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TYPES OF SPECIES
Sr Name Meaning
No
1. Flagship Species Species chosen to Represent environmental cause
2. Keystone Species 1. Species whose addition to or loss from ecosystem leads to major
changes in abundance/occurance of atleast one other species
2. Generally TOP PREDATORS as keystone species
3. Indicator species 1. Species whose presence indicates presence of set of other species
and vice versa
2. Any species that defines traits or characteristics of
environment
4. Foundation Dominant PRIMARY producer
Species
5. Umbrella species 1. Species selected for making conservation related decisions
2. Conservation of Um S= conservn of many other species
BOD and COD
BOD: amount of dissolved oxygen used by microorganisms in the biological process of
metabolizing organic matter
More organic matter in water>>>More BOD>> less DO available for organisms like
fishes
Low BOD>> low organic matter >> greater amt of DO for fishes
ECOLOGICAL SUCCESSION:
Allogenic Succession- driven by the abiotic components of an ecosystem
Autogenic Succession- driven by the biotic components of the ecosystem
ECOLOGICAL EFFICIENCY
Amount of energy transferred from one trophic level to next
Generally 10% rule- 10% energy at level N will be available for consumption at N+1
level
ECOCLINE
Gradation of one ecosystem to another when there is No sharp boundary between two
Joint Expression of associated community & complex envi gradients
ECOZONE
Large area that contains no. of habitats which are linked by EVOLUTIONARY history
of animals and plants within them
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ECOPHENE
Aka ecads: morphologically-changed forms>> changes in species owing to
environmental adaptions w/o genetic changes>> thus not permanent
ECOTYPE
Genetically fixed variables associated with ecological conditions
When Ecophene remains in new envi for long time>>> brings permenant changes
>>ecotypes
ECO-SPECIES
When 2 ecotypes belonging to same species separated from each other for very long time,
then adaptions becomes permanent and 2 becomes very distinct physically and
genetically from each other. These are called Eco-species
2 ecospecies from same species can NOT produce viable offspring
DISSOLVED OXYGEN (DO)
DO- Presence of oxygen in water DO<8 mg/Litre = Contaminated
DO<4mg/Litre= Heavily polluted
Factors affecting DO- [Link] turbulence [Link] activities
3.O2 consumption [Link] of organic matter
BIOTIC COMPONENTS
A. Primary producers- AUTOTROPHS
B. Consumers- HETEROTROPHS or PHAGOTROPHS
I. Macro consumers
II. Micro consumers- SAPROTROPHS (decomposers or OSMOTROPHS)
HOMEOSTASIS
Capacity of ecosystem of self regulation to maintain state of equilibrium
ECOTOPES
Zone of junction
Edge effect- larger popu than either zones. terrestrial>>especially for Birds
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Also in aquatic
Biosphere
Absent at extreme North and South, Highest mts and deepest oceans
Enegry comes from Sun
Biosphere (not Biome)= Largest Ecosystem
BIOMES
Aquatic systems- NOT biome
Largest recognizable subdivision of terrestrial ecosystem forming regional ecological
unit
Food Chain types:
Two types:
1. Parasitic food chain- primary source of energy: Living plants
2. Detritus food chain- primary source of energy: Dead organic matter
Saprotrophs/decomposers- Largest population in food chain
Bioaccumulation/ Biomagnification
Bioaccumulation: increase in concentration of pollutant in FIRST organism in food
chain
Biomagnification- Long lived, Soluble in facts, Mobile, Biologically active
Antibiosis- Production of secretion by org which is harmful to others
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NUTRIENT CYCLE
Perfect nutrient cycle aka short term cycle - nutrients replaced as fast as possible-
Gaseous nutrient cycle
Imperfect nutrient cycle aka Long term cycle- No immediate recycling as nutrients gets
lock up – sedimentary nutrient cycle
Gaseous Cycles:
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[Link] cycle [Link] cycle (short + long term) [Link] cycle
Diazotroph- these are bactria and archea that fix atmospheric nitrogen gas into more
suitable forms
o Thus diazotrophs grow without external sources of fixed Nitrogen
o All diazotrophs are prokaryotic
o Examples:
Anarobes- can not tolerate oxygen at all (e.g.- Clostridium,
Methanococcus)
Faculative anaerobes- can take oxygen, but fix nitrogen only
anaerobically
Aerobes- requires Oxygen, but N2 fixation dominates (e.g.- Azotobacter)
Symbiotic Diazotrophs- Rhizobia, Cynobacteria (Azolla-Anabena)
Azolla- Can fix N2 Directly from Atmosphere>. Thus No need of soil
- Have symbiotic relation with Anabena (Prokaryotic Blue green Algae)
Sedimentary cycle: does not circulate thr atms, but thr erosion, sedimentation, mt
building, volcanic activity, biological transport
[Link] cycle(central role in aquatic ecosystem)- from minerals in phosphate
rocks>>>causes excessive root growth + freefloating microscopic plants
[Link] cycle
GRASSLAND ECOSYSTEM IN INDIA
(Page 26- grassland types + page 13 of forunias test 10)
INDIAN STATE OF FOREST REPORT
By Forest Survey of India, MoEFCC
BIENNAL report
Based on interpretation of LISS III sensor data of Resourcesat-II satellite
2019 report:
1. For First time- assement of qualitative nature of forest, Created National
Forest Inventory, Rapid Assesment of Biodiversity in states
2. Forest Cover (Areawise(MACOM)-
MP>>>Aruna>>>Chattisgarh>>>Orissa>>.Maharashtra
3. Forest Cover (perentage-wise): Mizoram>>>Aruna>>>Meghalaya
4. Total Forest Cover- 21.67%
5. Top 5 increase in forest cover: KR>>Andhra>>Kerala>>J&K>>Himachal
6. Decline in North East- 0.45% (Except for Assam and Tripura)
7. Mangroves- increase by 1.1%
8. Wetlands within Reserved Forest Area- GJ>>WB
9. Dependence of fuelwood on forest – highest in MH,
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10. Dependence for Fodder- highest in MP
11. Forest Fires- 21% of total forest cover is highly to extremely threatened by forest
fires
Mizoram- highest
Note- Forest Area= Area notified and recorded as Forest irrespective of presence of
trees (based on records of Revenue Dept)
Actual Forest Cover= Actual forest area with canopy (Canopy density >10% and Area
> 1 hectare)
Lakshadweep: zero forest Area
TIGER CENSUS 2018
Every 4 year by NTCA
2018 census facts:
1. Landscape wise tiger population
2. 40% of tiger popu lives outside core areas of tiger habitat
3. Top Performers: Madhya Pradesh>> Karnataka>> Uttarakhand
4. 4 states: MP>>KR>>UK>> MH (each have more than 300 tigers)
5. No tigers found in Mizoram
6. No tigers in Buxa (WB), Dampa (Mizo) and Palamau (JH)
7. Sathyamangalam TR - registered maximum improvement since 2014
8. States with max popu growth (since 2006)- Kerala>> TN>> Bihar
9. States with max popu decrease (since 2006)- Mizo>> Odisha>> CH
10. Top rated TR- Pench (MP)>> periyar (Kerala)
AQUATIC ORGANISMS
Neuston @air-water interface
Periphyton Attached to stems and leaves of rooted plants or
substance above bottom mud
Plankton Microscopic plants-Phytoplankton & zooplankton
(stationary)
Nekton Swimmers
Benthos Living @ bottom of watermass
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Eutrophication- Mainly due to Phophates and nitrates
Harmful Algal Bloom (HAB)- Due to : [Link] enrichment [Link] water
WETLANDS- Criterias:
1. Waterlogged for atleast 7 days during growing season
2. Adopted plant life (Hydrophytes)
3. Hydric soils (Not enough CO2)
4. Stabilization of local climate
5. Genetic reservoir for various plant species
6. Support specific diversity
NATIONAL WETLAND CONSERVATION PROGRAMME
1985-86
115 wetlands -requiring urgent conservation and management
ESTUARY
Semi enclosed coastal body with one or more river flowing in
Very little wave action>>> thus CALM-REFUSE from open sea
Most productive region as receives high nutrients from sea and river
Most heavily polluted
Formation: [Link] level rise [Link] of sand and sandbars [Link] process
[Link] process
MANGROVES
Littoral Plant formations of tropical and subtropical sheltered coastlines
Require high solar radiation
Acts as sink for heavy metals
Largely distributed in High energy tidal coasts of two extreme conditions: [Link] and
wet in Sunderbans [Link] and dry in Gujrat
Sunderbans: Largest mangrove forest in world
Pichavaram (TN)- 2nd largest mangrove forest in world>> famous for its ‘Rhizophera’
- pichavaram aka ‘true Mangroves’
Coastal Ocean Monitoring and Prediction System (COMAPS)
Implement: Earth System Science Organisation- Integrated Coastal Marine Area Mana
(ESSO- ICMAM)
25 parameters (like DO, BOD, pH, planktons) are monitored @20 locations
FUTURE EARTH COASTS
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Originally named as Land-Ocean Interaction in Coastal Zone (LOICZ)
Launched by IGBP(Int Geosphere-Biosphere Programme) + IHDP (Int Human
Dimension Programme)
INTEGRATED COASTAL AND MARINE AREA MANAGEMENT (ICMAM)
Attached office to MoEarth Science
SOCIETY OF INTEGRATED COASTAL MANAGEMENT (SICOM)
Implementing World Bank assisted ICZM project
Under MoEFCC
NATIONAL COASTAL ZONE MANAGEMENT AUTHORITY (NCZMA) and SCZMA
Enforcement and monitoring of CRZ rules
