‫الثالثة‬

33 ‫ في صفحة‬we talked about divorce ‫اخر مرة‬

p.33
 The fact that divorce was impossible for people in general and for women in particular left
harmful and negative impacts on social and family life. The easiest solution available for men,
not for women, was desertion. ‫الهجر‬
 Husbands who hated their wives and no longer desired to continue with them often deserted
them and went away, leaving them unprovided for.
.divorce‫ بتاعت الـ‬long process‫ بدل الطالق وهو أن لما الزوج بيكره زوجته بيسيبها بدل ما يدخل في الـ‬solution‫ده كان الـ‬ -
- She had no choice to re-marry because he left her.
- Leaving her without any financial support or any psychological support.
 Hill recorded several of such cases in her study of eighteenth-century women:
.‫ الي هتكلم عنها في المحاضرة هي الي انتو ملزمين بيه‬cases‫الـ‬ -
The First Case
 Take the mother of Francis Place, whose husband was both drunkard and gambler ‫كان بيشرب‬
‫خمر وبيلعب قمار‬: she was twice deserted by him.
- The mother Francis place was deserted twice by her husband.
p.34
 The first time when 'he lost everything he had in the world, even the furniture of his house',
he went off, Place related, 'without the knowledge of my mother and she was turned into the
Street'. He was absent for several months. Meanwhile she 'took a lodging and maintained
herself by needlework'. ‫شغل الخياطة‬
- He left her the first time he lost everything. She has no another place to protect her
and stayed in the streets. She started to do needlework to gain anything for life.
 The second time he disappeared for a year. He gambled away the lease of his house so that
she was left with one child to support, no home, and only a little furniture.
- Even his house after he left was taken from his wife. This is the second time.
 Again, Place tells us, 'she was brought to great distress’. ‫احباط‬
 There was little a wife could do in these circumstances except seek work to maintain herself.
- She has nothing. She can do nothing. She starts to do a simple work to have any money
to support herself.
- The first case is about the mother of Francis Place. He left her twice without
anything.
The Second Case
 Not always was this possible. Take the case of William Burrag e's desertion of his wife in 1756.
 From the moment he walked out, his wife was in a hopeless position. She was left with '6
poor helpless children (all small)' and was compelled to apply for relief immediately.
- She has no power. She didn’t have the luxurious of depression. She Has 6 kids and she
has to work to find food for them.
 Burrage, as Thomas Turner tells us, was not a bad man, even if in his action he had been
'unjust and imprudent'.
- In this case her husband was not bad. ‫علي الرغم انه كان بيضربها بس هو مكنش وحش‬
 He was 'a more than common industrious man and also one who did not spend his money, but
readily and with cheerfulness shared it with his family'.
- He was respected by his family ‫ علي الرغم من انه كان بيضربهم ولكن‬since he spent his money on
his family then he is not a bad man.
 So why had he left his wife?
p.35
 Turner's explanation is that cuts in his wages combined with rising prices had made it
impossible for him to continue to support his family. Five years later he turned up in another
parish and was apprehended ‫ ُاعتقل‬and returned to his original parish.
- At this time there was economic crisis in Britain. There were cuts in wags. ‫تخفيض في االجور‬
.parish ‫ وراح لحاجة تانية ده بنسميه‬Catholic‫ زي ما يكون هو ساب الـ‬in the church ‫ دي كانت حاجة‬parish ‫ كلمة‬-
- At that time, he was apprehended for leaving his own religious aspect or religious
concept and moved to another way, and at this time, he was without any money, he
cannot afford anybody in his family, so he left.
 His wife, who had been maintained by the parish ever since his disappearance, had 'become a
lunatic through grief.
- She lost her mind. This is the second case.
woman to find a‫? أيه الحل بالنسبة للـ‬at that time for such a problem ‫ في المجتمع‬solution‫كان أيه الـ‬ -
?solution for this kind of problems
Bigamy )‫تزوج امراتين او من رجلين (مضارة‬
 Such problems led to another more dangerous issue in the eighteenth century, namely that of
bigamy. ‫تعدد الزوجات واالزواج‬
- Woman at that time married from another men while she didn’t know her husband is
still alive or not because he left.
 Deserted by their husbands and in need for some husband to provide for their and their
children's expenses, some wives married during the life of their husbands and without
obtaining legal divorce.
- This was the solution. I want someone to spend money. I want someone to protect me.
I didn’t know where my husband went at that time, so the only solution is to marry
another man.
 Many marriages in the eighteenth century must have been bigamous: only the great difficulty
of proving a bigamous relationship prevented there being far more examples in the courts.
‫ كانوا‬men‫ أن كان فيه بعض الـ‬.‫ بس مكنش فيه عدد معين انك ينفع تثبته بسهولة‬century 18‫الموضوع كان منتشر جدا في الـ‬ -
‫ مقدرش اقول أن الفعل ده حصل ألن‬bigamy‫ في الحالة دي مينفعش تثبت الـ‬if he still alive or died ‫بيمشوا ومعرفش‬
.‫معرفش فين الزوج االول من االساس‬
 Women entered into bigamous marriages as well as men.
.‫االتنين دخلوا في موضوع تعدد الزوجات واالزواج‬ -
 Many cases of bigamy in the eighteenth century:
 In September 1719, 'Catherine Jones was indicted at the Old Bailey for marrying Constantine
Boone during the life of her former husband.
.‫ده مثال واحد هناخده علي الحالة دي‬ -
p.36
 In 1737, also at the Old Bailey, there was a trial for bigamy where one witness, John Hall,
testified that he had seen the defendant 'married at the Fleet to Robert Holmes'. Wives of
soldiers and sailors seem to have been particularly prone to making bigamous marriages.
 they went for the war ‫ الي هو‬wives of soldiers‫ هم الـ‬bigamous marriage ‫من اكتر الحاالت الي كان فيها‬ -
.and didn’t come back, so assume that they died
p.37
Wife- Sale
 Another alternative to divorce was a horrible practice called 'wife-sale' which reduced
woman to the status of a slave. Since it was almost impossible for a man to divorce his wife and
for a woman to get a divorce, many people particularly in the working class were engaged in
selling their wives.
- The process for divorce takes a lot of time, it’s not easy, it’s a complicated process.
So, instead of going to this process. He sells his wife.
 All the practices which accompanied selling slaves, as it was very famous in America during
the seventeenth, eighteenth, and nineteenth centuries, were applied to English women.
.18th and 19th century‫ في الـ‬America, that we are selling slaves ‫ ده كان بيحصل في‬action‫يعني الـ‬ -
.women‫ كان عشان بيع الـ‬slaves ‫ ولكن مكنش عشان نبيع‬England ‫ ده كان بيتطبق في‬practice‫نفس الـ‬
 As Hill states, "recent research has produced many examples from the sixteenth to the
nineteenth century. Recorded wife-sales increased at the end of the eighteenth and early
nineteenth century"
.19‫ لحد الـ‬18‫ بس زادت في القرن الـ‬16‫يبقي هي بادئة معانا من الـقرن الـ‬ -
- It is ironical that even women themselves seemed to have accepted the practice, probably as
an outlet for their predicament.
.woman themselves accepted this practice ‫ شئ مجنون ولكن في النهاية الـ‬out of mind ‫في البداية كان شئ‬ -
.to be sold as a slave ‫كأن ده هو المخرج الوحيد للحياة الي هي عايشة فيها‬ -
 More horrible was that such practices seemed legal and were practiced publicly:
- Wife selling wasn’t done in secret. It was done in public.
 There is no doubt that those that participated in wife-sales believed that the custom had a
legal validity
p.38
it can be expired ‫ يعني ليها تاريخ صالحية‬has validity ‫يبقي هم كمان شايفين ان العادات والتقاليد‬ -
 When legal advice was taken by a spouse contemplating wife-sale, it was often given in
support of the custom as a legally valid means of divorce" (Hill 217).
‫ و‬accept this idea ‫ يبقي كل الناس‬in the bible that I’m selling my wife ‫يعني لما الكنيسة نفسها تقتنع ويقول‬ -
.there is no custom, no habits and there is not religion background
 The way a wife-sale was performed reduced a woman to status of a slave or even of an animal.
reduction to the status of woman ‫ عمل‬in this process ‫ كمان الي كان بيحصل‬action‫الـ‬ -
 Hill states that "His wife was frequently sold by weight‫ بالحجم‬, just as were cattle”
- It’s like an animal, they put a woman on a scale ‫ ميزان‬and according to her weight the
money is decided.
 Here is how wife-sales were conducted
.wife sales‫وبدأ يشرحلي ازاي بالظبط العملية بتاعت الـ‬ -
 Most wife-sales were announced before the event, sometimes by advertisement in a local
newspaper.
.newspaper‫ في الـ‬wife sales ‫بيتم االعالن عن الـ‬ -
 They took place most commonly in markets at which a large potential audience could be
guaranteed.
- They need an audience and they need to guarantee that a lot people will come to this
market.
 Almost invariably the wife to be sold was led into the market by a halter (chains or rope)
round her neck or tied to an arm. The sale took the form of an auction‫ مزاد‬, the wife going to
the highest bidder‫ الي يدفع اكتر‬. Witnesses were essential to the procedure, and often some
form of contract, duly witnessed, was drawn up after the sale. (Hill 216)
‫ والـ‬husband‫ من الـ‬.‫ ان كل واحد اخد حقه‬to guarantee that ‫ عشان يضمنوا عملية البيع والشراء‬witness ‫الزم يبقي فيه‬ -
new owner
Motives for wife-selling
 Hill mentions many motives for wife-sale.
1. Domestic clashes ‫ االشتباكات الداخلية‬and quarrels represented an essential reason for
selling a wife.
Domestic clashes‫اول حاجة الـ‬ -
2. Some men sold their wives under the influence of heavy drinking.
3. The basic motive in most cases, however, was the mutual desire for ending the
marriage and "to give the ending the legitimacy of divorce".
- Instead of going through the process of divorce, he is lead to wife sales.
4. In some cases, a husband sold his wife due to her adultery‫ الخيانة او الزنا‬. Some men
who discovered that their wives were already living with a lover took the decision of
selling them to such a lover. In this case, the selling was pre-arranged.
- After he discovers his wife with another man, so the only solution is to sell his wife.
41 ‫الجزء ده هيقف معانا لحد صفحة‬
.‫ ده هنعمله‬research‫الـ‬
.Solution for women in the 17 and 18th century after these unacceptable facts
th

Industry Revolution
Industry Revolution is a process of change from agriculture and handcraft economy to
one dominated by industry and machine manufacturing.
- They depended on agriculture and handcraft business. All their income come from
farming or hand-craft industry.
.machine manufacturing‫ بدأ يدخل الـ‬Industry Revolution‫بعد الـ‬ -
p.45
 In the late 18th century everyday life in Britain was transformed by the industrial revolution
which started about 1760.
second part of the 18th century‫ هيظهر في الـ‬industrial revolution‫ بتاع الـ‬impact‫الـ‬ -
 Towns, industry and trade had been growing for centuries but about 1780 economic growth
took off.
economic growth took off‫ الـ‬1780‫ لكن من بعد الـ‬flourishment ‫ كان بدأ يحصل فيها‬industry‫الـ‬ -
 The industrial revolution meant a much higher standard of living for ordinary people. Britain
became much richer as a result of it.
 A number of technological advances made the industrial revolution possible.
technological advances ‫بدأ يبقي فيه‬ -
 In 1709, Abraham Darby (1677-1717), who owned an ironworks, began using coke instead of
charcoal to melt iron ore. (It was a much more efficient fuel). Darby and his family kept the
new fuel secret for a time but in the late 18th century the practice spread.
‫ فضل محافظ علي الطريقة دي لنفسه لمدة فترة بس بعد كدا بدأ الكل يستخدمها‬.‫بدأ يستخدم الفحم في تسييح الحديد‬ -
 From 1712 Thomas Newcomen made steam engines to pump water from coalmines. Then, in
1769, James Watt patented a more efficient steam engine and in the 1780s it was adapted to
power machinery.
.‫ هنا مهمة‬dates‫الـ‬
introduced modern ways of working and living ‫ الي حصلت في العصر ده‬technological changes‫الـ‬ -
.‫ اثرت علي المجتمع‬to a higher standard
 In 1771 Richard Arkwright opened a cotton-spinning mill with a machine called a water frame,
which was powered by a water mill. ‫الساقية‬
 Then, in 1779, Samuel Crompton invented a new cotton-spinning machine called a spinning
mule.
 Finally in 1785 Edmund Cartwright invented a loom that could be powered by a steam engine.
As a result of these new inventions cotton production boomed.
.‫ الي هي المناجم وتسييح الحديد‬technological advances ‫اتكلمنا علي اول حاجة ان بدأ يكون فيها‬ -
 Iron production also grew rapidly. In 1784 a man named Henry Cort (1740-1800) invented a
much better way of making wrought iron. ‫ الحديد المصنوع‬Until then men had to beat red hot iron
with hammers to remove impurities.
to cut iron and to hammer it to remove impurities to leave the iron pure ‫قبل ده كان الزم بنفسنا‬ -
irone
I need you to answer these questions
 Where and when did the Industrial Revolution take place?
 How did the Industrial Revolution change economies?
 How did the Industrial Revolution change society?
 What were the most important inventions of the Industrial Revolution?
 Who were the most important inventors of the Industrial Revolution?
Industry Revolution‫ بيتكلم بالتفصيل عن الـ‬47 ‫صفحة‬
 The Industrial Revolution may be defined as the application of power-driven machinery to
manufacturing. It had its beginning in remote times, and is still continuing in some places. In
the eighteenth century all of western Europe began to industrialize rapidly, but in England
the process was most highly accelerated. England's head start may be attributed to the
emergence of a number of simultaneous factors.
What are the factors that led to the emergence of the Industry Revolution
?in England
‫ في انجلترا؟‬industrial Revolution‫ الي أدت إلي ظهور الـ‬factors‫أيه هي الـ‬ -
 Britain had burned up her magnificent oak forests in its fireplaces, but large deposits of coal
were still available for industrial fuel.
factor ‫ دي كانت اول‬.‫حصل ان هم ولعوا في الغابات بتاعتهم كلها فا الي حصل أن هم عندهم كمية كبيرة من الفحم عايزين يصنعوها‬ -
 There was an abundant labor supply to mine coal and iron, and to man the factories.
.‫كان عندهم مادة خام وكان عندهم قوة عاملة‬ -
 From the old commercial empire there remained a fleet, and England still possessed colonies
to furnish raw materials and act as captive markets for manufactured goods.
‫والدكتور بتنهي المحاضرة هنا متعصبة من الفرقة التالتة وبتدي مذاكرة من ‪ 47‬لحد ‪ 54‬بنفسنا‬