Practical Manual 2023-2024
Standard: 11th Subject: Chemistry
Quantitative analysis
Exp:1 : Preparation of Standard solution of Oxalic acid
Aim:
To prepare the standard solution of 0.1M oxalic acid
Theory:
The molecular mass of oxalic acid is 126. In order to prepare oxalic acid solution, 12.6 g
of oxalic acid should be dissolved per litre of solution. Alternatively= 3.15 g of oxalic
acid crystals should be dissolved in water and the solution be made exactly 250 ml.
Materials required:
Weight box, chemical balance, watch glass, 250 ml beaker, glass rod, 250 ml
measuring flask, wash bottle.
Procedure:
1. Take a watch glass, wash it with distilled water and then dry it.
2. Weigh the clean and dried watch glass accurately and record its weight in the note-
book.
3. Weigh 3.15 g oxalic acid on the watch glass accurately and record this weight in the
note-book.
4. Transfer gently and carefully oxalic acid from the watch glass into a clean and dry
measuring flask using a funnel. Wash the watch glass with distilled water with the help
of a wash bottle to transfer the particles sticking to it into funnel and add water to
dissolve the oxalic acid, finally fill the standard flask at the level of mark given. Close
the Standard flask with lid and shake well.
Result: The standard Solution of 0.1M oxalic acid is prepared.
Observation:
Weight of Dry Watch glass W1 g
Weight of Watch Glass with Oxalic acid W2 g
Weight of oxalic acid W2-W1= g
Volume of water added to prepare solution 250 mL
Exp:2 : Preparation of Standard solution of Sodium Carbonate
Aim: To prepare the 0.1N Sodium carbonate standard solution
Theory:
The molecular mass of Sodium carbonate is 106 g/mol
Equivalent mass of Sodium carbonate is 106/2= 53
Materials required:
Weight box, chemical balance, watch glass, 250 ml beaker, glass rod, 250 ml
measuring flask, wash bottle.
Procedure:
1. Take a watch glass, wash it with distilled water and then dry it.
2. Weigh the clean and dried watch glass accurately and record its weight in the note-
book.
3. Weigh 1.325 g sodium carbonate on the watch glass accurately and record this
weight in the note-book.
4. Transfer gently and carefully sodium carbonate from the watch glass into a clean and
dry measuring flask using a funnel. Wash the watch glass with distilled water with the
help of a wash bottle to transfer the particles sticking to it into funnel and add water to
dissolve the sodium carbonate, finally fill the standard flask at the level of mark given.
Close the Standard flask with lid and shake well.
Result:
The standard Solution of 0.1N sodium carbonate is prepared.
Observation:
Weight of Dry Watch glass W1 g
Weight of Watch Glass with sodium W2 g
carbonate
Weight of sodium carbonate W2-W1= g
Volume of water added to prepare solution 250 mL
Calculations:
1N sodium carbonate = 53g/1000 mL
0.1N sodium carbonate = 5.30 g/1000 Ml
Hence 0.1 N sodium carbonate in 250 mL is 1.325 g
Exp:3 : Sodium carbonate Vs Hydrochloric acid
Aim:
Determine the strength and molarity of the given solution of hydrochloric acid. Given is
0.05 M Na2CO3 solution
Theory:
1. The molarity of hydrochloric acid is determined by titrating it against the standard
solution of sodium carbonate using methyl orange as indicator.
2. Strength of the acid is determined by multiplying its molarity with its molecular mass
which is 36.5.
Materials required:
Burette, Burette stand, Pipette, Volumetric flask, conical flask, Funnel, sodium
carbonate and Hydrochloric acid.
Indicator: Methyl orange; End point : Yellow to pink
Procedure:
1. Take a burette and wash it with water.
2. Rinse the burette with the given solution of hydrochloric acid and fill it with it.
3. Rinse the pipette with the given sodium carbonate solution and pipette out 20 ml of
this solution in a washed titration flask.
4. Add 2-3 drops of methyl orange indicator to the titration flask and place it just below
the nozzle of the burette over a white glazed tile.
5. Note down the initial reading of the burette and run the acid solution slowly and
drop wise to the titration flask till the colour of the solution changes from yellow to light
pink.
6. Note the final reading and find the volume of hydrochloric acid used.
7. Repeat the procedure to take a set of at least three concordant readings.
Result:
The Molarity of HCl= ……………..M
The strength of HCl= ……………… g/L
Exp:4 : Soidum hydroxide Vs Oxalic acid
Aim:
Determine the strength and molarity of the given solution of sodium hydroxide. You are
provided with M/20 (0.05 M) Oxalic acid solution
Theory:
Here, the sodium hydroxide solution is taken in burette and a known volume (20.0 ml)
of the oxalic acid solution is taken in the titration flask. The titration is carried out using
phenolphthalein as indicator.
Materials required:
Burette, Burette stand, Pipette, Volumetric flask, conical flask, Funnel, sodium
carbonate and Hydrochloric acid.
Indicator: Phenolphthalein, End point : Colourless to pink.
Procedure:
Take a burette and wash it with water.
2. Rinse and then fill the burette with the given sodium hydroxide solution. Clamp it
vertically in burette stand.
3. Rinse the pipette with the given oxalic acid solution.
4. Pipette out 20 ml of the oxalic acid solution in a washed titration flask.
5. Add 1-2 drops of phenolphthalein indicator into it and place it just below the nozzle of
the burette over a white glazed tile.
6. Note down the lower meniscus of the solution in the burette and record it as the initial
burette reading.
7. Now run the sodium hydroxide solution slowly and dropwise into the flask till a very
faint permanent pink colour is just obtained. Read the lower meniscus of the solution
again in the burette and record it as final burette reading.
8. Repeat the procedure until three concordant readings are obtained.
Result:
The Molarity of NaOH ……………..M
The strength of NaOH= ……………… g/L
Exp.5. Determination of Melting point of organic compound
Aim: To determine the melting point of the given solid substance.
Martials Requirements:
100 ml beaker, thermometer, iron stand, clamp, tripod stand, stirrer, thin-walled
capillary tube 8 to 10 cm long and 1 to 2 mm diameter, spatula. Liquid paraffin.
Procedure:
1. Powder the crystalline substance. Take a capillary tube and seal its one end by heating. For
filling the substance make a heap of the powdered substance on the porous plate. Push the
open end of the capillary tube into the heap. Some substance will enter into it. Now tap the
sealed end of the capillary tube on the porous plate gently. Fill the capillary tube up to 2-3 mm.
2. Attach the capillary tube to a thermometer which is immersed in a bath of liquid paraffin. The
surface tension of the bath liquid is sufficient to hold the capillary tube in position.
3. Heat the beaker slowly and go on stirring the liquid in the beaker so that the temperature
remains uniform throughout. For this, a glass loop stirrer is moved up and down. When the
temperature is within 15° of the melting point of the pure substance, the flame is lowered.
Now, the temperature is allowed to rise slowly.
4. The temperature is noted when the substance starts melting. The temperature is noted again
when it is completely melted. The average of the two readings gives the melting point of the
substance.
Precautions:
1. Use dry and powdered sample for the determination of melting point.
2. Keep the lower end of the capillary tube and the thermometer at the same level.
3. Packing of the powder should be uniform without any big air gaps in between the
solid particles.
4. Heating should be gradual and the bath should be stirred regularly to maintain
uniform temperature.
5. The bulb of the thermometer and the capillary sticking to it should not touch the
side or the bottom of the beaker.
6. Do not use rubber band for attaching the capillary tube to the thermometer.
Result:
The melting point of the given substance is ……………
Observations:
Temperature at which the unknown substance begins to melt = t1°C
Temperature at which the substance completely melts = t2°C
Melting point of the unknown substance = (t1+t2)/2 °C
Exp. 6.Determination of Boiling point of a liquid
Aim:
To determine the Boiling point of the given solid substance.
Materials Requirements:
100 ml coming glass beaker, a small thin walled test tube, thermometer, a capillary
tube, a tripod stand, wire gauze, stirrer, iron stand with clamp, liquid paraffin or cone,
sulphuric acid and the given liquid.
Procedure:
1. Take a small test tube and fill it two-third with the given liquid whose boiling point is to
be determined. Fix this tube to the thermometer with a rubber band. The rubber band
should be fixed near the mouth of the tube so that it remains outside the liquid paraffin
bath. Adjust the tube so that the bottom of the tube is somewhere at the middle of the
thermometer bulb.
2. Clamp the thermometer carrying test tube in an iron stand through a cork. Lower the
thermometer along with the tube into a liquid paraffin bath. Adjust the thermometer so
that its bulb is well under the acid and open end of the tube with the rubber band is
sufficiently outside the acid bath.
3. Take a capillary tube 5-6 cm in length and seal it at about one cm from one end by
heating it in flame and giving a slight twist. Place this capillary in the test tube so that
sealed part of it stands in the liquid.
4. Start heating the liquid paraffin bath slowly and stir the bath gently. Keep an eye on
the liquid and the test tube and also on the thread of the mercury in the thermometer. At
first a bubble or two will be seen escaping at the end of the capillary dipping in the
liquid, but soon a rapid and continuous stream of air bubbles escapes from it. This is
the stage when the vapour pressure of the liquid in the sealed capillary just exceeds the
atmospheric pressure. Note the temperature when continuous stream of bubbles starts
coming out. Remove the flame and note the temperature when the evolution of bubbles
from the end of, the capillary tube just stops. The mean of these two temperatures gives
the boiling point of the liquid.
5. Allow the temperature fall by 10°C and repeat the heating and again note the boiling
point.
Precautions:
1. Keep the lower end of the ignition tube and the thermometer bulb at the same level.
2. Record the temperature as the boiling point at which brisk and continuous evolution
of the bubbles starts from the lower end of the capillary dipped in the liquid organic
compound.
3. If on placing the sealed capillary tube in the test tube, the liquid is seen rising in the
capillary tube, it indicates that the capillary tube is not properly sealed. Reject this
capillary tube and use a sealed new one.
4. The sealed point of the capillary tube should be well within the liquid.
5. The paraffin bath must be heated very slowly and the paraffin stirred to ensure
uniform heating.
Note. Paraffin can be safely heated upto 220°C while conc. H 2SO4 can be heated upto
280°C.For finding the melting points of solids, having lower melting points, liquid
paraffin may be used while for solids having melting points greater than 200°C
conc. H2SO4 may be used.
Result:
The boiling point of the liquid is ……………………..
Exp.7: Crystallization of Copper sulphate
Aim: To Prepare Crystals of Pure Copper Sulphate (CuSO4.5H2O) from a given
impure sample of the blue vitriol.
Theory:
The given sample is shaken with water. A few drops of dilute sulphuric acid are added
to it in order to prevent hydrolysis of copper sulphate. Copper sulphate present in the
sample gets dissolved while the insoluble impurities are left behind. The solution is
filtered. The filtrate is concentrated to the crystallisation point and then cooled. On
cooling, crystals of copper sulphate (CuSO4.5H2O) separate out.
Materials required:
Crude sample of copper sulphate, a 400 ml beaker, a china dish, a funnel, an
evaporating dish and a policeman (glass rod).
Procedure:
1. Preparation of Solution. Take about 25-30 ml of water and add to it small quantities
of the powdered crude copper sulphate. Stir well to dissolve it. Make several additions
of the powdered sample till a little of it remains undissolved even if it is stirred for
sometime. Now add 2-3 ml of dilute sulphuric acid to make the solution clear. This
prevents hydrolysis of the copper sulphate.
2. Filtration of the Solution and Concentration of the Filtrate to Crystallisation
point. Filter the solution and collect the filtrate in a china impurities are left as residue
on the filter paper. Heat the china dish on a sand bath till the solution is reduced to
about one-third of its original volume. As the solution gets heated up, it is stirred well
with a glass rod to avoid crust formation on the side of the dish. If the crust is formed, it
is dissolved into the solution by removing it with glass rod. Don’t allow the solution in
the dish to boil.
Remove a drop of the solution at the end of a glass rod and cool it by blowing. The
appearance of a crust or tiny crystals on the glass rod shows that the crystallisation
point has reached. Now turn off the burner and stop heating. Transfer the hot saturated
solution in a crystallising dish.
3. Cooling the Hot Saturated Solution. Place the crystallisation dish containing hot
saturated solution on a beaker containing water filled to the brim and allow it to cool
slowly for sometime. Deep blue crystals of copper sulphate will appear. After about half
an hour, the crystallisation is complete.
4. Separation of Crystals and Drying. Decant off the mother liquor carefully. Wash
the crystals with a little ethyl alcohol containing small amount of cold water. Re¬move
the crystals on a filter paper which soaks the solution. Transfer the crystals on another
filter paper and dry them by pressing gently between the folds of the filter
papers or by spreading on a porous plate. Transfer the crystals to a dry test tube and
cork it
Result:
The crystals of pure copper sulphate (CuSO4.5H2O) are triclinic, transparent and
blue.
Salt NO: 1 Ammonium carbonate
Experiment Observation Inference
Colour: Colour of the salt is Colourless Absence of Cu2+, Fe2+, Ni2+
noted
Odour: The smell of the salt Ammonia smell Presence of NH4+
is noted
Flame Test:
To a little of the salt add
Conc:HCl in a watch glass and No characteristic flame Absence of Ca2+,Sr2+,Ba2+
show the paste to the flame
with the help of glass rod
Dry heating test: Ammonia gas formed gives
A little of the salt is heated in white fumes with glass rod Presence of NH4+
a dry test tube dipped in dil:HCl shown to
mouth of the test tube
4. Ash Test:
To a little of the salt, cobalt No characteristic ash is Absence of Al3+,Zn2+,Mg2+
nitrate and Conc: HNO3 is formed
added. Dip a filter paper and
burn it to ash
Dil: sulphuric acid test:
A little of the salt is treated A colourless gas evolved with Presence of Carbonate (CO32--)
with dil: H2SO4 brisk effervescence
KMnO4 test:
To a little of the salt, dil: Pink colour of KMnO4 was Absence of Cl-,Br-,I-
H2SO4 is added warmed and not discharged
then a drop of KMnO4
solution is added
Test for Nitrate:
A little of the salt is treated No brown fumes Absence of NO3-
with conc. H2SO4 and a paper
ball is added to it
Test for Sulphate:
A little of salt solution is No white precipitate Absence of SO42-
added with BaCl2 solution
Test for Phosphate:
A little of salt solution is
treated with Conc: HNO3 and No yellow precipitate Absence of Phosphate PO43—
ammonium molybdate
solution
Confirmatory test for
Carbonate (CO32-)
To a little of the salt solution White precipitate Presence of carbonate
magnesium sulphate solution confirmed
was added CO32- +MgSO4MgCO3 +SO42-
Systematic analysis of basic radical (Cations)
Analysis of basic radical
(cation)
1. Heat a pinch of salt with Ammonia gas is evolved NH4+ present(group 0)
NaOH solution which fumes with glass rod NH4Cl +NaOHNaCl +H2O +NH3
dipped in dil HCl NH3 +HClNH4Cl
Confirmatory test for
Ammonium
Nesslers reagent test
To a little of the salt solution Reddish brown precipitate Presence of NH4+ confirmed
add few drops of Nesslers was obtained 2K2[HgI4]+NH3+3KOH
reagent and NaOH NH2.HgO.HgI+7KI+2H2O
(Brown ppt)
Result:
The given salt contains
Acid radical (Anion):
Carbonate (CO32-)
Basic radical (cation):
Ammonium(NH4+)
Salt NO :2 Aluminium sulphate
Experiment Observation Inference
1. Colour: Colour of the salt is Colourless Absence of Cu2+, Fe2+, Ni2+
noted
2. Odour: The smell of the salt is No characteristic smell Absence of CH3COO—or NH4+
noted
3. Flame Test:
To a little of the salt add
Conc:HCl in a watch glass and No characteristic flame colour Absence of Ca2+, Sr2+ or Ba2+ ion
show the paste to the flame with
the help of glass rod
4. Ash Test:
To a little of the salt, cobalt Blue ash Presence of Al3+ ion
nitrate and Conc: HNO3 is
added. Dip a filter paper and
burn it to ash
5. Dry heating test: A white residue glows on heating Ba2+, Sr2+, Ca2+ , Mg2+, Al2+ may
A little of the salt is heated in a be present
dry test tube
6. Dil: sulphuric acid test:
A little of the salt is treated with No characteristic change Absence of CO32--, CH3COO-
Dil: H2SO4
7. KMnO4 test:
To a little of the salt, dil H2SO4 is No characteristic change Absence of cl--, Br--, I—
added, warmed and then a drop
of KMnO4 solution added.
Conc: H2SO4 test:
A little of the salt is treated with No characteristic observation Absence of Cl-,Br-,I-
Conc: H2SO4 and heated
Test for nitrate:
A little of the salt is treated with
Conc H2SO4 and paper ball is No characteristic observation Absence of Nitrate (NO3--)
added to it
Test for Sulphate:
A little of salt solution is added A white precipitate insoluble in Presence of Sulphate (SO42—)
with dil HCl and BaCl2 solution Conc: HCl
Test for Phosphate:
A little of salt solution is treated No yellow precipitate Absence of Phosphate( PO43—)
with Conc: HNO3 and ammonium
molybdate solution
Confirmatory test for Sulphate
(SO42—)
1. To a little of salt solution, Lead A white precipitate formed Presence of Sulphate SO42—
acetate solution added confirmed
Systematic Analysis of basic
radical (cation)
Salt is added with distilled water
and shaken, original solution is
prepared
1. A little of salt solution is No ammonia gas evolved Absence of group zero (NH4+)
treated with NaOH solution
2. To a little of original solution No white precipitate Absence of group I (Pb2+)
dil. HCl is added
3. To the above solution H2S gas No precipitate Absence of group II (Cu2+)
is passed
4. To a little of the original A white gelatinous precipitate Presence of group III (Al3+)
solution solid NH4Cl and excess formed
of NH4OH solution to added
Confirmatory for Aluminium
(Basic radical)
1. Lake test:
Dissolved the above white Blue precipitate floating in the Presence of Al3+confirmed
precipitate in dil HCl and added colourless solution
two drops of blue litmus
solution. To this NH4OH added
dropwise till blue colour formed
2. Ash test:
To a little of the salt added a few Blue coloured ash is obtained Presence of Al3+confirmed
drops of conc HNO3 and cobalt
nitrate solution. A filter paper
dipped into this solution is burnt
to ash
Result:
The given salt contains
Acid radical (anion) : SO42—
Basic radical (cation) : Al3+
SALT NO: 3 Calcium Chloride
Experiment Oservation Inference
Colour: Colour of the salt is colourless Absence of Cu2+, Fe2+, Ni2+
noted
Odour: The smell of the salt is No specific odour Absence of CH3COO—or NH4+
noted
Flame Test:
To a little of the salt add
Conc:HCl in a watch glass and Brick red flame Presence of Ca2+
show the paste to the flame
with the help of glass rod
Dry heating test: A colourless gas having
A little of the salt is heated in pungent smell is evolved. The
a dry test tube gas gives white fumes when a Presence of Cl-
glass rod dipped in aqueous
NH3 is brought near the
mouth of the test tube
4. Ash Test:
To a little of the salt, cobalt No characteristic ash is Absence of Al3+,Zn2+,Mg2+
nitrate and Conc: HNO3 is formed
added. Dip a filter paper and
burn it to ash
Dil: sulphuric acid test:
A little of the salt is treated No gas evolved Absence of CO32--, CH3COO-
with dil H2SO4
KMnO4 test: Pink colour of KMnO4 was
To a little of the salt, dil H2SO4 discharged with evolution of Presence of Cl-
is added warmed and then a yellowish green gas having
drop of KMnO4 solution pungent smell
added
Conc: H2SO4 test:
A little of the salt is treated A colourless gas having Cl- may be present
with Conc: H2SO4 and heated pungent smell is evolved
Test for Nitrate:
A little of the salt is treated No brown fumes Absence of NO3-
with conc. H2SO4 and a paper
ball is added to it
Test for Sulphate:
A little of salt solution is No white precipatate Absemce of SO42+
added with BaCl2 solution
Test for Phosphate:
A little of salt solution is No yellow precipitate Absence of Phosphate PO43—
treated with Conc: HNO3 and
ammonium molybdate
solution
Confirmatory test for
Chloride (Cl-)
1. A little of salt solution, is A white curdy precipitate is Presence of Cl- is confirmed
treated with dil:HNO3 and formed which is soluble in
AgNO3 solution NH4OH
2.Chromyl chloride test:
Add a pinch of K2Cr2O7 and Red oily vapour evolved which Presence of Cl- confirmed
conc :H2SO4 to the salt and gives a yellow ppt with lead
heated acetate
Systematic analysis of basic radical (Cations)
Analysis of basic radical
(cation)
1. Heat a pinch of salt with No ammonia gas is evolved NH4+ absent(group 0)
NaOH solution
Preparation of original
solution
Shake the salt with water Solution obtained Labelled as original solution
(OS)
2. To a little of the O.S add No precipitate formed Group I (Pb2+) absent
1ml dil: HCl
3. To the above solution No black precipitate Group II (Cu2+) absent
passed H2S gas
4. To a little of the O.S solid No white gelatinous Group III (Al3+) absent
NH4Cl and NH4OH is added precipitate
5. To the above solution pass No white precipitate Group IV (Zn2+) absent
H2S gas
6. To a little of the O.S, solid white precipitate formed Presence of Group V
NH4Cl and excess of NH4OH (Ca2+, Ba2+ or Sr2+
and (NH4)2CO3 solution added
Confirmatory test for Group
V (Ba2+ , Sr2+ or Ca2+)
To a little of the salt solution No yellow precipitate Absence of Ba2+
add potassium chromate
solution
To a little of the original No white precipitate Absence of Sr2+
solution add ammonium
sulphate solution
To a little of the original A white precipitate Presence of Ca2+ confirmed
solution, add ammonium
oxalate
Flame Test:
To a little of salt add Conc.HCl Brick red flame Presence of Ca2+ confirmed
in a watch glass and the paste
is shown to flame with the
help of glass rod
Result:
The given salt contains
Acid radical (Anion):
Chloride (Cl-)
Basic radical (cation):
Calcium(Ca2+)
1. Colour: Colour of the salt is Colourless Absence of Cu2+, Fe2+, Ni2+
noted
2. Odour: The smell of the salt is Vinegar smell Presence of CH3COO—
noted
3. Flame T est:
To a little of the salt add
Conc:HCl in a watch glass and No characteristic flame colour Absence of Ca2+, Sr2+, Ba2+
show the paste to the flame with
the help of glass rod
4. Ash Test:
To a little of the salt, cobalt No coloured ash Absence of Al3+, Zn2+ , Mg2+
nitrate and Conc: HNO3 is
added. Dip a filter paper and
burn it to ash
5. Dry heating test:
A little of the salt is heated in a Vinegar smell Presence of CH3COO—
dry test tube
6. Dil: sulphuric acid test:
A little of the salt is treated with
dil: H2SO4 No characteristic observation Absence of CO32-,SO32-,NO2-
7. KMnO4 test:
To a little of the salt, dil H2SO4 is Pink colour of KMnO4 was not Cl--, Br--, I—, C2O42- are absent
added, warmed and then a drop discharged
of KMnO4 solution added.
8. Conc: H2SO4 acid test: Colourless vapour with Vinegar Presence of CH3COO-
A little of the salt is treated with smell turns blue litmus red CH3COO- + H+ CH3COOH
Conc: H2SO4 and heated
9. Test for nitrate:
A little of the salt is treated with No reddish brown vapour Absence of Nitrate (NO3--)
Conc H2SO4 and paper ball is
added to it
10.Test for Sulphate:
A little of salt solution is added No white precipitate Absence of Sulphate (SO42—)
with dil HCl and BaCl2 solution
11.Test for Phosphate: No yellow precipitate Absence of Phosphate( PO43—)
A little of salt solution is treated
with Conc: HNO3 and ammonium
molybdate solution
Confirmatory test for Acetate
1. Neutral ferric Chloride
An aqueous solution of the Reddish brown colour Presence of acetate (CH3COO-) is
substance is treated with a few confirmed
drops of neutral FeCl3 solution CH3COO+FeCl3Fe(CH3COO)3+Cl-
2. A little of the salt solution is Vinegar smell Presence of acetate (CH3COO-) is
treated with oxalic acid confirmed
CH3COO- + H+ CH3COOH
Systematic Analysis of basic
radical (cation)
A stock solution of the substance
is prepared in water/dil.HCl
1. Group zero (NH4+)
A little of the stock solution is
warmed with NaOH No ammonia smell Absence of group zero (NH4+)
2. Group I (Pb2+)
A little of the stock solution is
treated with dil.HCl White precipitate Presence of group I (Pb2+)
Pb2+ +2Cl- PbCl2
Confirmatory test of lead ( Pb2+)
a) To the stock solution of the
substance add potassium Yellow precipitate Presence of Lead (Pb2+) confirmed
Chromate solution Pb2+ +CrO42-- PbCrO4
b) To the stock solution of the Yellow precipitate soluble in hot Presence of (Pb2+) confirmed
salt add KI solution water and reprecipitating as Pb2+ +2l- PbI2
golden spangles on cooling
Result:
The given salt contains
Acid radical (anion):
Acetate (CH3COO-)
Basic radical (cation) :
Lead (Pb2+)
Salt NO :5 Ammonium acetate
Experiment Observation Inference
Colour: Colour of the salt is Colourless Absence of Cu2+, Fe2+, Ni2+
noted
Odour: The smell of the salt Ammonia smell Presence of NH4+
is noted Vinegar smell Presence of acetate
Flame Test:
To a little of the salt add
Conc:HCl in a watch glass and No characteristic flame Absence of Ca2+,Sr2+,Ba2+
show the paste to the flame
with the help of glass rod
Dry heating test: Ammonia gas formed gives
A little of the salt is heated in white fumes with glass rod Presence of NH4+
a dry test tube dipped in dil:HCl shown to
mouth of the test tube
4. Ash Test:
To a little of the salt, cobalt No characteristic ash is Absence of Al3+,Zn2+,Mg2+
nitrate and Conc: HNO3 is formed
added. Dip a filter paper and
burn it to ash
Dil: sulphuric acid test:
A little of the salt is treated No characteristic observation Absence of Carbonate ,
with dil: H2SO4 sulphite,nitrite
KMnO4 test:
To a little of the salt, dil: Pink colour of KMnO4 was Absence of Cl-,Br-,I-
H2SO4 is added warmed and not discharged
then a drop of KMnO4
solution is added
Test with conc: H2SO4
A little of the salt is treated Vinegar smell Presence of acetate
with conc: H2SO4
Test for Nitrate:
A little of the salt is treated
with conc. H2SO4 and a paper No brown fumes Absence of NO3-
ball is added to it
Test for Sulphate:
A little of salt solution is No white precipitate Absence of SO42-
added with BaCl2 solution
Test for Phosphate:
A little of salt solution is
treated with Conc: HNO3 and No yellow precipitate Absence of Phosphate PO43—
ammonium molybdate
solution
1) Confirmatory test for
acetate Reddish brown precipitate Presence of acetate confirmed
To a little of the salt solution
add neutral FeCl3
2) To a little of the salt
solution add oxalic acid Vinegar smell Presence of acetate confirmed
Systematic
Analysis analysis
of basic of basic
radical (cat radical (Cations)
1. Heat a pinch of salt with Ammonia gas is evolved NH4+ present(group 0)
NaOH solution which fumes with glass rod NH4Cl +NaOHNaCl +H2O +NH3
dipped in dil HCl NH3 +HClNH4Cl
Confirmatory test for
Ammonium
Nesslers reagent test
To a little of the salt solution Reddish brown precipitate Presence of NH4+ confirmed
add few drops of Nesslers was obtained 2K2[HgI4]+NH3+3KOH
reagent and NaOH NH2.HgO.HgI+7KI+2H2O
(Brown ppt)
Result:
The given salt contains
Acid radical (Anion):
Acetate (CH3COO-)
Basic radical (cation):
Ammonium(NH4+)
