Module 1
Summary
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SOURCE TRANSFORMATION
TECHNIQUE
vice
versa. R
a 𝒗𝒔 a
𝒊𝒔 =
R
is R
vs +
-
b
b
§ A current source in parallel with a resistor (practical current
source) can be replaced by a voltage source in series with a
resistor and vice versa.
R
a
𝒗𝒔 = 𝒊𝒔R a
is R v s
+
-
b b
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PRACTICAL VOLTAGE SOURCES CONNECTED IN
SERIES
Example : Voltage Sources and Resistor Series
Equivalent
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PRACTICAL CURRENT SOURCES CONNECTED IN
PARALLEL
Example : Current Sources and Resistors Parallel
Equivalent
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Example 1:Reduce the circuit shown in figure into a
equivalent voltage source using source transformation.
Solution : Since both voltage sources are in parallel, convert them to
current source
9 12
= 3A = 2A
3 6
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Measurement of Current & Voltage using Meters
Example 2.Reduce the circuit shown in figure into a
equivalent current source using source transformation.
Solution Convert each
:
current
source to voltage source.
Now voltage source are
in series
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Resistances connected in Series
𝐈𝐑 = I𝑹𝟏 + I𝑹𝟐 + I𝑹𝟑
R = R1 + R 2 + R 3
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Resistances connected in
Parallel
𝑽 𝑽 𝑽 𝑽 𝑽
hence = + +
𝐈= 𝑹 𝑹𝟏 𝑹𝟐 𝑹𝟑
𝑹
1 1 1 1
∴ = + +
𝑅 R1 R2 R3
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Example 1. A current of 8A is shared between two
resistors in the network shown in Fig. Calculate the
current in the 2 Ω resistor, given that
(a) R1 = 2 Ω;
(b) R1 = 4 Ω.
Solution:
From this, it is seen that equal
resistances
share the current equally.
This time it is the lesser resistance which takes the greater part
of the supply current.
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Example 2: Find the equivalent resistance Req for the
given network shown in figure.
10 W 8W
Req 10 W 3W 6W
Solution :
10 W 8W
Req 10 W 3W 6W
Parallel Combination
3×6
= 2Ω
3+6
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STAR – DELTA TRANSFORMATION
TECHNIQUE
§ Star to Delta Transformation
• Delta resistances equivalent to star
resistances between terminals A, B & C are
as given in the equations on the left hand
side.
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Delta to Star
transformation
RAB RCA
R A =
R AB + R BC + R C A
RAB RBC
R B =
R AB + R BC + R C A
RCA RBC
R C
=
R AB + R BC + R C A
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1.Find the equivalent resistance across terminal AB for
the given network shown in Fig. using star and delta
transformation.
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Solution Step 1 : Transform star network to delta
: network
𝑅𝐴 𝑅𝑩
𝑅𝐴𝐵 = 𝑅𝐴 + 𝑅𝐵 +
𝑅𝐶
2 × 30
= 2 + 30 + = 47
4
𝑅 𝑅
𝑅𝐵𝐶 = 𝑅𝐵 + 𝑅𝐶 + 𝑅𝐵 𝑪
𝐴
30 × 4
= 30 + 4 + = 94
2
𝑅𝐶 𝑅𝑨
𝑅𝐶𝐴 = 𝑅𝐶 + 𝑅𝐴 +
𝑅𝐵
4×2
= 4 +2+ = 6.27
30
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2.Find the equivalent resistance Req as seen from voltage
source for the given network shown in Fig. using star and
delta transformation.
I 9W
10 W 5W
+ Req 10 W
V _
8W 4W
Solution :
9W
I
a
Convert the
10 W 5W
V
+
_
Req
b 10 W
c delta
around a – b –
8W 4W
c to a
star.
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9W 𝟏𝟎×𝟓
𝑹𝒂 = =𝟐𝛀
𝟏𝟎+𝟏𝟎+𝟓
2W
𝟏𝟎×𝟓
𝑹𝒄 = =𝟐 𝛀
𝟏𝟎+𝟏𝟎+𝟓
R eq 4W 2W
𝟏𝟎×𝟏𝟎
𝑹𝒃 = = 𝟒𝛀
𝟏𝟎+𝟏𝟎+𝟓
8W 4W
Series Combination
2 + 4 = 6𝛀
Series Combination
4 + 8 = 12𝛀
12 × 6
𝑅𝑒𝑞 = 9 + 2 + = 15 Ω
12 + 6
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Revising Voltage Divider & Current Divider
Two resistances connected in
parallel
R1 R2 Req R1 R2
Req =
R1 + R2
Voltage divider rule ( Resistances connected in
series )
Voltage cross one branch = 𝑴𝒂𝒊𝒏 𝒗𝒐𝒍𝒕𝒂𝒈𝒆 𝑹𝒆𝒔𝒊𝒔𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒄𝒆 𝒐𝒇 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒔𝒂𝒎𝒆 𝒃𝒓𝒂𝒏𝒄𝒉
𝑺𝒖𝒎 𝒐𝒇 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒓𝒆𝒔𝒊𝒔𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒄𝒆𝒔
×
R1
𝑉1 = V x
R1 + R 2
R2
𝑉2 = V x
R1 + R 2
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Current divider rule ( Resistances connected in
parallel )
Current flows in one branch = 𝑴𝒂𝒊𝒏 𝒄𝒖𝒓𝒓𝒆𝒏𝒕 𝑹𝒆𝒔𝒊𝒔𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒄𝒆 𝒐𝒇 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒐𝒕𝒉𝒆𝒓 𝒃𝒓𝒂𝒏𝒄𝒉
𝑺𝒖𝒎 𝒐𝒇 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒓𝒆𝒔𝒊𝒔𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒄𝒆𝒔
×
R2
𝐼1 = 𝐼 x
R1 + R 2
R1
𝐼2 = 𝐼 x
R1 + R 2
Note : 1Kilo ohm = 1K Ω = 103 Ω
1Mega ohm = 1M Ω = 106 Ω
1Giga ohm = 1G Ω = 109 Ω
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Current Divider
Voltage divider Rule
Definitions
Classification of Circuit
Elements
q Active & Passive Elements
v Active Elements (Source): Voltage & Current Sources
v Passive Elements (Sink): Resistor, Inductor & Capacitor
q Linear & Non-linear Elements
v Linear (Satisfies Superposition): Resistor, Inductor,
Capacitor
v Nonlinear: LDR (Light Dependent Resistor), Thermistor
q Unilateral & Bilateral Elements
v Unilateral (Current Flow in one direction): Diode,
Transistor
v Bilateral: Resistor, Inductor, Capacitor*
q Lumped & Distributed
Discuss only lumped linear bilateral circuit elements.
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