LATERAL FORCE

PROCEDURE FOR BUILDING

STRUCTURES
CE425 - EARTHQUAKE ENGINEERING
PRESENTED BY: GR0UP 3
MEET Raphaiyl Albino

THE TEAM Marijoe Abugan

Aldhelm Kent Lago

Erika Jane Llanes

Rosalie Pagasian
 Able to compute design
01 base shear.

Able to compute vertical and

02 horizontal distribution of
base shear.

LEARNING
OUTCOMES
TABLE OF
CONTENTS

SELECTION OF LATERAL FORCE PROCEDURES 01

SIMPLIFIED STATIC LATERAL FORCE PROCEDURE 02

STATIC LATERAL FORCE PROCEDURE 03

A. SELECTION OF
LATERAL FORCE
PROCEDURES
Presented by Erika Jane Llanes
NSCP 208. 4.8 SELECTION OF LATERAL FORCE PROCEDURE
Any structure may be, and certain structures defined below shall be, designed
using the dynamic lateral-force procedures of Section 208.5.3.

208.4.8.1 SIMPLIFIED STATIC

The simplified static lateral-force procedure set forth

in Section 208.5 1.1 may be used for the following
structures of Occupancy Category IV or V:

1. Buildings of any occupancy (including single-family

divellings) not more than three stories in height
excluding basements that use light-frame
construction.

2. Other buildings not more than two stories in height

excluding basements.
208.4.8.2 STATIC

The static lateral force procedure of Section 208.5 may be used for the
following structures:

1.All structures, regular or irregular in Occupancy Categories IV and V in

Seismic Zone 2.

2. Regular structures under 75 m in height with lateral force resistance

provided by systems listed in Table 208-11, except where Section 208.4.8.3,
Item 4, applies.

3. Irregular structures not more than five stories or 20m in height.

4. Structures having a flexible upper portion supported on a rigid lower portion

where both portions of the structure considered separately can be classified as
being regular, the average story stiffness of the lower portion is at least 10
times the average story stiffness of the upper portion and the period of the
entire structure is not greater than 1.1 times the period of the upper portion
considered as a separate structure fixed at the base.
208.4.8.3 DYNAMIC

The dynamic lateral-force procedure of Section 208.5.3 shall be used for all other structures, including the
following:

1. Structures 75 m or more in height, except as permitted by Section 208.4.8.2, Item 1.

2. Structures having a stiffness, weight, or geometric vertical irregularity of Type 1, 2, or 3, as defined in

Table 208-9, or structures having irregular features not described in Table 208-9 or 208-10, except as
permitted by Section 208.4.10.3.1.

3. Structures over five stories or 20 m in height in Seismic Zone 4 not have the same structural system
throughout their height except as permitted by Section 208.5.3.2.

4. Structures, regular or irregular, located on Soil Profile Type Sf, that have a period greater than 0.7s.
The analysis shall include the effects of the soils at the site and shall conform to Section 208.5.3.2, Item 4.
208.4.8.4 ALTERNATIVE
PROCEDURES

208.4.8.4.1 GENERAL

Alternative lateral-force procedures using rational analyses based on well-established

principles of mechanics may be used in lieu of those prescribed in these provisions.

208.4.8.4.2 SEISMIC ISOLATION

Seismic isolation, energy dissipation and damping systems may be used in the
analysis and design of structures when approved by the building official and when
special detailing is used to provide results equivalent to the obtained by the use of
conventional structural systems.
 B. SIMPLIFIED
STATIC LATERAL
FORCE PROCEDURE
Presented by Aldhelm Kent Lago
and Raphaiyl Albino
 NSCP 208.5.1 SIMPLIFIED STATIC FORCE PROCEDURE
Structures conforming to the requirements of Section 208.4.8.1 may be designed using this procedure

208.5.1.1 SIMPLIFIED DESIGN BASE SHEAR

Where:
Ca = Seismic Coefficient
W = Weight of the Structure or
100% of Total Dead Load + 25%
Live Load for Storage and
Warehouse
R = Response Modification
Factor
NSCP 208.5.1 SIMPLIFIED STATIC FORCE PROCEDURE
TABLE 103-21 - OCCUPANCY CATEGORY
NSCP 208.5.1 SIMPLIFIED STATIC FORCE PROCEDURE
TABLE 208-2 - SOIL PROFILE TYPES
NSCP 208.5.1 SIMPLIFIED STATIC FORCE PROCEDURE
TABLE 208-11 A - EARTHQUAKE FORCE RESISTING STRUCTURAL SYSTEM OF CONCRETE
NSCP 208.5.1 SIMPLIFIED STATIC FORCE PROCEDURE
TABLE 208-11 B - EARTHQUAKE FORCE RESISTING STRUCTURAL SYSTEM OF STEEL
NSCP 208.5.1 SIMPLIFIED STATIC FORCE PROCEDURE
TABLE 208-11 C - EARTHQUAKE FORCE RESISTING STRUCTURAL SYSTEM OF MASONRY

TABLE 208-11 D - EARTHQUAKE FORCE RESISTING STRUCTURAL SYSTEM OF WOOD

 208.5.1.2. VERTICAL DISTRIBUTION 208.5.1.2. VERTICAL DISTRIBUTION

The forces at each level shall be calculated The design storey shear, Vx, in any storey is the
using the following equation: sum of the forces F, and Fx above that storey.
Vx shall be distributed to the various elements
of the vertical lateral force-resisting system in
proportion to their rigidities, considering the
rigidity of the diaphragm. See Section 208.7.2.3
for rigid elements that are not intended to be
part of the lateral force- resisting systems
Where the value of Ca shall be determined as
in Section 208.5.1.1
 SAMPLE PROBLEM
Determine the Base Shear for a two-storey reinforced
concrete SMRF office building using simplified design
base shear fiven the following information:

Seismic Zone 4 ; Z = 0.4

Seismic Source Type C
Response Modification Factorl; R = 8.5
Soil Profile type: Unkown
Total Weight = 1,500 kN
CALCULATION AND DISCUSSION

1. Check the applicabilityu of the Simplified Method

Since the building is covered in at least the second condition

we can use the simplified method.
CALCULATION AND DISCUSSION

2. Determine the Base Shear

Since the soil properties are

unknown the suggested soil type
is Sd shall be used in
accordance to 208.4.3
CALCULATION AND DISCUSSION
Table 208-5
Na = 1.0

Table 208-7
Ca=0.44Na
Ca=0.44x 1.0
Ca=0.44

From equation 208-5

CALCULATION AND DISCUSSION

3. Determine the lateral force at each level

CALCULATION AND DISCUSSION

COMMENTARY
From Equation 208-9

It is noticeable that from this example, the

design base shear value using the simplified
method is approximately 33 percent higher than
that of the maximum in static force method.
 C. STATIC
LATERAL FORCE
PROCEDURE
Presented by Marijoe Abugan
and Rosalie Pagasian
NSCP 208.5.2 STATIC LATERAL FORCE PROCEDURE
IS A SIMPLIFIED, EMPIRICAL APPROACH FOR ESTIMATING THE LATERAL SEISMIC
FORCES ACTING ON A STRUCTURE, REPRESENTED BY THE BASE SHEAR FORCE
AT ITS FOUNDATION. PRIMARILY APPLIED TO LOW-RISE, REGULAR-SHAPED
BUILDINGS.

STANDARDS REFERENCE: NSCP 2015 (NATIONAL STRUCTURAL CODE OF THE

PHILIPPINES) AND ASCE 7.

208.5.2.1: Base Shear (V)

where;
𝐶𝑣 = seismic coefficient (Table 208-8).
𝐼 = importance factor (Table 208-1).
𝑅 = numerical coefficient representative of ductility and
overstrength (Table 208-11).
𝑇 = fundamental period of vibration of the structure for the
direction under consideration as determined by Method A or B,
sec.
(208-8)
𝑊 = total seismic dead load.
 208.5.2.1: Base Shear (V)

Table 208-1: Seismic Importance Factor, I Table 208-8: Seismic Coefficient, Cv

LIMITS ON BASE SHEAR
Maximum and Minimum Base Shear
Maximum Base Shear, Vmax: Prevent
overestimation.

(208-9)

Minimum Base Shear, Vmin1: Ensures baseline

force resistance.
(208-10)

Additional Minimum Base Shear for Seismic

Zone 4, Vmin2: To account for high seismicity in
Seismic Zone 4.
(208-11)

where;
Ca - seismic coefficient (Table 208 - 7)
Z - Seismic zone factor, which reflects the probability of seismic activity based on geographical location. (Table 208-3)
Nv - Near-source factor, accounting for proximity to an active fault. (Table 208-5)
NEAR FAULT CRITERIA
are essential in determining the additional forces a structure may experience due to its
proximity to an active fault. Buildings near fault lines are exposed to more intense ground
motions and require special design considerations.

Factors for Classification:

Fault Capability: The ability of a fault to generate earthquakes of a certain magnitude or
greater.
Slip Rate: The fault’s movement rate per year, indicating how frequently it may produce
seismic events.

Near Fault Coefficients: NSCP and ASCE provide near fault coefficients Na​ and Nv​ that
are applied based on the distance to the fault and the fault’s characteristics.
These coefficients adjust the seismic forces that need to be considered in the design
process, effectively increasing base shear calculations for buildings close to active faults.
Na and Nv values are obtained from tables within the codes, calibrated based on
historical earthquake data and geotechnical studies.
 208.5.2.2 STRUCTURE PERIOD (T)
Method A: EMPIRICAL FORMULA Alternative for Shear Wall Structures:
This method provides an approximate value for
T based on the building’s height and construction
type. This approach is often used for regular-
shaped, low- to mid-rise buildings, and it
simplifies calculations by using a formula with where;
coefficients specific to different building materials. Ac​ - Combined effective area of the shear walls in the first
story of the structure (m^2).

(208-12) (208-13)

where;
𝑻 - Fundamental period of the structure (seconds). where;
𝑪𝒕 - Empirical coefficient that depends on the building type: 𝑨𝒄 = combined effective area of the shear walls in the first
𝑪𝒕 = 0.0853 for steel moment space frames. story of the structure, m2
𝑪𝒕 = 0.0731 for reinforced concrete moment resisting space 𝑨𝒆 = effective cross-sectional area of the shear wall in the first
frames and eccentrically braced frames story of the structure, m2
𝑪𝒕 = 0.0488 for all other structures 𝑫𝒆 = length of a shear wall element in the first story in the
𝒉𝒏 - Total height of the building from the base to the top level direction parallel to the applied forces, m
(meters). 𝒉𝒏 = total height of the structure, m
 208.5.2.2 STRUCTURE PERIOD (T)
Method B: ANALYTICAL CALCULATION
Method B is a more precise approach, calculating T using the building’s actual structural properties
and deformational characteristics. This method is used when the building’s geometry or irregularities
require a more tailored assessment of the fundamental period.

(208-14) Consideration:
This method requires a detailed
analysis of the building’s structural
properties and is typically used for
buildings with complex geometries,
significant height, or structural
where; irregularities.
T - Fundamental period of the structure (seconds). In Seismic Zone 4, the calculated T
wi - Weight at each level of the structure. from Method B cannot exceed 30%
δi​ - Elastic deflection at each level, calculated using the applied more than T from Method A (or 40%
lateral forces. in Seismic Zone 2).
g - Acceleration due to gravity (9.81 m/s2^22).
fi - Any lateral force distributed in accordance with the principles of
the code’s distribution equations or other rational distributions.
 NSCP SECTION 208.5.5 VERTICAL DISTRIBUTION
OF FORCE
The total force shall be distributed over the The value of T used for the purpose of calculating 𝑭𝒕 shall be the
height of the structure in conformance with period corresponds with the design base shear as computed using
Equations 208-15, 208-16, and 208-17. Equation 208-4. 𝑭𝒕 need not exceed 0.25V and may be considered
as zero where T is 0.7 s or less. The remaining portion of the base
shear shall be distributed over the height of the structure, including
level n, according to the following equation:

(208-15)

(208-17)
The concentrated force 𝑭𝒕 at the top, which
is in addition to 𝑭𝒏,shall be determined
from the equation:

At each level designated as x, the force Fx shall be applied over

the area of the building in accordance with the mass distribution at
(208-16) that level. Structural displacements and design seismic forces shall
be calculated as the effect of forces Fx and Ft applied at the
appropriate levels above the base.
 STEP-BY-STEP PROCESS

01 OCCUPANCY CATEGORY (Table 103-1) 06 SEISMIC COEFFICIENTS (Table 208-7)

RESPONSE MODIFICATION FACTOR

02 IMPORTANCE FACTORS (Table 208-1) 07 (Table 208-11 A,B,C)

03 SOIL PROFILE TYPES (Table 208-2) 08 STRUCTURE PERIOD (Section 205.2.2)

04 SEISMIC ZONE FACTORS (Table 208-3) 09 CALCULAT BASE SHEAR (Eqns 208-8 to 208-11)

05 NEAR SOURCE FACTORS (Tables 208-5&6) 10 VERTICAL DISTRIBUTION OF LATERAL FORCES

 SAMPLE PROBLEM
A ten-story building has a steel special moment-resisting
frame for a lateral-force resisting system. The weight and
height at each level is provided in the figure. Determine
the (i) design base shear and the (ii) vertical distribution
of lateral forces Fx at each level, given the following
information:

Seismic Zone 4
Seismic Source type B
Distance to Seismic source = 5km
Soil Profile type: Sc
Occupancy Importance: Standard
Total Weight = 18200 kN
 SOLUTION

1. Occupancy Category - IV Standard

Occupancy Structures
2. Importance Factor:

3. Soil Profile Type = Sc

4. Seismic Zone Factor for Zone 4:

5. Find near source factors, Na and Nc from table

208-4&5 for Seismic Source Type B and closest
distance of seismic source is 5km:
 SOLUTION
5. Near source factors:

6. Determine seismic coefficient Ca and Cv, from

Table 208-7 and 208-8 for soil profile type Sc, and Z
= 0.4
 SOLUTION
7. Determine Response Modification Factor, R for
special reinforced concrete moment-resisting frame
system:

8. Determine Structure Period, T by using Method A

 SOLUTION
9. Determine and Evaluate Total Design Base Shear, V
And that the base shear shall not be less than:

The code indicates that the total base sheer need not exceed the And in Zone 4, the total design base shear shall likewise be not
following: less than:

Therefore, the governing design base shear is V = 905.47 kN

 SOLUTION
10. Find the vertical distribution of forces at each level
 SOLUTION
10. Find the vertical distribution of forces at each level
NSCP 208.5.2 STATIC LATERAL FORCE PROCEDURE

Benefits and Limitations of

Summary: The static lateral force
Static Lateral Force
procedure is a reliable, simplified
Procedure
Benefits: approach to lateral force design.
Simplicity in calculations.
Suitable for low-rise, regular- Key Takeaway: It is highly effective
shaped buildings.
Cost-effective for standard for regular buildings but has
projects. limitations in complex structures.
Limitations:
Less accurate for tall or irregular
structures where dynamic factors Future Considerations: Dynamic
are critical.
May overlook complex behaviors, analyses should be considered for
such as torsion in asymmetrical irregular or taller buildings.
buildings.
THANK

CE425 - EARTHQUAKE ENGINEERING

PRESENTED BY: GR0UP 3