Digital Substations Journey
Multi-Vendor: Leveraging new tools and workarounds to address multi-vendor
interoperability gaps, and to ensure the seamless operation and maintenance of
advanced IEC 61850 systems
October 17-21 2022
Icelandic Transmission System
East-iceland
220 kV Centre of inertia
Hydro: 846 MW
Geo: 150 MW
Load peak: 2400 MW
Total Energy: 17.7 GWh/year
132 kV Ring connection 220 kV
100% Renewable energy:
70% Hydro
30% Geothermal
Power intensive users
West-iceland
~80% of total load
Centre of inertia
Hydro: 996 MW
Geo: 595 MW
220 kV
The grid includes
• 3199 km of transmission lines,
• 327 km underground cables
• 83 substations (10 include digital substation)
Slide 3
Digital Substation overview
Oct 2022
In Operation
In design / construction
“20–24 Digital substation in operation before 2024,
2-5 year plan 83 total substations today”
Slide 4
Digital Substations
- Green & Brown field projects (New projects & Retrofit)
- Voltage levels 220/132/66 kV
- AIS replaced by GIS substations, SF6 -> GreenGas
- Multi-vendor approach for PACS
- Low Power Instrument Transformers (LPIT)
> Capacitive based CVTs, Rogowski coil [no fiber options for GIS yet]
- Conventional cable CTs for application such as TWS
- Main 1 and Main 2 requirement for high category substation (~ 220kV)
Digital Journey
Design Memorandum
Tender Specification
.SCL Engineering
System Architecture
P&C Philosophy
Contractors of
Implementation Guide Digital Substation
Projects
Testing Philosophy
https://fritsahlefeldt.com/portfolio/storytelling -cards/jump -in-dee p-e nd -square/
Device model
devices and functions
Centralized Busbar Protection
Station level
PDIF
PTRC
RBRF
IHMI
PDIF
RSYN CSWI CILO
PDIS PTRC MMXU
ATCC
P...
devices and functions
Process level
XCBR
XCBR
TCTR TVTR XCBR XSWI
CPOW YLTC
Slide 7
SCD requirements / Engineering process
.ICD
.IID
System System IED
Specification .SSD Configuration .SCD Configuration
Tool Tool Tool
• First projects only required IEC 61850 edition 2
• Now also required: .CID
-Top down engineering IEC 61850-6:2009+AMD1:2018
-Requiring specific details of the .SCD file e.g.
-Substation Section
-Logical Node mapping
-All communication MMS,SV,GOOSE
-Etc IED
• Next step is using 3rd party System Integration Tools -> Helinks/SCL Manager -> .SSD
Slide 8
SCD requirements / Engineering process
.ICD
.IID
Data Model Signal-List
Requirement
System IED
Configuration .SCD Configuration
Digital Substation Tool Tool
Requirement Technical Design
Meetings
Implementation .CID
Guideline
IED
Configuration
Templates
Landsnet R&D Contractors
Standardisation and automation of processes
People
Protection
settings TestSet
Experience .OCC
Simulation
Software .XLSX
IED
.XRIO
Asset Database
IED Asset
Database
Documentation
Version control
Substation - Bay
Conventional Substation Digital Substation
Protection: Distance • Protection
IED Main 1 • Control
f(x) • PMU
Protection: Differential
IED Main 2 • AVR
• ?Revenue Meter?
Bay Controller
?Revenue Meter?
Revenue Meter
MU+SCU Main 1 • Sampled Values
• I/O interface
PMU f(x) • Point on Wave
MU+SCU Main 2 • ?Power Quality?
Point on Wave
• ?Time-domain?
Transformer AVR
Power Quality
Digital Substation Network Architecture
Physical segregation of station- & process bus (different subnets)
Substation
EMS Router
A A
To process bus To process bus
B B
Gateway Gateway
Main 1 A B A B Main 2
Station Bus Station Bus
Switch A Switch B
A B
GPS Clock A IED Main 1 (Control & Protection)
GPS Clock B
A B
Switch 1 – Station Bus
Service Switch
A B
A B
Process Bus Process Bus
Switch A Switch B
A B
A B
To station bus To station bus
Digital Substation Network Architecture
Virtual segregation of station- & process bus (same subnets)
Substation
EMS Router
Gateway Gateway
Main 1 Main 2
A
A B B
Switch A1 Switch B1
A B
GPS Clock A GPS Clock B
IED Main 1 (Control & Protection)
Switch 1 – Station Bus
Service Switch
A B
A B
Switch A2 Switch B2
MU+SCU Main 1
A B
LCC design
Redundant IEDs for transformers
BUS 220kV
MU+SCU Main 1
IED Main 1 (Control & Protection)
MU+SCU Main 2 Main 2 for 132kV
D Backup Control
E
MU+SCU Main 1
IED Main 1 (Control & Protection) -
Main 2 for 220kV
BUS 132kV
Slide 15
Redundant Control & Gateways
EMS/SCADA
•
MMS Report1
Few use-cases for redundant control LPHD
CSWI
...
• Two gateways running Hot-standby redundancy From Main 1
Router
• One source of signals (either Main 1 or Main 2)
Gateway Gateway
towards the EMS/SCADA Main 1 Main 2
• Both IEDs (Main 1&2) send reports to both gateways
BAY-01
• The redundancy is generic function not custom Main 1 Main 2
designed signal-by-signal. health: Ok health: Ok
MMS Report1
MMS Report1
• -> Requirement for top-down-engineering and LPHD LPHD
CSWI CSWI
flexible naming in IEDs to guarantee uniform ... ...
data-model regardless of IEDs type IED IED
• IEC 61850 to replace IEC 60870-5-104 to EMS/SCADA Active connection to EMS/SCADA on IEC 60870-5-104 or IEC 61850
Standby connection to EMS/SCADA on IEC 60870-5-104 or IEC 61850
IEC 61850 MMS from Main 1
IEC 61850 MMS from Main 2
Active/Standby control between the redundant gateways
Slide 16
Testing of Digital Substations
• More comprehensive and standardization of FAT,SAT and Commissioning Test
• Increased focus on system testing: [SCD, PTP, Network, Redundancy]
• Protection and control testing
> Test Mode and Simulated Values
> Protection testing with GOOSE for each function, not only start and trip contacts
> Automatic control testing, signal test and interlock tests
> Power System based testing, e.g. Busbar-protection using Omicron’s RelaysimTest
Slide 17
Protection
Slide 18
Protection
Slide 19
Incident with Synchrocheck
East-island Power spike following none sync closing of CB
Islanding-operation
Angle=100°
West-island
Synchronizing
islands
Slide 20
Pitfall with Switching block
LN: CTRL/CSWI.Pos [Control]
Pitfall: Some Gateways process these checks with defaults as False
Slide 21
Outage-less maintenance
IED – Protection IED – Bay Ctrl
MU & SCU or Main 1 or Main 2
Mode: On Mode: On Mode: Test
Sim: Off Sim: Off Sim: On Gateway
Control Room
V2
V1
Test Equipment
Mode: Test
Sim: On
Slide 22
IED – MMS & COMTRADE
IED - interfaces
PRP A: [SV,GOOSE,MMS,PTP]
PRP B: [SV,GOOSE,MMS,PTP]
Service:[IED management, MMS] Automatic fetch of COMTRADE via IEC 61850 MMS
Diff - C37.94 for disturbance analysis
Exposes full data-model and control possibility!
How do we make this more secure?
Slide 23
Cable diff with passive fiber
IED – Sub A IED – Sub B
Signaling for:
-Blocking auto-recloser
-3 Phase trip
-Bay Lockout
Communication
Fiber
Cable section
10 km Transmission Line
Cable Diff
Fiber
with passive fiber
Retrofit project, centralized substation
ÍRA
Centralized Digital
Substation
16 x C&P IEDs
+
GW+HMI+Comms
STE
+ Pros - Cons
• Testing (Complete Testing off-site) • More
3 x Hydroequipment,
units with added
MU+SCUMU/SCU
installed at each bay
• Less outage of assets • $$$ PACS
• Compliant to latest • Combined IED+MU/SCU don´t
LJÓ STE
support
LJO
tech/requirements (future-proof) “yet” virtual IEC 61850 segragation
IRA 4 km line IED
2 x Hydro units
3 x Hydro units
Slide 25
Substation to Substation Communications with IEC 61850
• Trial of MPLS-TP (FOX from Hitachi)
• Explore more sustainable way to share IEC 61850 data between substations.
• Land-based distribution of PTP (primary), local GPS clock (secondary)
IED Main 1
Differential protection
Substation A with IEEE C37.94
Substation B
Comm. Device Comm. Device
Main 1 Main 2
IED SDH+MPLS-TP SDH+MPLS-TP Main 1 Main 2
IED
IED IED
IED Main 2
Differential protection
with IEC 61850
Process Bus - Redundant Process Bus - Redundant
Main 1 Main 2 Main 1 Main 2
MU & SCU MU & SCU MU & SCU MU & SCU
Hardwired signals Hardwired signals
HV Primary HV Primary
Equipment Equipment
Out of Step Algorithm with WACS
FAS
I/O
SEY
I/O
I/O NKS
FLJ
I/O
ESK
PhC I/O
FAS
f(x) = OOS
Protection IED for HP1
I/O
HOL
OOS Algorithm Trigger → Trip CB for HOL HP1
Hardwire Publication: https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/9837918/
IEC61850 - GOOSE
“ PACS of the tomorrows Future ? ”
Centralized/Virtualized PACS
Phase 1
Line Customer Customer Customer Line
feeder feeder feeder
MU & SCU IED Main1 IED Main2
“ PACS of the tomorrows Future ? ”
Centralized/Virtualized PACS
Virtual IED Virtual IED
Phase ?
Line Customer Customer Customer Line
feeder feeder feeder
MU & SCU IED Main1 IED Main2
Slide 30
Wrap-up
“System thinking rather than modular (Top down)”
Learn by doing
> Mistakes are part of journey <
Own Requirements Utilization of the digital technology
> Key for ramping up < > Asset-data <
Wide-area communication System testing
> Enhance protection & smart control < > Remote testing and support <
Slide 31
“The future is DIGITAL, and the opportunities are endless”
Birkir Heimisson
Specialist in Digital & Smart-Grid Development
https://www.linkedin.com/in/birkir-heimisson/
The Digital future of Transmission Systems
https://vimeo.com/641137942
