hollow core slab
construction
The hollow core slabs are prestressed floor products that
could be round or shaped voids which depend on the local
requirements. They are one of the most popular, efficient and
long span floor constructions that exist and used today.
CALVARA • DAYRIT • PICAYO
CONTENTS
PAGE DEFINITION DIFFERENT TYPES
Hollow core slabs There is no
are prestressed restriction on the
floor products, Its span of the hollow
widely used for HISTORY core slab units, their
long-span floor standard width is
construction. Precast concrete 120mm, and depth
flooring saw ranges from 110mm to
significant 400mm.
progress, including
the first hollow-
core slab casting
in 1935.
01 02 03
METHOD OF
ADVANTAGES CONSTRUCTION
DISADVANTAGES
NOTABLE Hollow core slabs There are three
offer reduced production systems
BUILDING
FEATURES
weight, exceptional Hollow core slabs of constructing EXAMPLES
load-bearing entail coordination hollow core slabs,
It also has capacity, high which are the wet
with specialized
noticeable spanning capability, cast, slip forming
subcontractors,
attributes such as 60 to 120 minutes of and extrusion.
can be challenging
fire resistant, Quick fire resistance to repair, and
installation time, (extendable to 240
necessitate
Heavyweight, minutes), and easy
specialized
budget-friendly transport and
installation. machinery for
construction
lifting and
solution and so on.
relocation.
04 05 06 07 08
DEFINITION A hollow core slab, also known as a voided slab,
hollow core plank, or concrete plank, is a widely
used precast floor slab in multi-story apartment
buildings. Its popularity is attributed to faster
assembly, reduced weight, and cost savings in low-
seismic zones and more economical constructions.
Hollow core slabs, typically 120 to 150 meters
long, are manufactured on long line beds using
extrusion or slip forming methods. These slabs,
with a nominal width of 1200 mm, feature tubular
voids that run the length of the slab, making them
much lighter than solid concrete slabs of similar
thickness and strength. This reduces material and
transportation costs while offering excellent
load-bearing capacities and design flexibility.
DEFINITION Prestressed concrete slabs, up to 200 meters long,
are made by extruding wet concrete with
prestressed steel wire rope from a moving mold.
The continuous slab is cut to length with a large
diamond circular saw in a factory, saving time,
labor, and training.
To meet modern standards for both hollow-core
and massive slabs, you can use a soft floor
covering or a floating floor screed to dampen
footstep noise. Another option is placing rubber
strips under the floor slabs.
Extruders can create hollow-core slabs and wall
elements without prestressed steel wire, with
widths from 600 to 2400 mm, thicknesses from 150
to 500 mm, and lengths up to 24 m. The voids in the
hollow core serve as conduits for installations
and can be coated for use as ventilation ducts.
HISTORY The history of precast concrete flooring dates back to
the First World War ranges from 1914 to 1918, as the
innovations at that time have set the base for hollow-
core slab production. In 1935, the first hollow-core
slab was cast, initially using pneumatic cores. These
slabs gained popularity, especially after World War II,
during the postwar housing boom, as production
techniques evolved.
Since the 1960s, hollow-core slabs have undergone
extensive testing and research for durability, safety,
and efficiency. The 70s and 80s were particularly active
periods due to their growing popularity. Ongoing
research continues to improve these secure and safe
building components.
HISTORY
Today’s prestressed and reinforced hollow
core floor slabs are the result of a long
period of development and testing. New
variants of the hollow core slab are still
finding their way to the market.
Prestressed and reinforced hollow core
floor slabs that are used today were a
result of a long period of development and
testing.
There are historical developments that are
classified on the three production systems,
which are the wet cast, slip forming and
extrusion.
HISTORY
The idea to reduce the self-weight of
concrete slabs by putting voids in the center
of the cross-section, dates to the beginning
of the previous century. Several inventors
from different countries applied for patents
on various systems
In the early days, hollow core slabs were
manufactured either in a plant, or on site.
Often individual molds were used and
sometimes even long line beds, but in a
discontinuous way. The compaction of the
concrete was mostly carried out by tamping
the fresh concrete
WET CAST WITH PERMANENT VOID FORMERS HISTORICAL
DEVELOPMENT
The wet cast technique is used to perform cores or
void formers to realize the longitudinal voids. They
are positioned in the mold prior to the casting of the
slab.
Wilhelm Siegler (Germany, 1906) - The pioneer of using
longitudinal void formers in concrete slabs introduced a
system where cores were created using prefabricated
short molding tubes placed on scaffolding. Slabs had
varying lengths, and lateral lugs on the tube's bottom
served as molds for the webs. Reinforcement was applied
traditionally to both longitudinal and transversal webs.
During the following two decades several solutions
to form longitudinal voids in flat floor slabs were
developed.
WET CAST WITH PERMANENT VOID FORMERS HISTORICAL
DEVELOPMENT
Jules Heyneman (1930) - He patented a
precast floor slab with longitudinal voids,
using elastic steel molds held by wedges.
Removing the wedges reduced the mold's
cross-section for easy removal from the
beam hollows. The number of voids could be
adjusted. The floor units were made of
reinforced concrete, with focus on the
product rather than manufacturing details.
Longitudinal joints had indentations and
transversal reinforcing stirrups, filled on-
site with mortar.
WET CAST WITH PERMANENT VOID FORMERS HISTORICAL
DEVELOPMENT
Walter H. Cobi (1939) - He patented expandable
rubber core forms and various solutions for their
shape, number, and longitudinal joint profiles.
Charles Lethbridge (1940) - He introduced an
enhanced method using uniform steel tubes that
ran longitudinally through the entire mold,
matching the shape of the hollow core unit. After
placing reinforcement bars, concrete was poured,
and the vibrating mold was adjusted while the
core tubes were moved slightly. Once the
concrete was compacted, the tubes were removed
from the mold's end, allowing the concrete to set.
WET CAST WITH PERMANENT VOID FORMERS HISTORICAL
DEVELOPMENT
STUP Freyssinet, France (1952) - He patented
prestressed concrete hollow core
elements for building floors. These units,
designed to span entire floors without
supports, could vary in width. They had
full-length circular voids with profiled
vertical edges for load transfer.
Manufactured on long steel molds, custom
lengths were achievable using transversal
mold plates. Long rubber tubes, inflated
with liquid pressure during casting, formed
the longitudinal voids and were later
removed after concrete compaction.
HISTORICAL
SLIP FORMING (TAMPING)
DEVELOPMENT
The slip form technique is characterized by
a moving profiled mold or form into which
the concrete is poured and compacted. In
general, a higher slump concrete is used.
German Wilhelm Schäfer (1931) - He sought a
patent to enhance the production of
precast reinforced and prestressed hollow
core slabs. His innovation aimed to
streamline an existing slip form technique
by automating the production steps. Patents
for this method were granted in Germany,
the UK, the USA, and Switzerland, all in 1933.
HISTORICAL
SLIP FORMING (TAMPING)
DEVELOPMENT
These machines compact concrete using tamping
fingers, earning the method the name 'slip forming
tamping.
The American company Spancrete (1950) - They
acquired the Schäfer patent and, in the 1950s,
began producing prestressed hollow core
elements in stacked long lines. After the top slab
in a stack hardened, a diamond disk sawing machine
was used to cut and extract hollow core units.
Wilhelm Schäfer (1951) - He patented long-span
prestressed hollow core floors with unique edge
profiles featuring dovetail grooves and the
option for thermal insulation layers on the soffit.
HISTORICAL
SLIP FORMING (VIBRATING)
DEVELOPMENT
The most common way to compact concrete during
slip forming is by means of vibrations.
Wacker Brothers (1952) - They were granted a
patent inspired by a 1938 patent for manufacturing
pipelines. Their method shapes and compacts
concrete in moving molds through vibration.
Max Gessner Locham (1953) - He patented compaction
equipment for producing prestressed concrete
beams and structural elements. The 1957 patent
introduced the use of a vibrating slip form machine
on a single casting bed, a common configuration
today. West German companies Max Roth KG and
Weiler KG later expanded on Gessner's ideas.
HISTORICAL
SLIP FORMING (VIBRATING)
DEVELOPMENT
Weiler GmbH (1957) - He patented a slip form molding
machine invented by Hans Geiger, who drew inspiration
from the Wacker Brothers. Geiger's innovation allowed
for the production of prestressed single and double-T
beams and was also suitable for hollow core elements.
Max Roth, Germany (1965) - In 1957, he invented a slip
form machine for prestressed hollow core slabs and
obtained a patent for it by 1965. The company had
previously developed a slip former for T- and L-beams
in the mid-50s. This patent introduced a slip former that
pours and compacts concrete in three layers, serving
as a reference for other companies like Spiroll Corp
Ltd, SpanDeck Inc., VBI Development, and Elematic Oy AB
in their patent applications.
HISTORICAL
SLIP FORMING (VIBRATING)
DEVELOPMENT
Company Echo Belgium (1963) - They began producing
prestressed hollow core slabs using a Roth machine,
but soon developed their own production machinery. In
1990, this initiative led to the creation of Echo
Engineering, which is now part of the Progress Group
and operates under the name Echo Precast Engineering.
David Dodd (1965) - He secured a US patent for a self-
propelled extrusion-type slip form machine with a
single hopper. This innovative machine allowed for the
one-step casting of entire slabs and was designed for
use with relatively dry concrete mixes.
The Italian company Nordimpianti (1974) - They specialize
in manufacturing slip form machinery capable of
producing elements up to 1 meter in height.
EXTRUSION HISTORICAL
Extrusion involves pushing low-slump concrete with DEVELOPMENT
screws (augers) into a molding compartment to form
the desired shape. Vibration and pressure compact the
concrete, while the augers' pressure propels the
extruder forward.
Achille Gaiba (1912) - He patented a machine for
producing continuous reinforced products using
pressure alone to shape and compact plastic concrete
in a molding compartment, without additional vibration.
While he specifically mentions water pipes, the patent
is not limited to pipes.
Fresh concrete from the hopper was pushed by a
multi-bladed propeller toward the opening and into
the molding compartment. This high-pressure process
filled the mold without requiring additional vibration.
HISTORICAL
EXTRUSION DEVELOPMENT
John Murray, US (1928) - He introduced a
method of compacting concrete through
pressure, without vibration. This technique
was designed for creating continuous
conduits, particularly for underground
applications with multiple ducts for
electric cables. Four decades later,
Glenn Booth of Spiroll Corporation
referenced this document in his 1966
patent.
Extrusion with high frequency HISTORICAL
vibrators DEVELOPMENT
Ellis and Thorsteinson (1961) - They
received a patent for a machine that
extrudes hollow cored concrete
sections. This extruder was presented as
an improvement over the commonly used
processes at the time, which relied on
molds with inflatable cores.
This method involves creating
longitudinally cored concrete slabs on
an extending pallet by using an auger to
squeeze the concrete through a molding
section. Compaction is achieved using a
vibrator on top of the molding section.
Extrusion with high frequency HISTORICAL
vibrators DEVELOPMENT
Glen Booth, Spiroll Corporation Canada
(1965) - In his patent, he sought
improvements to the devices described in
the 1961 patent. These enhancements
included adding a separate vibrating
assembly to each auger. This improved
concrete flow, reduced cavities, and
resulted in a smoother, uninterrupted
outer surface for the product being
formed.
Extrusion with high frequency HISTORICAL
vibrators DEVELOPMENT
The first extruded units had a thickness
of 200 and 265 mm and a width of 1200
mm. The cores were circular, and the
slabs were in normal concrete with a
density up to about 2500 kg/m³ and a
compressive cube strength up to 60
N/mm².
TTV Finland (1969) - Elematic Engineering
Ltd. became the Finnish market leader in
Variax technology for prestressed
hollow core elements, despite increased
competition and industry changes.
Extrusion with high frequency HISTORICAL
vibrators DEVELOPMENT
In the late 1960s, extruded hollow core
slabs emerged in Sweden and gained
popularity throughout Europe, including
Finland, Norway, Denmark, Belgium,
Holland, France, Italy, Spain, and beyond.
Elematic expanded further by acquiring
Dy-Core in 1984 and Roth in 1996.
Extrusion HISTORICAL
DEVELOPMENT
with shear compaction
1984 - Elematic introduced
the quieter shear
compaction technique, using
augers and side formers for
concrete compaction instead
of noisy high-frequency
vibrators, resulting in high-
quality product profiles.
DIFFERENT TYPES OF HOLLOW CORE SLAB
A Hollow Core Slab is a precast slab
with running cores that reduce weight,
enhance structural efficiency, and
serve as service ducts. Ideal for fast
construction, these units have a
standard width of 120mm and depths
ranging from 110mm to 400mm. They are
typically installed between beams
using cranes and gaps filled with
screeds. These slabs can support 2.5
kN/m over a 16m span, making them
suitable for office, retail, or car park
developments.
DIFFERENT TYPES OF HOLLOW CORE SLAB
150MM
DIFFERENT TYPES OF HOLLOW CORE SLAB
150MM
DIFFERENT TYPES OF HOLLOW CORE SLAB
200 MM
DIFFERENT TYPES OF HOLLOW CORE SLAB
200 MM
DIFFERENT TYPES OF HOLLOW CORE SLAB
250 MM
DIFFERENT TYPES OF HOLLOW CORE SLAB
250 MM
DIFFERENT TYPES OF HOLLOW CORE SLAB
300 MM
DIFFERENT TYPES OF HOLLOW CORE SLAB
400 MM
NOTABLE
FEATURES
Hollow core slabs have minimal deformation even
with high slenderness ratios due to the transversal
load distribution and even when the elements do not
have any concrete topping. The produced elements
have high load resistances thanks to a low
water/cement ratio of concrete from 0.32 to 0.38.
NOTABLE FEATURES
LARGE PRODUCTION VOLUMES
Uniform cross sections can be
achieved with large production
volumes, even when using varying
cable reinforcement
configurations. The concrete
elements can be demolded from
the casting beds within just 6-8
hours after production.
NOTABLE FEATURES
LOWER SELF-WEIGHT
The presence of longitudinal
voids in the cross-section leads
to approx. 50% saving in
concrete compared with a plain
cast in-situ reinforced slab, and
at the same time cuts the
amount of prestressing steel by
30% because of the lower self-
weight.
NOTABLE FEATURES
ASSURED QUALITY
By using specific equipment for
the manufacture of the
concrete elements and a high-
end quality control system. The
lower surface of the element is
smooth having a steel
formwork finish. This surface
can be left as seen or can be
simply painted.
NOTABLE FEATURES
EXCELLENT LOWER SURFACE FINISHES READY TO PAINT
One of the notable features of
hollow core slabs is their
exceptional lower surface
finishes, which are prepared and
ready for painting. This feature
not only saves time and effort in
the finishing stages of
construction but also ensures a
smooth and aesthetically
pleasing surface for interior
applications.
NOTABLE FEATURES
EASY PROJECT IMPLEMENTATION
The ease of project implementation
provides designers with enhanced
flexibility. Hollow core slabs, which can be
manufactured up to 25 meters in length,
find extensive use across various sectors
including residential, healthcare, education,
industrial, and commercial markets, as well
as in seismic zones. Moreover, these slabs
offer the possibility of producing elements
with end openings, which can be
subsequently filled on-site in a
perpendicular orientation to the floor,
resulting in solid ends that bolster shear
resistance.
NOTABLE FEATURES
EASILY ADAPTED ON ANCILLARY BUILDING SYSTEM
Highly adaptable for integrating
with ancillary building systems,
hollow core slabs serve as an
excellent choice for accommodating
ancillary equipment like electrical
trays, water sprinkler systems, and
HVAC units. This versatility makes
them a preferred option for
seamlessly incorporating essential
infrastructure within building
structures.
NOTABLE FEATURES
HIGH DURABILITY AND LOAD RESISTANCE
Prestressing technology
ensure the long lasting and
exceptional loading. Multiple
metal wires (strands)
prestressed and cast in our
slabs giving them extreme
strength and very long
design life.
NOTABLE FEATURES
LONG SPANS WITHOUT TEMPORARY SUPPORTS
Applicable to all loads and
spans meaning that there is no
need for supports during
installation. It is possible to
load the floor immediately
after installation, even
without any in-situ concrete
casting.
NOTABLE FEATURES
GREEN PRODUCT REDUCED USE OF RAW MATERIAL
Hollow core slabs are economical with their use
of materials. One reason is that the premaster
normally uses fairly high concrete and steel
grades. Consequently the products use fewer
materials to achieve the same load bearing
capacity as cast in-situ structures.
The presence of longitudinal voids in the cross-
section leads to about 45% saving in concrete
compared with a plain in-situ cast reinforced
slab and at the same time cuts the amount of
prestressing steel by 30% because of its lower
intrinsic weight.
advantages and
disadvantages
Hollow core slabs are favored in modern construction for
their efficiency and versatility, offering cost-effective
solutions. Yet, like all methods, they come with both
advantages and disadvantages that warrant careful
project planning.
ADVANTAGES
WEIGHT REDUCTION
Hollow core slabs are
lightweight compared to
traditional cast-in-situ
slabs, resulting in
significant construction
cost savings and reduced
structural load.
ADVANTAGES
EFFICIENCY AND COST SAVINGS
Controlled production
processes minimize onsite
congestion, reduce running
costs, and save time by
eliminating tasks like
material handling and wet
concrete casting.
ADVANTAGES
LOAD-BEARING CAPACITY
Hollow core slabs are
prestressed, offering
high load-bearing
capacity and the ability
to span large distances
while maintaining
structural integrity.
ADVANTAGES
SMOOTH UNDERSIDE SURFACE
The smooth underside
surface of hollow core
slabs can be directly
painted and used as a
finished ceiling, saving the
need for additional
finishing work.
ADVANTAGES
DIAPHRAGM AND LOAD TRANSFER
Once grouted, hollow
core slabs can serve
as diaphragms and
transfer internal
loads efficiently
within the structure.
ADVANTAGES
VERSATILE SUPPORT
They can be supported
on various structural
systems, including cast-
in-situ or precast
concrete beams, load-
bearing walls, and steel
beams.
ADVANTAGES
TIME SAVINGS
Hollow core slabs
eliminate time-consuming
site operations like
propping, shuttering, and
wet concrete casting,
expediting construction
projects.
ADVANTAGES
THERMAL AND SOUND INSULATION
These slabs possess
low heat and sound
transmission
properties, reducing
the need for additional
insulation efforts and
costs.
ADVANTAGES
FIRE RESISTANCE
Hollow core slabs are
fire-resistant
structural elements,
and they can achieve
high fire ratings (e.g.,
two hours) without the
need for extra topping.
ADVANTAGES
DESIGN FLEXIBILITY
They can be customized
for long spans and
high load capacities,
offering design
flexibility to meet
various project
criteria.
ADVANTAGES
QUALITY CONTROL
Manufactured in a
controlled environment,
hollow core slabs are
resistant to impact,
corrosion, weathering,
and abrasion, requiring
minimal maintenance.
DISADVANTAGES
TRANSPORT AND HANDLING
Improper handling
during
transportation can
lead to damage to
the hollow core
slabs.
DISADVANTAGES
CONNECTION CHALLENGES
Achieving satisfactory
connections between
precast members can
be difficult and may
require special
attention.
DISADVANTAGES
SPECIAL EQUIPMENT
Special equipment is
needed for lifting and
moving the precast
units, which can add
to project costs.
DISADVANTAGES
ECONOMIC FOR LARGE SPANS
They may not be
economically viable for
small spans, as the cost
savings are more
pronounced with larger
spans.
DISADVANTAGES
DIFFICULTY IN REPAIRS
Hollow core slabs
can be challenging
to repair and
strengthen if
damaged.
In summary, hollow core slabs
offer numerous advantages such as
weight reduction, cost savings,
load-bearing capacity, and fire
resistance, but they also come with
challenges related to handling,
connections, and equipment
requirements, especially for small-
span applications.
construction method
PREPARING FOR THE INSTALLATION OF HOLLOW-CORE SLABS
Draw up an installation plan well in
advance and agree on the order of the
delivery of the slabs. Select a lifting
device that is suitable for the site
conditions and the weight of the hollow-
core slabs.
Use personal safety equipment no matter
the weather.
Prepare a road that is sufficiently wide,
even, and stable. Check the ground bearing
capacity under the crane outrigger.
Be sure to use fall protection equipment.
Inspect the lifting device before starting
work.
Always store the hollow-core slabs on an
even, stable surface and stack them on
bottom and intermediate support timbers.
construction method
INSPECTING AND SUPPORTING HOLLOW-CORE SLABS
Compare each slab with the plan. Inspect the slab labels in
the level drawings, the supports for the installation
phase, the lifting necks, the number of strands, the
location of the deep plugs, and the slippage of the
strands.
Inspect the lifting groove and ensure that the protruding
lip at the bottom of the clamp fits into it. Do not lift a
damaged slab.
Mark the location of the slabs and set installation shims
or a neoprene bearing strip in place.
Inspect the length of the bearing surface and the level
and location of the installation shims at the web of the
slab.
Assemble the temporary supports for the work phase
according to the plans, prior to the installation of the
slabs.
Prevent the tilting over of a beam by providing support,
according to the plans, close to the end of the beam.
construction method
LIFTING A HOLLOW CORE SLAB
Place the protruding of the clamp carefully
into the groove of the slab.
Tighten and lock the safety chain when the
height of the slab is less than 100mm.
The Hollow core slabs will be installed by
using a spreader beam and lifting clamps.
Maintain eye or radio contact with the crane
operator.
Watch out for any swinging movement of the
slab and position yourself safely on the long
side of the slab.
Follow the manufacturer’s instructions when
selecting lifting points. The angle between the
legs of the lifting chains must be less than 60
degrees.
A slab that is shorter than three meters can
be lifted with long lifting chains without a
spreader beam.
construction method
LIFTING SPECIAL PURPOSE SLABS
Verify the amount and type of lifting clamps
that are required for heavy slabs
Always lift by using lifting loops or anchors,
if available in the slab.
Use lifting loops or anchors to lift a narrow
slab.
Do not lift a damaged slab. Contact the site
supervisor.
Slabs that are meant to be installed in a
tilted position should always be lifted by
using loops or anchors.
If narrowed end of the slabs is short, attach
the clamps 200mm from the edge of the
narrowed part of the slab.
construction method
LIFTING SPECIAL PURPOSE SLABS
Make sure that the lifting grooves of
bathroom slabs are in order.
Use lifting loops to lift small slabs.
Clamps can be used to lift reinforced
long cantilevers.
Use lifting loops to lift long
cantilever slabs.
Lift slabs with a lifting neck in the
usual manner.
Clamps can only be used to lift a
notched slab if the intact part of the
slab is at least 800mm long.
construction method
INSTALLING A HOLLOW CORE SLAB
If needed, attach a rope to the slab that is
being lifted in order to assist in directing it.
Do not detach the safety chain until the slab
is no more than 100mm above the support.
Steer the slab into place with an installation
bar. Be careful of slipperiness in the winter.
Use support in the form of welded stoppers
or by wedging a tilted slab into place when
positioning.
Level out differences in the slab camber,
according to the plans, by using supports,
adjusted bolts or installation shims.
Assemble the railings immediately.
construction method
JOINTS GROUTING AND FOLLOW-UP
Clean debris from the joints. Inspect the void
plugs and carry out formwork for the joints.
Reinforce the joints and install an electrical
conduit according to the plans.
Carry out the joint grouting and seal
carefully.
Remove any excess grout. Also clean the
soffit of the slab. Carry out protection and
curing according to the conditions.
Inspect and open drainage holes after joint
grouting. Drill more holes if necessary.
Notch the lifting neck off only after the
joint grouting has been set. Block and cover
the area from below.
construction method
INSTALLING A HOLLOW CORE SLAB
EXAMPLES
burj khalifa
In Dubai, United Arab Emirates: completed
in 2010, the Burj Khalifa is the tallest
building in the world, standing at 828
meters. It was constructed using the
hollow-core slab method
EXAMPLES
THE SHARD
London, United Kingdom:
completed in 2012, the Shard is
the tallest building in the UK,
standing at 310 meters. It was
constructed using the hollow-
core slab method
EXAMPLES
MARINA BAY SANDS
in Singapore: completed in 2010,
the Marina Bay Sands is a resort
complex that includes three
towers, standing at 200 meters. It
was constructed using the
hollow-core slab method
EXAMPLES
THE TORRE REFORMA
in Mexico City, Mexico: completed in
2016, the Torre Reforma is the
tallest building in Mexico, standing
at 246 meters. It was constructed
using the hollow-core slab method.
EXAMPLES
THE TURNING TORSO
in Malmo, Sweden: completed in
2005, the Turning Torso is a
residential skyscraper that
stands at 190 meters. It was
constructed using the hollow-
core slab method
REFERENCES
[Link]
[Link]
core-slabs
[Link]
[Link]
[Link]
[Link]
[Link]
[Link]
[Link]
[Link]
[Link]
[Link]
REFERENCES
[Link]
[Link]
[Link]
core-slab/
[Link]
buildings/
[Link]
[Link]/en/artikel/bft_Innovative_precast_reinforced-
concrete_hollow-core_slab_system_changes-[Link]
[Link]
core-precast-concrete-slabs/
[Link]
[Link]
THANK YOU
ARC-4102
CALVARA • DAYRIT • PICAYO
