Academic Year Mathematics 1
Euclidean Spaces Rn
1. Calculate the angle between the vectors u y v in each case:
(a) u = (1, −3) v = (2, 4)
(b) u = (−1, 5, 2) v = (2, 4, −9)
(c) u = (1, 0, 1, 0) v = (−3, −3, −3, −3)
Solution: (a) and (c) 3 π4 .
2. Find two vectors of norm 1, orthogonal to all the vectors
u = (2, 1, 4, 0), v = (−1, −1, −2, 2), w = (3, 2, 5, 4)
1
Solution: α(−14, 4, 6, 1) con α2 = 249
.
3. For which values a, b y c the system {(0, a, a), (2b, b, −b), (c, −c, c)} is an orthonormal
basis of R3 .
4. Consider the following vectors in R4 u1 = (1, 0, 1, 0), u2 = (1, 0, −1, 0), u3 = (0, 1, 0, 1),
u4 = (0, −1, 0, 1)
a) Calculate the angle between u1 y u2 .
b) Is the system {u1 , u2 , u3 , u4 } orthogonal? Justify the answer.
c) Is the system {u1 , u2 , u3 , u4 } orthonormal? Justify the answer.
d ) Exhibit an orthonormal basis of R4 different from the canonical basis.
5. Apply Gram-Schmidt method to the basis R2 , a1 = (1, 1), a2 = (1, −2).
1 1 1 1
Solution: (a) q1 = √ , √ ; q2 = √ , − √ ;
2 2 2 2
6. Apply Gram-Schmidt method to the following basis of R3 :
a) {(1, 1, 0), (0, 1, 1), (1, 0, 1)},
b) {(1, 1, −1), (1, 0, 1), (−1, 5, 1)}.
1 1 1 1 2 1 1 1
Solution: a) q1 = √ , √ , 0 ; q2 = − √ , √ , √ ; q3 = √ , − √ , √
2 2 6 6 6 3 3 3
7. Calculate an orthonormal basis of the following planes in R3
F =< (1, 1, 1), (1, 2, 0) >, G = {(x1 , x2 , x3 ) ∈ R3 : 2x1 + x2 − x3 = 0}
n o
Solution: (a) BF = √1 , √1 , √1 , 0, √1 , − √1
3 3 3 2 2
8. Calculate an orthonormal basis of the following subspaces of R4 :
a) F =< (1, 0, 0, −1), (1, 0, −1, 0), (2, 0, 0, −1) >
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Academic Year Mathematics 1
b) H =< (1, 1, 1, 1), (1, 2, 0, 0), (0, 0, 1, 1) >
c) G = {(x1 , x2 , x3 , x4 ) ∈ R4 | x1 + x2 − x3 = 0}.
1 1 1 1 1 1
Solution: b) BH = , , , , √ (1, 5, −3, −3) , √ (−4, 2, 1, 1) ,
2 2 2 2 44 22
1 1 1 2 1
(c) BG = √ , 0, √ , 0 , − √ , √ , √ , 0 , (0, 0, 0, 1)
2 2 6 6 6
9. Let {(1, 1, 1, 1), (1, 1, 1, 0)} be a basis of the subspace F de R4 .
a) Calculate a vector of F of norm 1.
b) Calculate a basis of F of unitary vectors.
c) Calculate a vector in F , different from (0, 0, 0, 0), orthogonal to (1, 1, 1, 0).
10. Calculate an orthonormal basis of the subspace (of R3 ) F = h(1, 2, −1), (0, 1, 1, )i.
11. a) Calculate an orthonormal basis of the subspace of R4 :
4 x2 − x 4 = 0
F = (x1 , x2 , x3 , x4 ) ∈ R | .
x1 + x2 + x3 + x4 = 0
b) For which values of a the vector (−2a − 1, a, 1, a) belongs to F ?
12. Calculate an orthonormal basis of the following subspaces of R5 :
a) F = {(x1 , x2 , x3 , x4 , x5 ) ∈ R5 | x1 + 2x2 − x5 = 0}.
b) G = h(1, 0, 0, 1, 0), (0, −1, 0, 1, 0), (0, 0, 1, 1, 0)i.
c) H = h(1, 0, 1, 1, 0), (0, −1, 0, 1, 1)i.
13. Calculate the orthogonal subspace of each of the following systems of vectors in R3 :
S1 = {(1, 1, 1)}, S2 = {(0, 2, 1), (1, 1, −2)}, S3 = {(1, 1, 2), (−1, 1, 0)}
14. Calculate the orthogonal subspace of
F = (x1 , x2 , x3 , x4 ) ∈ R4 | x1 + x2 + x3 + x4 = 0
.
⊥ x + y + 2z = 0
15. Calculate G , for G = (x, y, z) ∈ R3 :
2y + z = 0
16. Calculate the orthogonal subspace of the following subspaces of R4 :
a) F = {(x1 , x2 , x3 , x4 ) ∈ R4 | x1 + 2x2 − x4 = 0},
b) G = h(1, 0, 0, 0)i.
c) H = h(1, 0, 0, 0), (0, −1, 0, 0), (0, 0, 1, 0)i.
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17. Given the vector subspace of R4
F =< (1, 0, 1, 0), (0, 1, 1, 0), (1, 0, 1, 1) >
a) Calculate an orthonormal basis of F .
b) Calculate F ⊥ .
18. a) Given the vector subspace of R4
F =< (1, 0, −1, 0), (1, 1, 1, 1), (1, 0, 1, −1) >
calculate an orthonormal basis of F .
⊥ x1 − x2 + x3 = 0
b) Calculate G , for G = (x1 , x2 , x3 ) ∈ R3 :
−x1 + x3 = 0
19. a) Given the vector subspace of R4
F =< (1, 0, 1, −1), (1, 0, −1, 0), (1, 1, 1, 1) >
calculate an orthonormal basis of F .
⊥ x1 − x2 + x3 = 0
b) Calculate G , for G = (x1 , x2 , x3 ) ∈ R3 :
x2 + x3 = 0
20. a) Apply Gram-Schmidt method to the basis of R3
{(1, 0, 1), (0, 0, 1), (−1, 1, 0)}
b) Calculate the orthogonal subspace of F = h(1, 0, 1, 0), (1, 1, 0, 2)i.
c) Calculate the values of a y b such that the vector (a, b, 0) is orthogonal to the vector
(1, 1, 1) and norm 1.
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