ANAPHY CHAP 6 (SKELETAL SYSTEM)

Functions

1. Body Support – rigid, strong bone is well suited for bearing weight and is the
major supporting tissue of the body.

 Cartilage- provides firm yet flexible support within certain structures, such
as nose, external ear, thoracic cage, and trachea.
 Ligaments- are strong bands of fibrous connective tissue that attach to bones
and hold them together.

2. Organ Protect – bone is hard and protects the organs it surrounds.

3. Body Movement – Skeletal muscles attach to bones by tendons, which are

strong bonds od connective tissue. Contraction of the skeletal muscles moves the
bones, producing body movement. Joints, allow movement between bones. Smooth
cartilage covers the ends of bones within some joints, allowing the bones to move
freely. Ligaments allow some movement between bones but prevent excessive
movement.

 Tendons- connects muscles to bones.

 Joints- where two or more bones come together.
 Ligaments – connect bones to bones

4. Mineral Storage – some minerals in the blood- principally, calcium and

phosphorus - are sorted in bone. Should blood levels of minerals are released from
bone into the blood. If needed, the lipids are released into the blood and used by
other tissues as a source of energy.

5. Blood cell production – many bones contain cavities filled with re bone
marrow, which produces blood cells and platelets.
 Components of Skeletal System

• Bone

• Cartilage:

reduce friction and model for bone formation

• Tendons:

attach bone to muscle

• Ligaments:

attach bone to bone

Background Information

• Bones, cartilage, tendons, and ligaments are connective tissues.

• Proteoglycans:

- large polysaccharides attached to proteins

- part of ground substance

- store water

• Bone’s extracellular matrix is collagen and minerals (flexible and able to

bear weight)

• Cartilage’s extracellular matrix is collagen and proteoglycans (good

shock absorber)

• Tendons and ligaments’ extracellular matrix is collagen (very tough)

Classification of Bones

• Based on shape:

long, short, flat, irregular

• Type of bone tissue:

compact and spongy (cancellous)

Bone Shapes

• Long:

- Ex. Femur, tibia, fibula

• Short:

– Ex. Carpals, tarsals, phlanges

• Flat:

– Ex. Ribs, sternum, skull

• Irregular:

– Ex. Vertebrae and facial

 Long Bone Structures

• Diaphysis:

– shaft

– compact bone
tissue (on outside)

• Epiphysis:

– ends

– spongy bone tissue

• Articular cartilage:

- covers epiphyses

- reduces friction

• Epiphyseal plate:

– site of growth

– between diaphysis and

epiphysis

 Medullary cavity:

– center of diaphysis

– red or yellow marrow

• Periosteum:

– membrane around bone’s outer

surface

• Endosteum:
– membrane that lines medullary cavity
 Compact Bone Tissue

• Location:

outer part of diaphysis (long bones) and thinner surfaces of other bones

• Osteon:

- structural unit of compact

bone

- includes lamella, lacunae,

canaliculus, central
canal,

osteocytes

• Lamella:

rings of bone matrix

• Lacunae:

spaces between lamella

• Canaliculus:

- tiny canals

- transport nutrients and

remove waste

• Central canal:

- center of osteon

- contains blood vessels

 Spongy Bone Tissue

• Cancellous bone

• Location: epiphyses of long bones and center of other bones

• Trabeculae: interconnecting rods, spaces contain marrow

• No osteons
 Bone Cells

• Osteocytes:

maintain bone matrix

• Osteoblasts:

build bone

• Osteoclasts:

carve bone

Bone Formation

• Ossification:

process of bone formation (occurs in utero)

• Osteoblast’s role:

- build bone

- after an osteoblast becomes surrounded by bone

matrix it becomes an osteocyte

• Ossification center:

where bone formation begins

• Primary ossification center:

- where bone 1st begins to appear

- forms diaphyses

• Secondary ossification center:

forms epiphyses

Intramembranous Ossification
• Bone formation within connective tissue membranes

• Osteoblasts build bone

• Ex. Skull bones

 Endochondral Ossification

• Bone formation inside cartilage

• Cartilage models are replaced by bone

• Ex. All bones (except skull)

Steps in Endochondral Ossification

1. Chondroblasts build a cartilage model, the chrondroblasts become

chondrocytes.

2. Cartilage model calcifies (hardens).

3. Osteoblasts invade calcified cartilage and a primary ossification center forms

diaphysis.

4. Secondary ossification centers form epiphysis.

5. Original cartilage model is almost completely ossified and remaining

cartilage is articular cartilage.
 Bone Growth

• Infancy and youth:

- long bones lengthen at epiphyseal plate

- long bones widen by adding more lamella

• End of bone growth (in length):

epiphyseal plate is replaced by an epiphyseal line

 Bone Remodeling

• What is it?

- removal of existing bone by osteoclasts and deposition of new bone by

osteoblasts

- occurs in all bones

- responsible for changes in bone shape, bone repair, adjustment of bone to

stress, and calcium ion regulation

Bone Repair

1. Broken bone causes bleeding and a blood clot forms.

2. Callus forms which is a fibrous network between 2 fragments.

3. Cartilage model forms first then, osteoblasts enter the callus and form
cancellous bone this continues for 4-6 weeks after injury.

4. Cancellous bone is slowly remodeled to form compact and cancellous bone.

 Bone and Calcium Homeostasis

• Bone is a major storage site for calcium

• Movement of calcium in and out of bone helps determine blood levels of

calcium

• Calcium moves into bone as osteoblasts build new bone

• Calcium move out of bone as osteoclasts break down bone

• Calcium homeostasis is maintained by parathyroid hormone (PTH) and

calcitonin

Hematopoietic Tissue
• What is it?

tissue that makes blood cells

• Red marrow:

location of blood forming cells

• Yellow marrow:

mostly fat

• Location of hematopoietic tissue in newborns:

most bones (red marrow)

• Location of hematopoietic tissue in adults:

- red is replaced with yellow marrow

- red marrow is mainly in epiphyses of femur

and humerus

Bone Anatomy

• Foramen:

- hole

- Ex. Foramen magnum

• Fossa:

- depression

- Ex. Glenoid fossa

• Process:

- projection

- Ex. Mastoid process

• Condyle:
 - smooth, rounded end

- Ex. Occipital condyle

• Meatus:

- canal-like passageway

- Ex. External auditory meatus

• Tubercle:

- lump of bone

- Ex. Greater tubercle

 Axial Skeleton

• Mastoid process:

attached to neck muscles

• External auditory meatus:

ear canal

• Nasolacrimal canal:

- canal between nasal cavity and eye

- conducts tears

• Styloid process:

attachment site for tongue

• Mandibular fossa:

depression where lower jaw and skull meet

• Glenoid fossa:

where humerus meets scapula

• Hard palate:

roof of mouth

• Foramen magnum:

hole where spinal cord joins brainstem

• Zygomatic:

cheek bone

• Mandible:

lower jaw

• Maxilla:
upper jaw
 Vertebral Column

• 7 cervical vertebra

• 12 thoracic vertebra

• 5 lumbar vertebra

• 1 sacrum

• 1 coccyx

• Atlas:

- 1st vertebra

- holds head

• Axis:

- 2nd vertebra
- rotates head
 Functions of Vertebral Column

• Support

• Protect spinal cord

• Movement

Thoracic Cage

• Protects vital organs

• 12 pair of ribs

• Sternum:

breastbone

• True ribs:

attach directly to sternum by cartilage

• False ribs:
 attach indirectly to sternum by cartilage

• Floating ribs:

not attached to sternum

Pectoral Girdle

• Scapula:

shoulder blade

• Clavicle:

collar bone
 Upper Limb Bones

• Humerus:

upper limb

• Ulna:

forearm

• Radius:

forearm

• Carpals:
 wrist

• Metacarpals:

hand
 Pelvic Girdle

• Where lower limbs attach to body

• Pelvis:

includes pelvic girdle and coccyx

• Ischium:

inferior and posterior region

• Ilium:

most superior region

• Acetabulum:

hip socket (joint)

 Lower Limb Bones

• Femur:

thigh

• Patella:
 knee cap

• Tibia:

large lower leg

• Fibula:

small lower leg

• Tarsals:

ankle

• Metatarsals:

foot

• Phalanges:

toes and fingers

 Articulations

• What are they?

 where 2 bones come together (joint)

• Synarthrosis:

- nonmovable joint

- Ex. skull

• Amphiarthrosis:

- slightly movable joint

- Ex. Between vertebrae

• Diarthrosis:

- freely movable joint

- Ex. knee, elbow, wrist

 Types of Movement

• Flexion: bending

• Extension: straightening
• Abduction: movement away from midline

• Adduction: movement toward the midline

• Pronation: rotation of the forearm with palms down

• Supination: rotation of the forearm with palms up

• Rotation: movement of a structure about the long axis

 Effects of Aging on the Skeletal System and Joints
1. Decrease Collagen Production
2. Loss of Bone Density
3. Degenerative Changes