling [6], a 4- is encountered with MIMO antenna using pattern diversity and polari­
element MIMO system designed with metamaterial mushroom struc­ zation. Without making use of any decoupling structure mutual coupling
ture to enhanced isolation [7], a four channel MIMO systems for WLAN is achieved by arranging the radiating elements in horizontal and ver­
rejection characteristics designed [8,9]. A 2-element MIMO design of tical orientations. Furthermore, structural packaging plays an important
inverted ohm symbol and L-shape for reduction of isolation [10], for part in the proposed MIMO configuration in real-time. In this research
portable devices a compact MIMO system is designed for UWB [11], for article, a compact 2-element closely spaced sub-6 GHz lower band 5G

* Corresponding author.
E-mail address: [email protected] (G. Naga Jyothi Sree).

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aeue.2021.153797
Received 23 February 2021; Accepted 3 May 2021
Available online 6 May 2021
1434-8411/© 2021 Elsevier GmbH. All rights reserved.
G. Naga Jyothi Sree and S. Nelaturi AEUE - International Journal of Electronics and Communications 137 (2021) 153797

0 th order Iteration

1st order Iteration

(a) Front view of the Design

0 th order Iteration

1st order Iteration

(b) Back view of the Design

Fig. 1. Fractal Shape MIMO Design.

MIMO radiator systems with defect in ground plane is proposed. The This arrangement reduces the cost of the system and its design
proposed MIMO structure contains a tree shaped structure cover with complexity.
rectangular slots and bottom side with circular, rectangular and square vi. The stable radiation patterns: The proposed fractal structure is
slots are etched on ground plane to enhance isolation and inset feed is obtained in bidirectional and omnidirectional radiation patterns
taken improvement in impedance matching. The novelty of the current at the designed resonant frequency in E-field and H-field. This
MIMO design radiation patterns show good potentiality of the current designed
structure for use in present wireless systems.
i. Compact size: The compact fractal structure offers for lower sub vii. Diversity gain: The designed MIMO structure obtained the
6-GHz with an occupied area of (25 mm × 38 mm = 950 mm2) acceptable value parameters for lower sub 6-GHz applications
with perceived miniaturization. within acceptable limits.
ii. Good impedance matching: The VSWR value of the proposed
structure are in 2:1 ratio, for the designed resonant frequency The detailed explanation of the proposed MIMO structure charac­
resembles better impedance matching and also identified low terization is mentioned in following sections.
mismatch losses at the required resonant frequency.
iii. Better isolation: For the proposed fractal structure to attain a 2. Design of antenna
good isolation by using the Defected Ground Structure and
Changing the Positions of the radiators, produces at an isolation a. Antenna configurations & Ground plane Effects
− 72 dB.
iv. Less Interference: The performance of simulated result and The proposed MIMO antenna geometry as illustrated in Fig. 1 has
measured result of the MIMO design is good. However, the cur­ two radiating patches with a ground plane. The dimensions of the pro­
rent design does not require any other component like filter to posed MIMO structure are 25 × 38 mm2 = 950 mm2 or 0.25 λ0 × 0.38λ0,
avoid interference in comparison to wireless communication here λ0 indicates the free space wavelength at the resonant frequency of
systems. 3.5 GHz. To increase the isolation and size of the antenna element a
v. Simplicity: A simple as well as low-profile MIMO structure is rectangular slot, circular slot and square slots are place in the ground
designed and fabricated with FR4 low-cost material. This type of plane. The basic requirement of the current design is to obtain lower sub
structure can integrate with practical applications very easily. 6-GHz 5G applications while maintaining the compactness of the design.

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G. Naga Jyothi Sree and S. Nelaturi AEUE - International Journal of Electronics and Communications 137 (2021) 153797

(a) Stage_1 front plane (b) Stage_1 Ground plane

(c) Stage_2 front plane (d) Stage_2 Ground plane

(e) Stage_3 front plane (f) Stage_3 Ground plane

(g) Stage_4 front plane (h) Stage_4 Ground plane

(i) Stage_5 front plane (j) Stage_5 Ground plane

Fig. 2. Evolution Stages radiators and ground plane of MIMO antenna.

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G. Naga Jyothi Sree and S. Nelaturi AEUE - International Journal of Electronics and Communications 137 (2021) 153797

Fig. 3. S11 five stages of MIMO antenna.

Fig. 4. S21 five stages of MIMO antenna.
It entails the selection of structure of the antenna as well as the
dimension of the required frequency of the operation. The resonant
Table 1
frequency of the current MIMO design could be approximated by using Fractal MIMO design parameters.
the relation.
Parameters L W Wg Wp1 Wp2 Wp3 Wp4 Wf
17.8
fr = (1) Unit (mm) 25 38 38 16 3 2.5 3.3 2.5
l1 + l2 + g + 2π√B̅̅̅̅̅̅̅
1
εr +1
+ 2π√B̅̅̅̅̅̅̅
2
εr +1 Parameters Wf1 Lg1 Lg2 rp1 rp2 Rg1 Rg2 d
Unit (mm) 3.9 4.7 4.7 3 3 2.1 1.2 3
Where l1 and l2 represent the radiation patch and ground plane Parameters Wg1 Wg2 Lp1 Lp2 Lp3 Lp4 Lp5 εr
lengths, B1 and B2 represent the radiation patch and the ground planes Unit (mm) 4.7 2.8 19 20 2.5 3.6 4.2 4.4
areas respectively, d denotes the radiation patch and ground plane gap,
B1, B2, d, l1 and l2 all are measured in mm. The proposed MIMO radiator
is designed as a combination of rectangular patches (Lp1 × Wp1) and 90
edge cutting circular patches (rp1& rp2) stubs to form new novel fractal 80
MIMO structure. The fractal based MIMO is fed with a microstrip size of 70
tapered Lp5 × Wf connected at the bottom side of lower edge of the both 60
Impedance (Ohms)

patches shown in Fig. 1 (a). Ground plane of current MIMO structure is 50

composed a combination of rectangular slots, square slots and circular 40
slots stubs. In order to enhance the isolation among the two radiators as 30
shown in Fig. 1 (b) all the slots in the ground plane are etched to form a 20
ground plane structure from monopole structure. Taking into consid­ 10
eration the Defect in Ground Structure (DGS) composed of square slots, 0
rectangular slots and circular slots, the capacitance between the ground -10 ZR
plane and radiating patch is decreased and the bandwidth is enhanced. -20 Z jX
The proposed structure MIMO fabricated with MITS-eleven PCB ma­ -30
chine having dielectric substrate of FR-4 (loss tangent of 0.02, thickness 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
of 1.6 mm and permittivity of 4.4). The design methodology of various Frequency (GHz)
geometries represented in the patch and ground plane evolution from
stage 1 to stage 5 design of MIMO system analysis as observed in Fig. 2.. Fig. 5. Input impedance of MIMO antenna considered case_5.
reducing the mutual coupling between the patches greatly. The ground
plane of the current MIMO design plays a major role in this design. It not produce S11 of –52 dB & S21 of − 69 dB operating from 3.2 GHz to 3.6
only used for good impedance matching of the radiators but also to GHz for lower sub 6-GHz 5G applications. An isolation value of less than
enhance the isolation between the patches. As both the antenna ele­ – 69 dB is obtained at stage_5 which is significantly very low and
ments of the system are identical, its corresponding parameters of S22 effective for the performance of MIMO system. Figs. 3 & 4 shows the
and S12 are also similar. In stage_1consist of flower-shaped patch and a comparison of five stages reflection and transmission coefficients of the
full ground plane produce S11 of –10 dB & S21 of –32 dB operating from current MIMO structure. Equation (1) is designed for a single element to
8.2 GHz − 8.6 GHz for X-band. In stage_2 consist of edge arc flower- find out the resonant frequency, where g = 2Rg1 – Rg2, l1 = Lg1 + Lg2, l2
shaped patch and a ground plane with rectangular slots for improved = Lg1 + Lg2, B1 = 3 [(Lg2 + 2Lg1-Lg) Wg2 + Wg1.Rg1] + WgLg –Rg1 (Lg-Lg1)
isolation produce S11 of –12 dB & S21 of − 34.8 dB operating from 7.8 and B2 = Lp1 wp1 + ¼ [Wp2(Lp1-Lp2)] + LfWf. As the data mentioned in
GHz − 8.0 GHz for C-band. In stage_3 consist of edge arc flower-shaped Table 1, the calculated resonant frequency fr is 3.5 GHz, which is nearly
patch and a ground plane having rectangular & square slots are added to close to the mentioned simulated result indicated in Fig. 5. Fig. 6(a)
improve isolation produce S11 of –21 dB & S21 of − 49.75 dB operating shows the surface current distribution of MIMO structure with tree
from 5.9 GHz to 6.4 GHz super extended C-band/ IEEE INSAT. In stage_4 shape added with square and rectangular slits on the front plane and
consist of tree shape patch and a ground plane having rectangular, ground plane having rectangular, square and circular slots when port 1
square & circular slots are added to improve isolation produce S11 of of the device is excited and port 2 of the device is terminated. The dis­
–14 dB & S21 of − 58 dB operating from 3.4 GHz to 3.7 GHz for lower sub tribution of surface current occurs mainly on the ground plane towards
6-GHz. In stage_5 consist of tree shape patch cover with square and of port 1, it indicates the decreases the flow of power from first port (port
rectangular slots and a ground plane having rectangular, square & cir­ 1) to second port (port 2) but it is identified that some portion of power
cular slots with four areas and a small circular slits to improve isolation is still coupled at second port (port 2) causing poor isolation that can be

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G. Naga Jyothi Sree and S. Nelaturi AEUE - International Journal of Electronics and Communications 137 (2021) 153797

(a) Port 1 excited front plane and Port 2 excited front plane

(b) Port 1 excited ground plane and Port 2 excited ground plane
Fig. 6. Surface current distribution of Proposed MIMO design.

(a) Front-view of the design (b) Back view of the design

Fig. 7. Fabricated Fractal MIMO antenna.

vary from stage_1 to stage_5. Similarly, Fig. 6 (b) shows the distribution
of current for the MIMO structure port 1 of the device is terminated and
port 2 of the device is excited. The distribution of current identified that
some portion of power is still coupled at first port (port 1) which causes
again poor isolation that can vary from stage_1 to stage_5. At the final
stage that is stage_5 it is observed that there is greater reduction isola­
tion for the current MIMO structure. Here the technique used known as
Defected Ground Structure (DGS) under which many slots were etched
on the ground plane. This technique perturbs the required boundary
condition for the targeted modal type radiation fields. Also, it improves
the radiation properties of the microstrip antenna. Due to this DGS
structure there is an occurrence of backside radiation by defects in the
ground plane and cross polarized fields. As a result of which, it is
observed that there is a reduction in cross-polarization by 12 dB in the
backside radiation and maintained its front to back ratio reduction by
19 dB.
Fig. 8. Comparison of proposed MIMO antenna.
3. Results and discussion of MIMO structure

To validate, the simulation results are obtained from the proposed

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G. Naga Jyothi Sree and S. Nelaturi AEUE - International Journal of Electronics and Communications 137 (2021) 153797

is observed. At the final stage of MIMO structure (Stage_5) produce

better transmission and reflection coefficient values compared to the
ones mentioned in the references. While measuring the radiation pat­
terns of excited antenna element, one port of the device is excited and
other port of the device is with matched termination. The entire process
is carried out for each radiator of the design system. At the resonance
frequency, the radiation patterns of both planes, i.e. H-plane (φ = 900)
and E-pane (φ = 00) are shown in Fig. 9. The designed MIMO structure
has nearly bidirectional and omnidirectional radiation patterns at
resonant frequency. When increasing the frequency, the radiation pat­
terns of the proposed system have distorted omnidirectional nature. At
the resonant frequency, the radiation occurs due to higher order modes
representation resulting in splitting radiation lobe. The radiation pat­
terns of measured 2-D are good agreement with the proposed structure
Fig. 9. Radiation pattern for Tree shape MIMO design.
simulated ones. This DGS technique reduces the cross-polarized radia­
tion patterns. In MIMO designs, it improves the co-polarization to cross-
MIMO structure using Agilent N5230A type vector network analyzer. polarization isolation from 16 dB to 21 dB. The back radiations observed
For the method of reliability requirement an optimal MIMO design of for co-polarized fields of the design remained below the desired MIMO
current fractal structure is fabricated by FR-4 substrate and its corre­ patch design.
sponding prototype as shown in Fig. 7. Fig. 8 shows the comparison
graph of measured as well as simulation results of current fractal MIMO 4. MIMO performance
structure. It shows that the reflection coefficient (S11) of the current
MIMO design is resonant at a frequency of 3.5 GHz of − 52.46 dB and it is For the investigation of MIMO performance, channel capacity loss
observed that its measured result is slightly in variation compared to the (CCL), envelope correlation coefficient (ECC) and diversity gain (DG)
simulation results due to tolerance in the measurements and errors in are analyzed and calculated. For any compatible MIMO antenna systems
fabrication. Similarly, the reflection coefficient (S21) of the MIMO design ECC is a required component. Fig. 10 (a) shows the frequency vs. Di­
is − 69.18 dB at the resonant frequency and a slight variation in the versity gain & ECC. It can be evaluated in terms of far-field components
measured result tolerance in the measurements and errors in fabrication as follows.

10 -20
Diversity Gain (dBi)

0.6 -22
-24 S im u lated T A R C
-26 M easu red T A R C
Far-field ECC

0.4 Far-field ECC

TARC (dB)

8
-28
Diversity Gain -30
0.2 -32
6
-34
0.0 -36
-38
2 3 4 5 6 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0 5.5 6.0
Frequency (GHz) Frequency (GHz)

Fig. 10. Frequency vs. Diversity gain & ECC and TARC.

1.0
2.0
Meas_CCL
0.8 Simu_CCL
1.6 Meas_ MEG Ratio
Simu_MEG Ratio
CCL (bps/Hz)

0.6
MEGi/ MEGj

1.2
0.4

0.8
0.2

0.0 0.4
2 3 4 5 6 7 8 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Frequency (GHz) Frequency (GHz)

(a) Frequency vs. TARC (b) Frequency vs. MEG1/MEG2

Fig. 11. Frequency vs. TARC and MEG1/MEG2.

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G. Naga Jyothi Sree and S. Nelaturi AEUE - International Journal of Electronics and Communications 137 (2021) 153797

Fig. 12. Transmitted, Received signals of side by side X-axis and face to face.

⃒ ⃒2
⃒∫∫ ⃒
⃒ [E1 (θ, ϕ)*E2 (θ, ϕ) ]dΩ ⃒ Table 2
⃒ ⃒
ECC = ∫∫ 4π
∫∫ (2) MIMO Antenna performances with time domain analysis.
|E1 (θ, ϕ) | dΩ |E2 (θ, ϕ) |2 dΩ
2
Fractal MIMO Antenna Power Group Delay Fidelity
4π 4π
Performance Pairs Efficiency (%) Variations (ps)
Where Ei (θ, ϕ)indicates the Complex 3-D radiated far-field pattern Stage_1 0.0015 4.8 0.87
The overall efficiency and operating bandwidth affect in multi- Stage_2 0.0008 8.7 0.89
antenna systems due to adjacent antenna elements that are operating Stage_3 0.004 6.9 0.91
simultaneously affect each other. This can be resolved by taking into Stage_4 0.00029 5.3 0.94
Stage_5 0.00036 4.8 0.98
consideration total active reflection coefficient (TARC). The ratio of
square root of the incident power produced by the system to all port
generated minus power to the representation of the corresponding is its current MIMO structure the ratio of mean effective gain (MEG) lies
incident power. Fig. 10 (b) shows the tested and simulated results of among the resonant frequency with a maximum value of 0.9 dB. Fig. 12
TARC, which is identified that less than – 30 dB. For acceptable MIMO shows the time-domain analysis of face-face and side-side analysis of
performance system it is required that TARC < 0 dB. The parameter of proposed MIMO design. Table 2 shows the time-domain analysis com­
TARC evaluated using the relation parison of MIMO system. Table 3 indicates the comparison with pub­
√̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅ lished work.
(S11 + S12 )2 + (S21 + S22 )2
TARC = √̅̅̅ (3)
2 (i) Power efficiency and group delay
In MIMO performance CCL is also another important parameter,
From the simulation analysis, analyze the group delay and power
with-out increasing the transmitted power or increasing bandwidth CCL
efficiency of the MIMO system of various antenna pairs. The mathe­
increases linearly with respective number of antenna elements used
matical representation of excited gaussian pulse of sinusoidal waveform
under a specified assumption. The correlation among the elements re­
expressed as [22]
sults in capacity loss in MIMO channel systems. The parameter of CCL is
evaluated using (t−t0 )
2

( ) V(t) = sin[2πf0 (t − t0 ) ] × e 2σ2 (7)

Closs = − log2 det aR (4)
The gaussian pulse is varied from 2.0 to 10.0 GHz bandwidth with t
( ) = 4.8 ps and t0 = 0 and resonant frequency at 3.5 GHz.
ρ11 ρ12
aR = (5)
ρ21 ρ22
(ii) Fidelity factor
( ⃒ ⃒2 ) ( )
ρii = 1 − |Sii |2 + ⃒Sij ⃒ , andρij = − s*ii sij + s*ij sjj , fori, j = 1or2 (6)
Fidelity factor is the total cross correlation among the real and ideal
wave types of both modes normalized with respective energies. The
Here aR is receiving antenna system correlation matrix
Generally the acceptable limit for CCL is<0.4 bps/Hz. The compar­ factor of correlation is defined by using equation [23,24], where
transmissions delay is denoted by τ. Here x(t) represent by transmitted
ison of measured and simulated CCL shown in Fig. 11 (a). It is identified
that for conventional MIMO antenna CCL is 0.00016 bits/s/Hz within signal, y(t) represented by received signal and τ is group delay.
∫∞
the operating band of frequency. x(t)y(t − τ)dt
The parameter of mean effective gain (MEG) is evaluated by relative
− ∞
F = max√̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅
∫∞ ∫∞ ̅ (8)
2
mean powers level among the signals delivered from the each antenna of − ∞
|x(t)| dt − ∞ |y(t)|2 dt
the system. For better channel characteristics and diversity perfor­
mance, the ratio of mean effective gain (MEG) represents that the two (iii) Figure of Merit (FoM)
radiator elements should satisfy the criteria of |MEGi/MEGj|< ±3dB
[25]. Here antenna element 1 represents with i and antenna element 2 The wireless link performance depends on the factors of proposed
represents with j respectively. From Fig. 11 (b) it is observed that for the FoM, fidelity factor (F) and power efficiency (Pe). The expression for

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G. Naga Jyothi Sree and S. Nelaturi AEUE - International Journal of Electronics and Communications 137 (2021) 153797

Table 3
Fractal based MIMO design compared with other existing systems.
Ref. Size (mm2) No. of Elements Operating Bands (GHz) Isolation (dB) Diversity gain Isolation improvement method ECC

[1] 45 × 45 2 2.2–6.28 < − 14 >9.983 Slotted ground plane <0.25

[2] 100 × 150 2 3.4–3.6 <-27 >9.792 Metasurface superstrate <0.08
[3] 110 × 114 2 2.0–6.0 <-20 >9.476 Discontinuities elements NR
[4] 40 × 40 4 2.6–10.6 <-20 >9.571 Knopp fractal structure <0.15
[5] 50 × 39.8 4 2.7–12.0 <-17 >9.562 Band stop to ground <0.4
[6] 30 × 50 2 2.5–14.5 <-20 NR F-shaped ground stubs NR
[7] 119 × 119 4 2.39–2.45 <-16 >9.993 Crossed double layer type <0.02
[8] 60 × 60 4 3.0–16.2 <-17.5 >9.996 EBG structure <0.3
[9] 88 × 88 4 2.34–2.54 <-15 >9.997 Hybrid structure type <0.05
[10] 85 × 40 2 2.0–10.0 <-27 >9.984 Ohm symbol inserted <0.063
[11] 26 × 40 2 3.1–10.6 <-24 >9.967 Square shape slots
[12] 32 × 40 2 5.32–5.64 <-16 >9.945 Narrow rectangular sub <0.065
[13] 40 × 40 2 3.1–10.6 <-25 NR Molecule shape fractal NR
[14] 38.5 × 38.5 2 3.1–10.6 <-15 >9.991 Decoupling parasitic <0.05
[15] 40 × 25 2 2.0–10.6 <-20 >9.974 Fractal T-shaped <0.002
[16] 105 × 2.5 2 2.0–10.0 <–22 >9.964 EMNZ superstrate <0.08
[17] 30 × 41 2 2.83–20.82 <-15 >9.994 DGS <0.05
[18] 60 × 35 2 3.1–1.06 <-18 >9.993 DGS <0.04
[19] 30 × 41 2 2.2–11.0 <-20 >9.991 Fractal shape DGS <0.01
[20] 45 × 45 2 2.0–10.6 <-17 >9.967 DGS <0.03
[21] 60 × 40 2 2.0–10.0 <-48 >9.945 Neutralization method <0.25
[22] 35 × 40 2 3.1–10.6 <-16 >9.982 Ground stubs <0.1
[23] 60 × 60 2 2.3–2.4 <-31 >9.947 Multilayered EBG <0.26
Proposed structure 25 × 38 2 2.0–10.0 <-72 >9.999 DGS <0.047

ECC = Envelope Correlation Coefficient; NR = Not Reported

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