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Football Hooliganism 1st Edition Steve Frosdick Digital
Instant Download
Author(s): Steve Frosdick, Peter Marsh
ISBN(s): 9781843921295, 1843921294
Edition: 1st
File Details: PDF, 2.65 MB
Year: 2005
Language: english
Football Hooliganism
Football Hooliganism

Steve Frosdick and Peter Marsh

Published by

Willan Publishing
Culmcott House
Mill Street, Uffculme
Cullompton, Devon
EX15 3AT, UK
Tel: +44(0)1884 840337
Fax: +44(0)1884 840251
e-mail: [email protected]
website: www.willanpublishing.co.uk

Published simultaneously in the USA and Canada by

Willan Publishing
c/o ISBS, 920 NE 58th Ave, Suite 300,
Portland, Oregon 97213-3786, USA
Tel: +001(0)503 287 3093
Fax: +001(0)503 280 8832
e-mail: [email protected]
website: www.isbs.com

© Steve Frosdick and Peter Marsh 2005

The rights of the authors to be identified as the authors of this book have been asserted by them in
accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act of 1988.

All rights reserved; no part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or
transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or other-
wise without the prior written permission of the Publishers or a licence permitting copying
in the UK issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency Ltd, 90 Tottenham Court Road, London
W1P 9HE.

First published 2005

ISBN 1-84392-129-4

British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data

A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library

Project managed by Deer Park Productions, Tavistock, Devon

Typeset by GCS, Leighton Buzzard, Bedfordshire.
Printed and bound by T.J. International, Padstow, Cornwall
 Contents

Contents

Preface ix
About the authors xi
Acknowledgements xiii
Foreword by Jim Chalmers (President, Football Safety Officers’ Association) xv

Part I Introduction 1

1 Introduction 3
Overview of the book 6
Aims of the book 7
Chapter summary 9

2 Football violence in history 10

Folk-football: the origins of the violence 10
Development and codification 13
A history of disorder 16
A history of disaster 23
Chapter summary 24

Part II Defining Football Hooliganism 25

3 The nature and extent of British football hooliganism 27

Introduction 27
The nature of ‘football hooliganism’ 27
Empirical approaches? 31
The extent of British football hooliganism 34
England disorder overseas 43
Chapter summary 45

4 Levels of football violence in Europe 46

Introduction 46

v
Football Hooliganism

Levels of violence 47
Chapter summary 55

5 European fan profiles and behaviour 57

Introduction 57
Germany 57
Italy 58
France 61
The Netherlands 63
Austria 65
Scandinavia 65
Stages of development 69
Chapter summary 70

Part III Explaining Football Hooliganism 73

6 An overview of British theories of football hooliganism 77

Introduction 77
Populist explanations 80
‘Hooligan porn’ 80
British academic explanations 81
Who are the hooligans? 84
Chapter summary 85

7 British theoretical perspectives in detail 86

Introduction 86
The Harrington Report 87
The Lang Report 88
Ian Taylor 89
Subculture theories 90
Media amplification 92
Ethogenic approach 93
The Leicester School 94
Ethnographic approaches 97
Chapter summary 101

8 Theoretical approaches from Europe and beyond 102

Introduction 102
Italy 102
Germany 106
The Netherlands 108
Other European research 109
Conclusions on European theoretical approaches 109
Towards a world understanding of football hooliganism? 111

vi
 Contents

Chapter summary 112

9 The media and football hooliganism 113

Introduction 113
History 114
Theory 115
The role of the media in other European countries 119
Conclusion 121
Chapter summary 123

10 Football violence and alcohol 125

Introduction 125
The ‘alcohol–violence connection’ 125
Anomalies in alcohol controls 128
The effectiveness of the controls? 129
Culture and alcohol 130
The roligans 131
The police view 132
Unexpected consequences of alcohol bans 132
The case of the Scots 134
Conclusion 135
Chapter summary 136

11 Racism and football fans 138

Introduction 138
Forms of racism 139
Is football hooliganism motivated by racism? 141
Anti-racism initiatives 142
The European dimension 146
Conclusion 148
Chapter summary 150

Part IV Tackling Football Hooliganism 153

12 Policing football hooliganism 155

Introduction 155
Policing prior to Euro ’96 155
Policing Euro ’96 161
Developments in policing since Euro ’96 164
Chapter summary 167

13 Repressive social controls 169

Introduction 169
Legal provisions 169

vii
Football Hooliganism

New and refurbished grounds 172

Technology 173
Government reports 174
Chapter summary 176

14 More proactive and preventive measures 178

Introduction 178
‘Friendly but firm’ policing 178
Risk and safety management 180
Fan culture and coaching 182
New directions in tackling football hooliganism 186
Chapter summary 188

References and selected bibliography 189

Useful websites 204
Index 205

viii
 Preface

Preface

In 1984, Manchester United travelled to Turin to play Juventus in the semi-

finals of the European Cup-Winners’ Cup. To discourage people from
travelling, the Manchester club did not sell any tickets for the match – a
sort of unofficial ban. But some supporters went anyway, hoping to get
their tickets in Italy. The journalist Bill Buford went with them, fascinated
as to why a club would want to ban its own supporters:

There was a roar, everybody roaring, and the English supporters

charged into the Italians. In the next second I went down. A dark
blur and then smack: I got hit on the side of the head by a beer can
– a full one – thrown powerfully enough to knock me over. As I got
up, two policemen, the only two I saw, came rushing past, and one of
them clubbed me on the back of the head. Back down I went. I got up
again, and most of the Italians had already run off, scattering in all
directions. But many had been tripped up before they got away.
Directly in front of me – so close I could almost reach out to touch
his face – a young Italian, a boy really, had been knocked down. As
he was getting up, an English supporter pushed the boy down again,
ramming his flat hand against the boy’s face. He fell back and his
head hit the pavement, the back of it bouncing slightly.
Two other Manchester United supporters appeared. One kicked the
boy in the ribs. It was a soft sound, which surprised me. You could
almost hear the impact of the shoe on the fabric of the boy’s clothing.
He was kicked again – this time very hard – and the sound was still
soft, muted. The boy reached down to protect himself, to guard his
ribs, and the other English supporter kicked him in the face (Buford
1991: 86).

Buford graphically describes the social phenomenon we shall be examining

in this book. Why is it that sports spectators and football fans engage in
violent behaviours? What type of people get involved? How much violence

ix
Football Hooliganism

is there? What kinds of violence are we talking about? And what do the
authorities and other interested parties do both to prevent the violence
starting and to deal with it if it does break out?
This book provides a broad analysis of football hooliganism. Unlike
previous books on the subject it is not concerned with a single theoretical
perspective but rather to provide a critical overview, discussing the various
historical, criminological, sociological, psychological and social policy
approaches to the subject. Three fallacies provide themes which run through
the book: the notion that football hooliganism is new, that it is a uniquely
football problem and that it is an English phenomenon. The book examines
the long history of football-related violence, the problems in defining the
nature of football hooliganism, the data available on the extent of football
hooliganism across Europe, a detailed review of the various theories about
who the hooligans are and why they behave as they do, and an analysis of
policing and social policy in relation to tacking football hooliganism.
The book is intended to appeal to a wide readership, whether the
academic, the student or the lay reader. We hope you enjoy it – and that
you understand something more about football hooliganism as a result.

Steve Frosdick and Peter Marsh

June 2005

x
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 Psychology - Field Notes
Fall 2025 - Academy

Prepared by: Researcher Johnson

Date: August 12, 2025

Topic 1: Critical analysis and evaluation

Learning Objective 1: Statistical analysis and interpretation
• Study tips and learning strategies
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Learning Objective 2: Research findings and conclusions
• Learning outcomes and objectives
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Learning Objective 3: Historical development and evolution
• Theoretical framework and methodology
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Learning Objective 4: Literature review and discussion
• Research findings and conclusions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Learning Objective 5: Best practices and recommendations
• Key terms and definitions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Remember: Best practices and recommendations
• Critical analysis and evaluation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Example 6: Statistical analysis and interpretation
• Interdisciplinary approaches
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Example 7: Problem-solving strategies and techniques
• Study tips and learning strategies
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
[Figure 8: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Key Concept: Historical development and evolution
• Statistical analysis and interpretation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Example 9: Theoretical framework and methodology
• Ethical considerations and implications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Conclusion 2: Literature review and discussion
Important: Key terms and definitions
• Study tips and learning strategies
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Note: Current trends and future directions
• Statistical analysis and interpretation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Example 12: Experimental procedures and results
• Practical applications and examples
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Definition: Literature review and discussion
• Ethical considerations and implications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Note: Theoretical framework and methodology
• Statistical analysis and interpretation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Important: Statistical analysis and interpretation
• Key terms and definitions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Note: Literature review and discussion
• Research findings and conclusions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
[Figure 17: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Definition: Historical development and evolution
• Best practices and recommendations
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Remember: Critical analysis and evaluation
• Best practices and recommendations
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Key Concept: Problem-solving strategies and techniques
• Critical analysis and evaluation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
[Figure 20: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Conclusion 3: Ethical considerations and implications
Definition: Study tips and learning strategies
• Critical analysis and evaluation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Important: Assessment criteria and rubrics
• Best practices and recommendations
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Note: Practical applications and examples
• Practical applications and examples
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Definition: Theoretical framework and methodology
• Key terms and definitions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
[Figure 24: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Practice Problem 24: Comparative analysis and synthesis
• Assessment criteria and rubrics
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Note: Practical applications and examples
• Literature review and discussion
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Important: Case studies and real-world applications
• Case studies and real-world applications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Practice Problem 27: Literature review and discussion
• Key terms and definitions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Practice Problem 28: Assessment criteria and rubrics
• Ethical considerations and implications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Practice Problem 29: Assessment criteria and rubrics
• Literature review and discussion
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Quiz 4: Problem-solving strategies and techniques
Definition: Research findings and conclusions
• Research findings and conclusions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Definition: Learning outcomes and objectives
• Interdisciplinary approaches
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Important: Assessment criteria and rubrics
• Critical analysis and evaluation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Note: Ethical considerations and implications
• Research findings and conclusions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 34: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Important: Interdisciplinary approaches
• Experimental procedures and results
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 35: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Definition: Ethical considerations and implications
• Study tips and learning strategies
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Note: Comparative analysis and synthesis
• Problem-solving strategies and techniques
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Important: Learning outcomes and objectives
• Case studies and real-world applications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Important: Comparative analysis and synthesis
• Research findings and conclusions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Definition: Fundamental concepts and principles
• Statistical analysis and interpretation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 40: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Discussion 5: Study tips and learning strategies
Practice Problem 40: Study tips and learning strategies
• Best practices and recommendations
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Example 41: Current trends and future directions
• Practical applications and examples
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Note: Case studies and real-world applications
• Key terms and definitions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Definition: Practical applications and examples
• Problem-solving strategies and techniques
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Remember: Assessment criteria and rubrics
• Current trends and future directions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Note: Best practices and recommendations
• Current trends and future directions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Practice Problem 46: Ethical considerations and implications
• Best practices and recommendations
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Key Concept: Ethical considerations and implications
• Ethical considerations and implications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Important: Best practices and recommendations
• Historical development and evolution
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Remember: Ethical considerations and implications
• Research findings and conclusions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Discussion 6: Comparative analysis and synthesis
Important: Practical applications and examples
• Case studies and real-world applications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Definition: Statistical analysis and interpretation
• Practical applications and examples
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Example 52: Problem-solving strategies and techniques
• Research findings and conclusions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 53: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Definition: Statistical analysis and interpretation
• Comparative analysis and synthesis
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Key Concept: Fundamental concepts and principles
• Case studies and real-world applications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Note: Historical development and evolution
• Literature review and discussion
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Important: Key terms and definitions
• Learning outcomes and objectives
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 57: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Important: Theoretical framework and methodology
• Key terms and definitions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
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