Electrical Measurement and Instrumentations

Instrument Transformer

Dr. Saumendra Sarangi

Electrical Engineering
Faculty of EED, MNNIT, Allahabad

Dr. Haitham El-Hussieny

 Instrument Transformers

•A transformer that is used in conjunction with a

measuring instrument

•It utilizes the current-transformation and voltage

transformation properties to measure high ac current and
voltage

• They also provide isolation

2
 Where to use Instrument Transformers

•To measure high currents and high Voltages

•Why can’t we use voltmeter with very high series

resistance and ammeter with very low shunt resistance?

3
Disadvantages of Shunts & Multipliers

Shunts
•Time constant should be same for meter
and shunt
• Power consumption increases
• Insulation problems (for high voltages)
• No Isolation
Multipliers (Series resistance)
• Power consumption
•Leakage currents, so good insulators
used , hence costly
• No isolation
4
Types of Instrument Transformers

• Current transformer

• Potential (Voltage) transformer

5
 Current Transformers

• Secondary is usually 5 A or 1A (Standard)

•5 A is sufficient for a relay to operate and for a

meter to measure

6
Current Transformers

7
Potential Transformers

8
 Point to note about CT
•Primary current depends on load, but not on the burden

•Current coil of Wattmeter or Ammeter is connected across

the terminal of the secondary or Relay

•Secondary operates near short circuit conditions

•One of the terminal of CT secondary winding is earthed

9
Types of CT

10
Constructional Details of Window CT

11
Constructional Details of Window CT
Layer 2

Layer 1

Cor
e

12
Constructional Details of wound CT

Primary
Connections

Primary Winding

Secondary
Winding

13
Care, while operating with CT

14
Standards of CT

15
Usually current is measured in terms of voltage across
a standard resistor

16
Connections of CT and PT

17
Potential Transformer

18
19
 Points to note about PT

•Secondary is connected voltmeter or Potential coil

of the Wattmeter or Relay

•Design is similar to Power Transformer, but

Potential Transformers are lightly loaded

• Secondary is usually rated for 110 V

• Should not be shorted

20
Construction of PT

For the same power rating voltage transformer is costly than power
transformer (large core & conductor size)

•Output is small (and accurate)

• Shell type core – Low voltage

• Co-axial windings

21
 Construction of PT

•Insulation: Cotton tape and varnished

cambric as insulation for coil

• Oil immersed for more than 7 kV

• Oil filled bushing for oil filled transformer

•If one side of the primary winding is at neutral,

one bushing is sufficient

22
 Comparison of Power Transformer and Instrument Transformer
Sl Instrument Transformer Power Transformer
NO

1 Mainly used to reduce the voltage and current for the Mainly used to change the
measurement of voltage, current, power and energy voltage levels in power system

2 Handles very less power Transform huge power to load

3 Basically Step Down Used as both Step-up and Step

Down

4 Since load current is small exciting is comparatively higher Exciting current is a small
fraction fraction of a secondary winding
current
23
 Comparison Between Power Transformer and Instrument Transformer

Sl Instrument Transformer Power Transformer

NO

5 Accuracy is main consideration and cost is Cost is main consideration in the design
second consideration while efficiency and regulation are the
second consideration

6 Heating is less Heating is high

7 Temperature rise is not a factor Limitation on the load is due to

temperature rise

8 Examples are Potential Transformer and Examples are Power and Distribution
Current Transformer Transformer
24
Basic Equation of CT and PT

25
CT Equivalent Circuit

26
Knee point of CT

27
 CT BURDEN

CT BURDEN : Is the amount of the

impedance connected to the CT
secondary and rated in Ohms or VA

The burden is high the voltage

drop across the secondary side
increases and this results in
increase in voltage across the
primary side
Hence the Exciting current
increases due to which the ERROR
increases
CT BURDEN according to Different Meters
Types of CT

30
Types of CT

31
Different ratios for CT and PT

32
 Different ratios for CT and PT
Primary Phaosr
Transformation Ratio=
Secondary Phasor
Primary Current
= for a CT
Secondary Current
Primary voltage
= for a PT
Secondary voltage

Nominal Ratios : it is the ratio of rated current(or voltage) to the rated

secondary current(or voltage)
Rated Primary current
Nominal Ratio= for a CT
Rated Secondary current
Rated Primary Voltage
Nominal Ratio= for a PT
Rated Secondary volatge
33
 Different ratios for CT and PT

Number of turns os secondary winding

Turns Ratio=
Number of turns primary winding

𝑁𝑆
Turns Ratio= 𝐾𝑇 = for a CT
𝑁𝑃

𝑁𝑃
Turns Ratio=𝐾𝑇 = for a PT
𝑁𝑆

Basically for transformer 𝐼𝑆 𝑁𝑆 = 𝐼𝑃 𝑁𝑃

𝑁
Then 𝐼𝑃 = 𝐼𝑆 𝑁𝑆 𝐼𝑃 = 𝐼𝑆 𝐾𝑇 for a CT
𝑃 𝐼𝑆
𝐼𝑃 = for a PT 34
𝐾𝑇
 𝑩
Phasor Diagram C
A
90 − (𝛼 + 𝜃)
𝑰𝒔 𝑲𝑻
𝛽

𝑰𝒄 𝜃 𝑰𝟎
𝛼 𝑰𝒄 ∅𝒔

∟
𝑰𝒎
Dr. Haitham 𝑰𝒔
El-Hussieny
𝜃
𝐸𝑆 = 𝑉𝑆 +𝑅𝑆 𝐼𝑆 +j 𝑋𝑆 𝐼𝑆
𝑽𝒔 𝐼𝑝 = 𝐾𝑇 𝐼𝑆 + 𝐼0 𝐶𝑜𝑠 (90 − (𝛼 + 𝜃))
𝐼𝑝′ = 𝐾𝑇 𝐼𝑆 𝑰𝒔 𝑹𝒔
𝐼𝑝 = 𝐾𝑇 𝐼𝑆 + 𝐼0 Sin (𝛼 + 𝜃)
C
𝐼𝑃 = 𝐾𝑇 𝐼𝑆 + 𝐼𝑜 𝑰𝒔 𝑿𝒔 𝜃 𝑖𝑠 𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑦 𝑠𝑚𝑎𝑙𝑙
E𝒔

𝐼𝑜 = 𝐼𝑐 + 𝐼𝑚 𝐼𝑝 = 𝐾𝑇 𝐼𝑆 + 𝐼0 Sin (𝛼)
 𝑩
Phasor Diagram C
A
90 − (𝛼 + 𝜃)
𝑰𝒔 𝑲𝑻
𝛽

𝑰𝒄 𝜃 𝑰𝟎
𝛼 𝑰𝒄 ∅𝒔

∟
𝑰𝒎
Dr. Haitham 𝑰𝒔
El-Hussieny
𝜃

𝑽𝒔 𝐼𝑝 = 𝐾𝑇 𝐼𝑆 + 𝐼0 𝐶𝑜𝑠 (90 − (𝛼 + 𝜃))

𝑰𝒔 𝑹𝒔
𝐼𝑝 = 𝐾𝑇 𝐼𝑆 + 𝐼0 Sin (𝛼 + 𝜃)
C
𝐼𝑃 𝑰𝒔 𝑿𝒔
E𝒔
𝜃 𝑖𝑠 𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑦 𝑠𝑚𝑎𝑙𝑙
A 𝑰𝟎 90 − (𝛼 + 𝜃)

𝑂 𝑰𝒔 𝑲𝑻 𝑩 𝐼𝑝 = 𝐾𝑇 𝐼𝑆 + 𝐼0 Sin (𝛼)
ERRORs in CT C

𝜃 𝑖𝑠 𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑦 𝑠𝑚𝑎𝑙𝑙, Hence 𝐼𝑝

𝛽 A 90 − (𝛼 + 𝜃)

𝑂 𝑰𝒔/ 𝑲𝑻 𝑩

𝐼𝑝 = 𝐾𝑇 𝐼𝑆 + 𝐼𝑐
Dr. Haitham
El-Hussieny 𝑃𝑟𝑖𝑚𝑎𝑟𝑦 𝐶𝑢𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡
Thus Actual current ratio= 𝐾𝐶 = R =𝑆𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑎𝑟𝑦 𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡

𝐾𝑇 𝐼𝑆 +𝐼𝑐 𝐼𝑐
𝐾𝐶 = = 𝐾𝑇 +
𝐼𝑆 𝐼𝑆
Phase Angle Error in CT
C

𝜃 𝑖𝑠 𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑦 𝑠𝑚𝑎𝑙𝑙, Hence 𝐼𝑝

𝛽 A 90 − (𝛼 + 𝜃)

𝑂 𝑰𝒔 𝑲𝑻 𝑩

𝐵𝐶 𝐼𝑐
tan 𝛽 = 𝑂𝐵 = 𝐾
Dr. Haitham
𝑇 𝐼𝑆 +𝐼𝑚
El-Hussieny
𝐼0 𝐶𝑜𝑠(𝛼+𝜃)
tan 𝛽 =
𝐾𝑇 𝐼𝑆 +𝐼0 𝑆𝑖𝑛 (𝛼+𝜃)

𝑆𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝛽 𝑖𝑠 𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑦 𝑠𝑚𝑎𝑙𝑙, tan 𝛽 = 𝛽, and 𝐼0 is very small compared 𝐾𝑇 𝐼𝑆

Hence,
𝐼0 𝐶𝑜𝑠(𝛼+𝜃) 𝐼0 𝐶𝑜𝑠 𝛼 𝑖𝑛 𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑛
𝛽= =
𝐾𝑇 𝐼𝑆 𝐾𝑇 𝐼𝑆
 Phase Angle Error in CT
C
𝐼𝑝
𝛽 A 90 − (𝛼 + 𝜃)

𝑂 𝑰𝒔/ 𝑲𝑻 𝑩

𝑆𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑒Dr.
𝛽Haitham
𝑖𝑠 𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑦 𝑠𝑚𝑎𝑙𝑙, tan 𝛽 = 𝛽, and 𝐼0 is very small compared 𝐾𝑇 𝐼𝑆
El-Hussieny

Hence,

𝐼0 𝐶𝑜𝑠(𝛼) 180 𝑖𝑛 𝑑𝑒𝑔𝑟𝑒𝑒𝑠

𝛽=
𝐾𝑇 𝐼𝑆
× 𝜋
=
Errors in CT

Dr. Haitham
El-Hussieny
Errors in CT

Dr. Haitham
El-Hussieny
Transformer on NO Load

Assuming Transformer is Ideal

NO Losses
Dr. Haitham
El-Hussieny

Means no heating Effect Heating effect due to

Resistance of winding: Primary and Secondary resistance , R1 and R2

Magnetic core losses : heating effect of core due hysteresis and Eddy current

NO leakage Flux
Transformer during NO Load

Assuming Transformer is Ideal

No resistance
No core loss
NO leakage Flux
Dr. Haitham
El-Hussieny

The errors in the potential transformer are due to

resistance
core loss
leakage Flux
Equivalent CKT Diagram PT Referred to Secondary Side

Dr. Haitham
El-Hussieny
 Potential Transformer Equations
Secondary Side voltage
𝐸𝑆 = 𝑉𝑆 + 𝐼𝑆 𝑅𝑆 +j 𝐼𝑆 𝑋𝑆
Currents are related as
𝐼𝑆 𝑁𝑃
𝐼𝑆 𝑁𝑆 = 𝐼𝑃 𝑁𝑃 𝐼𝑃 =𝐼𝑆
𝑁𝑆
𝐼𝑝′ = 𝐾𝑇 =
𝑁𝑃 𝐾𝑇 𝑁𝑆

Voltages are related

Dr. Haitham as
El-Hussieny 𝑁𝑃
𝐸𝑆 𝑁𝑃 = 𝐸𝑃 𝑁𝑆 𝐸𝑆 = 𝐸𝑃 𝐸𝑃′ = 𝐾𝑇 𝐸𝑆
𝑁𝑆
Primary current is
𝐼𝑃 = 𝐼𝑃 + 𝐼0
No Load current is 𝐼0 = 𝐼𝑚 + 𝐼𝑐

Primary voltage is 𝑉𝑃 = 𝐸𝑃′ + 𝐼𝑃 𝑅𝑃 +j 𝐼𝑃 𝑋𝑃

 (90 − 𝜃)
Phasor Diagram 𝜃
B
A 𝜃
Vp
𝜃
𝑰𝒑 𝑿𝒑 G
𝑰𝒑 𝑹𝒑

Ep F
∅

𝛽 𝑲𝑻 𝑰𝒔 𝑿𝒔 ∅
𝑫
∅𝑲
Dr. Haitham 𝑻 𝑰𝒔 𝑹𝒔 𝜃
El-Hussieny C

𝑲𝑻 𝑽𝑺

𝑰𝒑
𝜃
𝑰𝒔/ 𝑲𝑻
𝑰𝒄 𝑰𝟎

O ∅
∅ 𝑰𝒎

𝑰𝒔 𝑽𝑺
 (90 − 𝜃)
Phasor Diagram 𝜃
B
B A
A 𝜃
Vp
𝜃
𝑰𝒑 𝑿𝒑 G 𝑰𝒑 𝑿𝒑 In the triangle ABG
G
𝑨𝑮 = 𝑰𝒑 𝑿𝒑 Sin 𝜃
𝑰𝒑 𝑹𝒑 𝜃

Ep F 𝑿
∅

𝑲𝑻 𝑰𝒔 𝑿𝒔 F
𝑫 In the triangle XFG
∅𝑲 𝑭𝑮 = 𝑰𝒑 𝑹𝒑 𝐶𝑜𝑠 𝜃
Dr. Haitham 𝑻 𝑰𝒔 𝑹𝒔
El-Hussieny C
𝛽 𝑲𝑻 𝑽𝑺

𝑰𝒑
𝜃
𝑰𝒔/ 𝑲𝑻
𝑰𝒄 𝜃 𝑰𝟎

O ∅
∅ 𝑰𝒎

𝑰𝒔 𝑽𝑺
Phasor Diagram 𝜃
E
B 𝑭
A
Vp ∅
𝑰𝒑 𝑿𝒑 𝑲𝑻 𝑰𝒔 𝑿𝒔 In the triangle DEF
G ∅
𝑫
Z 𝑫𝑭 = 𝑲𝑻 𝑰𝒔 𝑿𝒔 Sin ∅
𝑰𝒑 𝑹𝒑 ∅
𝑲𝑻 𝑰𝒔 𝑹𝒔
Ep F C
∅ (90 − ∅)
𝑲𝑻 𝑰𝒔 𝑿𝒔 F
𝑫 In the triangle CDZ
∅𝑲 𝑪𝒁 = 𝑲𝑻 𝑰𝒔 𝑹𝒔 𝐶𝑜𝑠 ∅
Dr. Haitham 𝑻 𝑰𝒔 𝑹𝒔
El-Hussieny C
𝛽 𝑲𝑻 𝑽𝑺

𝑰𝒑
𝑰𝒔/ 𝑲𝑻
𝑰𝒄 𝜃 𝑰𝟎

O ∅
∅ 𝑰𝒎

𝑰𝒔 𝑽𝑺
Phasor Diagram
B
A
Vp 𝜃
𝑰𝒑 𝑿𝒑 G
𝑰𝒑 𝑹𝒑

Ep F
∅
𝑲𝑻 𝑰𝒔 𝑿𝒔
Z 𝑫
∅𝑲
Dr. Haitham 𝑻 𝑰𝒔 𝑹𝒔
El-Hussieny C
𝛽 𝑲𝑻 𝑽𝑺

𝑰𝒄
In the triangle OAB
OA=OC+ CZ+ZF+FG+AG O ∅

𝑉𝑝 𝐶𝑜𝑠 𝛽 = 𝐾𝑇 𝑉𝑆 + 𝐾𝑇 𝑅𝑆 𝐼𝑆 𝐶𝑜𝑠 ∅ + 𝐾𝑇 𝑋𝑆 𝐼𝑆 𝑆𝑖𝑛 ∅ + 𝑅𝑃 𝐼𝑃 𝐶𝑜𝑠 𝜃 + 𝑋𝑃 𝐼𝑃 𝑆𝑖𝑛 𝜃

Assumptions and Modified Equations

Dr. Haitham
El-Hussieny
Assumptions and Modified Equations

𝐸𝑃

Dr. Haitham
El-Hussieny
𝑽𝒔 𝑲𝑻
𝑰𝒑
𝛽
𝑰𝒔/ 𝑲𝑻
∅ 𝜃
∅
𝜃
𝑰𝟎

O ∅
𝑰𝒎
∅
𝑰𝒔 𝑽𝒔
Assumptions and Modified Equations

𝑰𝒑
Dr. Haitham
El-Hussieny 𝑰𝒔/ 𝑲𝑻
∅ 𝑰𝒔/ 𝑲𝑻 Cos ∅

𝜃
𝑰𝟎

O ∅
𝑰𝒎 𝑰𝒔/ 𝑲𝑻 Sin ∅
∅
𝑰𝒔 𝑽𝒔
Modified Equation

Dr. Haitham
El-Hussieny
Phasor Diagram

AB= BP+AP Ep
Dr. Haitham
BP in the triangleEl-Hussieny
BPQ is 𝑰𝒑 𝑿𝒑 Cos 𝜃
Where AP is parallel to TS 𝑲𝑻 𝑰𝒔 𝑿𝒔
To find out TS
TS= FR-FT-SR
Where SR is parallel to DZ and
can be found from triangle CDZ Z

DZ=𝑲𝑻𝑰𝒔 𝑹𝒔 Sin ∅
Phasor Angle Error

To find out FR and FT

FR can be found from FRZ

FR= 𝐾𝑇 𝐼𝑆 𝑋𝑆 𝐶𝑜𝑠 ∅

FT can be found out from Ep

FTQ Triangle Dr. Haitham
El-Hussieny

𝑲𝑻 𝑰𝒔 𝑿𝒔
FT= 𝐼𝑃 𝑅𝑃 𝐶𝑜𝑠 𝜃

TS= 𝐾𝑇 𝐼𝑆 𝑋𝑆 𝐶𝑜𝑠 ∅ − 𝐼𝑃 𝑅𝑃 𝐶𝑜𝑠 𝜃 − 𝐾𝑇 𝐼𝑆 𝑅𝑆 𝑆𝑖𝑛 ∅

Since AP= TS AB= 𝐾𝑇 𝐼𝑆 𝑋𝑆 𝐶𝑜𝑠 ∅ − 𝐼𝑃 𝑅𝑃 𝐶𝑜𝑠 𝜃 − 𝐾𝑇 𝐼𝑆 𝑅𝑆 𝑆𝑖𝑛 ∅ + 𝐼𝑃 𝑋𝑃 𝑆𝑖𝑛 𝜃

AB= BP+AP
Phase Angle Error

Dr. Haitham
El-Hussieny
Phasor Angle Error

Dr. Haitham
El-Hussieny
.

ANY
QUESTIONS
 𝑰𝒑 𝑿𝒑
Phasor Diagram V
p
𝑰𝒑 𝑹𝒑
E 𝑲𝑻 𝑽𝑺𝒆
p

𝛽 𝑰𝒑
𝑰𝒔/ 𝑲𝑻
∅ 𝜃 𝑰𝟎
𝑰𝒄 ∅𝒔

∟
𝑰𝒎
Dr. Haitham
El-Hussieny ∅

𝑽𝒔
𝑰𝒔 𝑹𝒔
𝑰𝒔

𝑰𝒔 𝑿𝒔
E𝒔