ALGEBRA

Quadratic Equations in One Variable

Quadratic Formula

−b ± √ b2−4 ac
x=
2a

Sum and Product of Roots

−b
S=
a

c
P=
a

Arithmetic Series
Nth term

a n=a1 + ( n−1 ) d

a n=a m+ ( n−m) d Sum of n terms

n
S= ( a1 + an )
2

n
S=
2
[ 2 a1 + ( n−1 ) d ]
n−m+1
S=
2
( a m +an )

n−m+1
S=
2
[ 2 am + ( n−1 ) d ]

Geometric Series
Nth term
n−1
a n=a1 r
n−m
a n=a m r

Sum of n terms

a 1 ( 1−r n )
S=
1−r

Sum of infinite terms, given that r lies between -1 and 1

a1
S=
1−r

Binomial Expansion Theorem

Rth term
n −r +1 r−1
R ( x )=nC r−1 x y
 TRIGONOMETRY
Trigonometric Identities
Angle sum and difference

sin ( A+ B )=sinAcosB+cosAsinB

sin ( A−B )=sinAcosB−cosAsinB

cos ( A+ B )=cosAcos−sinAsinB

cos ( A−B )=cosAcos+ sinAsinB

tanA +tanB
tan ( A+ B )=
1−tanAtanB

tanA −tanB
tan ( A−B )=
1+tanAtanB

Double angle

sin 2 θ=2 sinθcosθ

2 2
cos 2 θ=cos θ−sin θ
2
cos 2 θ=1−2 sin θ
2
cos 2 θ=2 cos θ−1

2tanθ
tan2 θ= 2
1−tan θ

Half angle

θ
sin =
2 2√
1−cosθ

θ
cos =
2 √
1+ cosθ
2

θ
tan =
2 √
1−cosθ
1+cosθ

Power reduction

2 1−cos 2θ
sin θ=
2

2 1+ cos 2θ
cos θ=
2

Product to sum

2 cosAcosB=cos ( A−B ) +cos ( A+ B )

2 sinAsinB=cos ( A−B )−cos ( A + B )

2 sinAcosB=sin ( A + B ) +sin ( A−B )

2 cosAsinB=sin ( A+ B )−sin ( A−B )

 cos ( A−B )−cos ( A +B )
tanAtanB=
cos ( A−B ) +cos ( A+ B )

Sum to product

A+ B A−B
sinA +sinB =2 sin cos
2 2

A +B A−B
sinA−sinB=2 cos sin
2 2

A+ B A−B
cosA + cosB=2cos cos
2 2

A+ B A−B
cosA −cosB=2 sin sin
2 2

Sine Law and Cosine Law

Sine law

a b c
= =
sinA sinB sinC

Cosine law
2 2 2
a =b +c −2 bccosA
2 2 2
b =a +c −2 accosB
2 2 2
c =b + a −2 abcosC

Spherical Trigonometry
Area of a spherical triangle
2
π R ( A +B+ C−180 )
A=
180

Cosine law for the sides of an oblique spherical triangle

cosa=cosbcosc+sinbsinccosA

cosb=cosacosc+ sinasinccosB

cosc =cosbcosa+sinbsinacosC

Cosine law for the angles of an oblique spherical triangle

cosA =−cosBcosC + sinBsinCcosa

cosB=−cosAcosC+ sinAsinCcosb

cosC =−cosBcosA + sinBsinAcosc

 PLANE AND SOLID GEOMETRY
Triangle
Area given base and height

1
A= bh
2

Area of an equilateral triangle

A=
s
2
√3
4

Area given 2 sides and included angle

1
A= absinθ
2

Area given 3 sides (Heron’ Formula)

A=√ s ( s−a ) ( s−b ) ( s−c )

Radius of incenter

A
r=
s

Radius of circumcenter

abc
R=
4A

Height / Altitude

2A
h a=
a

2A
h b=
b

2A
h c=
c

Median
2 2 2 2
4 ma=2 b +2 c −a
2 2 2 2
4 mb=2 a +2 c −b
2 2 2 2
4 mc =2 a +2 b −c

Quadrilaterals
Area of a quadrilateral given diameters and angle of intersection

d1 d 2 sinθ
A=
2
Area of a square
2
A=s

Diagonal of a square

d=s √ 2

Area of a rectangle

A=ab

Area of a rhombus and a parallelogram

2
A=a sinθ=ah

Diagonals of a rhombus

d=a √ 2± 2 cosθ

Area of a trapezoid

h ( a+b )
A=
2

Area of a cyclic quadrilateral

A=√ ( s−a )( s−b ) ( s−c ) ( s−d )

Ptolemy’s theorem for cyclic quadrilaterals

d 1 d 2=ac +bd

Area of a quadrilateral circumscribing a circle

A=rs

Regular Polygons
Measure of interior angles

180 ( n−2 )
θ=
n

Measure of exterior angles

360
θ=
n

Number of diagonals

n ( n−3 )
d=
2

Area
2
nas n r sinθ
A= =
2 2

Circle
Area
 2
2 πd
A=π r =
4

Circumference

C=2 πr =πd

Arclength of a sector

s=θr

Area of a sector
2
r θ sr
A= =
2 2

Area of a segment with s less than half the circumference

2
r (θ r−sinθ d )
A=
2

Area of segment with s greater than half the circumference

2
r (θ r +sin θ d)
A=
2

Cube
Volume
3
V =s

Surface Area
2
SA=6 s

Space diagonal

d=s √ 3

Parallelepiped
Volume

V =lwh

Surface area

SA=2 ( lw +lh +wh )

Space diagonal

d= √ a2+ b2 +c 2

Cylinder
Surface area

SA=2 πr ( r +h )
Lateral area

LA=2 πrh

Volume
2
2 πd h
V =π r h=
4

Cone
Lateral area

LA=πrl

Volume
2
πr h
V=
3

Pyramid
Area of lateral phase

A=sl

Lateral area

nsl Pl
LA= =
2 2

Length of a lateral edge

e=√ r 2 +h2

Volume
2
Ah nsah nr hsinθ
V= = =
3 6 6

Slant height of a regular tetrahedron

s √3
l=
2

Height of a regular tetrahedron

s√6
h=
3

Volume of a regular tetrahedron

V=
s
3
√2
12

Frustum
Volume of a frustum of a pyramid

h ( A 1+ A 2+ √ A 1 A2 )
V=
3
Lateral area

nl ( a+b )
LA=
2

Relationship between upper edge, lower edge, slant height, and lateral edge

( b−a )2+ 4 L2=4 e 2

Lateral area of a frustum of a cone

LA=πl ( a+ b )

Volume of a frustum of a cone

πh ( R2 +r 2 + Rr )
V=
3

Relationship between R, r, l, and h

Sphere
Surface area
2 2
SA=4 π r =π d

Volume
3 3
4πr πd
v= =
3 6

Surface area of a spherical sector and spherical cone (b=0)

A=πR (2 h+a+ b)

Volume of a spherical sector and spherical cone

2
2π R h
V=
3

Surface area of a spherical segment

SA=π ( a2 +b2 +2 Rh )

Volume of a spherical segment with one base

2
π h (3 R−h )
V=
3

Volume of a spherical segment with two bases

πh ( 3 a2 +3 b2 +h 2)
V=
6

Volume of a spherical wedge

3
2R θ
V=
3

Area of a spherical lune

 2
A=2 R θ

Area of a spherical zone

A=2 πRh

ANALYTIC GEOMETRY
Circle
General equation:

( x−h )2+ ( y−k )2=r 2

2 2
A x + A y + Bx+Cy + D=0

Distance from center to tangent line (point-line distance)

Ax+ By +C
r=
√ A 2 + B2
Parabola
Opens upward or downward

( x−h )2=± 4 a ( y −k )
2
A x + Bx +Cy+ D=0

Opens to the right or to the left

( y−k )2=± 4 a ( x−h )

2
Ay + Bx+Cy + D=0

Focal distance and latus rectum

a=focal distance

2 a=length of latus rectum

4 a=length of latera recta

Ellipse
General equation
2
( x−h)
+¿¿
a2
2 2
( x−h) ( y−k)
+ =1
b2 a2
2 2
A x + B y +Cx+ Dy + E=0

Focus

c= √ a 2−b2

c= √ b 2−a2
Latus rectum (ellipse and hyperbola)
2
2b
LR=
a

Eccentricity

c
e= <1
a

Distance from center to directrix (ellipse and hyperbola)

2
a a
d= =
e c

Hyperbola
General equation

( x−h )2
−¿ ¿
a2
2
( y −k )
−¿¿
a2
2 2
A x −B y +Cx + Dy+ E=0

Focus

c= √ a + b
2 2

Eccentricity

c
e= >1
a

Asymptotes

b
y−k=± ( x−h )
a

a
y−k=± ( x−h )
b

Polar Coordinate System

Distance between two points

√
d= r 21+r 22−2 r 1 r 2 cos ( θ 2−θ1 )

Relationships between rectangular and polar coordinate systems

x=rcosθ

y=rsinθ

r =√ x 2 + y 2

y
θ=arctan
x
 INTEGRAL CALCULUS
Area
Area between two curves in a rectangular coordinate system
b b
A=∫ f ( x ) dx=∫ f ( y ) dy
a a

Area between two curves in a polar coordinate system

θ2
1
2∫
A= r 2 dθ
θ1

Arclength
Arclength in polar plane

√
θ2

s=∫ r 2+
θ1
( ) dr 2
dθ
dθ

Arclength in rectangular plane

√ √
b b
s=∫
a
1+( )
dy 2
dx
dx=∫ 1+
a
dx 2
dy
dy ( )
Volume
Disk method
b
V =π ∫ ¿ ¿
a

Washer / Ring method

b
V =π ∫ {¿ ¿
a

Shell method
b
V =2 π ∫ x {¿¿
a
 DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS
First Order Applications
Exponential growth and decay

x2
ln =kt
x1

Newton’s law of cooling

T 1−T ∞
ln =kt
T 2 −T ∞

Mixing tanks

dQ
=r ¿ C ¿−r out C out
dt

Logistic growth and decay

bt bt
b e xo k x oe
x= bt
= bt
b−a x o +a x o e k −x o + x o e

RL circuit

dI R V
+ (I )=
dt L L

RC circuit

dQ 1 V
+ ( Q )=
dt RC R

Draining an upright cylindrical tank

dh
−0.6 A o √2 gh=π R
2
dt

Draining an inverted conical tank

2 2
π R h dh
−0.6 A o √ 2 gh= 2
H dt

Draining a hemispherical tank

dh
−0.6 A o √ 2 gh=π ( h −2 Rh )
2
dt

Higher Order Applications

Spring mass system
 m D2+ cD+k =F ( t )

RLC circuit

2 1
LD + RD+ =E ( t )
C

INDUSTRIAL STOICHIOMETRY (CHE CALCULATIONS 2)

Relative Humidity and Saturation Pressures
Raoult’s law
¿
P A = y A PT =x A P a

Antoine’s equation
B
A−
P¿ =e T +C

B
A−
¿ T +C
P =10

Relative humidity

PA
RH = × 100
P¿A

Moles of water in wet air

¿
P ( RH )
n water=
PT
( n dry air +n H O ) 2

Combustion
Theoretical oxygen (fuel basis)

nH
moles O 2 theo=n C + + nS −nO at fuel
4 2

nH
moles O 2 theo=n C + 2
+ nS −nO at fuel
2 2

Theoretical oxygen (stack gas basis)

nH
moles O 2 theo=n C + 2
+ nS +n combustionwater
2

Moles of water from combustion (stack gas basis)

( 2179 )−n
nCO
moles combustion water=nnitrogengas CO2 − −n O free −n SO
2 2 2

Percent excess (stack gas basis)

O2 supplied−O2 theoretical
% XS= × 100
O2 theoretical

Dulong’s formula
 (
CV =0.338 C +1.44 H −
O
8)+0.094 S

CV =0.338 C +1.44 ( net H )+ 0.094 S

Calderwood equation

| |
1.55
100 VCM
C=5.88+2.206 ( CV −0.094 S ) +0.0053 80−
FC

CHE THERMODYNAMICS 1
Pressure
For incompressible fluids

ρg ∆ h
∆ P=
gc

For compressible fluids

P2 Mg ∆ h
ln =
P1 gc RT

Work
General equation
V2

W =−∫ PdV
V1

Isobaric

W =−P ∆ V =−R ∆ T

Isothermal

P2 V1
W =RTln =RTln
P1 V2

Adiabatic

P2 V 2−P1 V 1 R(T 2−T 1)

W= =
γ −1 γ −1

Polytrophic

P2 V 2−P1 V 1 R(T 2−T 1)

W= =
n−1 n−1

First Law of Thermodynamics

General equation

Q+W =∆ U

Internal Energy
 T2

∆ U =∫ C v dT
T1

Enthalpy
T2

∆ H =∆ U + ∆ ( PV )=∫ C p dT
T1

Relating volumetric expansivity and isothermal compressibility in liquids

V2
ln =β ( T 2−T 1 )−k ( P2−P 1)
V1

Truncated virial equation

B C
Z=a+ +
V V2

Energy Balance in an Open System

General equation

Q+W =∆ PE+∆ KE+ ∆ H

Continuity equation
2
ρπ ud
ṁ=ρAu=
4

Heat Effects
Sensible heat
T2

(
Q=R ∫ A + BT +C T 2 +
T1
D
T2)dT

Q
nRT
τ= 2
+1
BT CT 2 D
A+ ( τ +1 ) + ( τ +τ +1 ) + 2
2 3 T τ

Latent heat

( )
P2 ∆ H v 1 1
ln = −
P1 R T1 T2

Second Law of Thermodynamics, Entropy, and Heat Engines

Engine efficiency

W QC
eff = =1−
QH QH

Carnot engine efficiency

TC
eff =1−
TH

Engine energy balance

 Q H =W +QC

Entropy

Q ∆H T2 P2
∆ S= = =C p ln −Rln
T T T1 P1

Mean effective pressure

W
MEP=
V max −V min

MOMENTUM TRANSFER
Momentum Flux
General equation

F du
τ= =−μ
A dy

Derived formula for torque (rotating cylinder)

3
2 π Ri hμω
T=
Ro −Ri

Derived formula for torque (rotating circular plate)

4
πμω r
T=
2∆ y

Incompressible Flow
Hagen-Poiseuille equation for laminar flow

32 μuL
∆ P= 2
d

Fanning skin friction factor

16
f= ℜ

Fanning skin frictional loss

2
4 fL u
F=
2d

Darcy skin friction factor

64
f= ℜ

Darcy frictional loss

2
fL u
F=
2d
Frictional loss due to sudden enlargement

( )
2 2
d 1 u2
F= 1− 2
d2 2

Frictional loss due to sudden contraction

( )
2
d 2 u2
F=0.55 1−
d 21 2

Compressible Flow
Relationship between stagnation and dynamic temperature
2
u
T o=T +
2Cp

Stagnation and dynamic temperature and pressure relationship

( )
γ
T
Po =P 1− γ
To

Velocity of the fluid

u=√ 2 C p (T o−T )

Speed of sound

a=
√ γRT
M

Mach number

u
Ma=
a

Stagnation temperature to dynamic temperature in any point of the nozzle

To γ −1 2
=1+ Ma
T 2

Stagnation temperature to throat temperature

To γ +1
=
T¿ 2

Stagnation pressure to dynamic pressure in any point of the nozzle

( )
Po γ −1 2
γ
= 1+ Ma γ−1
P 2

Stagnation pressure to throat pressure

( )
Po γ +1
γ

¿=
γ −1
P 2
Stagnation density to dynamic density at any point of the nozzle

( )
ρo γ−1 2
1
= 1+ Ma γ −1
ρ 2

Stagnation density to throat density

( )
ρo γ +1
1

¿=
γ−1
ρ 2

Flow Measuring Devices (Venturi, Orifice, Pitot)

Throat velocity for venturi, pitot, and nozzle

u=
C
√) 2 gc ∆ P

√
ρ
(
4
d
1−
D

Maximum pipe velocity for Pitot tube

u=
√ 2 gc ∆ P
ρ

Pressure drop in Pitot tube

∆ P=( ρ MF− ρF ) gh

Power consumption of Pitot tube

Pwr=( ∆ Plost ) V̇

Pumps
Shaft work
2
∆u g∆ z ∆P
W s= + + +∑ F
2 gc gc ρ

Total dynamic head for single pumps

∆ u2 ∆P ∑ F
TDH = + ∆ z+ +
2g ρg g

Net positive suction head

NPSH =
P atm−P ¿
−z−
∑F
ρg g

Affinity laws for homologous / series pumps

V˙ 2 D2 N 2
=
V˙ 1 D1 N 1

( )
2
h2 D2 N 2
=
h1 D1 N 1
 ( )
3
Pwr 2 D2 N 2
=
Pwr 1 D1 N 1

Specific speed

ω √ V̇
Ns=
h 0.75

Suction specific speed

ω √ V̇
N s s=
NPSH 0.75

Piping Systems
Skin friction factor

{[ ]}
−2

( ) ( )
0.9
ϵ 1
f =1.325 ln 0.27 + 5.74
D ℜ

Negligible Reynold’s number

200 d
ℜ=
ϵ √f

Darcy-Welsbach equation of pipe resistance for series piping systems

8 fL
R= 2 5
gπ d

Total head for series and parallel piping systems

hp+ ( P
ρg ) (
+z −
A
P
ρg B
)
+ z =V̇ ∑ Ri +
2 ∑K
2
2 g Ai ( )
Equivalent length for parallel piping

d∑ k
Le =
f

Modified pipe resistance for parallel piping systems

8 f ( L+ Le )
Ri= 2 5
gπ d

Drop in hydraulic grade line

( )
2
V̇
W=
1
∑
√Ri
Power consumption

ρgh p V̇
Pwr=
eff