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Measurements in Chemistry Chapter 2

Problem-Set Solutions
2.1 It is easier to use because it is a decimal unit system.

2.2 Common measurements include mass, volume, length, time, temperature, pressure, and
concentration.

2.3 a. The metric prefix giga, abbreviated as G, has a value of 109. b.

The metric prefix nano, abbreviated as n, has a value of 10-9. c.
The metric prefix mega, abbreviated as M, has a value of 106. d.
The metric prefix micro, abbreviated as µ, has a value of 10-6.

2.4 a. kilo-, 103 b. M, 106 c. pico-, p d. d, 10–1

2.5 a. A kilogram, abbreviated as kg, measures mass.

b. A megameter, abbreviated as Mm, measures length.
c. A nanogram, abbreviated as ng, measures mass.
d. A milliliter, abbreviated as mL, measures volume.

2.6 a. centimeter, length b. volume, dL c. picometer, length d. mass, kg

2.7 a. A milliliter is 103 times smaller than a liter.

b. A kiloliter is 109 times larger than a microliter. c.
A nanoliter is 108 times smaller than a deciliter. d.
A centiliter is 108 times smaller than a megaliter.

2.8 a. larger, 106 b. smaller, 103 c. smaller, 1010 d. smaller, 1015

2.9 The meaning of a metric system prefix is independent of the base unit it modifies. The lists,
arranged from smallest to largest are:
a. nanogram, milligram, centigram b. kilometer, megameter, gigameter
c. picoliter, microliter, deciliter d. microgram, milligram, kilogram

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2.10 a. microliter, milliliter, gigaliter b. centigram, decigram, megagram
c. picometer, micrometer, kilometer d. nanoliter, milliliter, centiliter

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9 Problem-Set Solutions Chapter 2 Problem-Set Solutions Chapter 2 9

2.11 60 minutes is a counted (exact number), and 60 feet is a measured (inexact) number.

2.12 27 people is a counted (exact number), and 27 miles per hour is a measured (inexact) number.

2.13 An exact number has no uncertainty associated with it; an inexact number has a degree of
uncertainty. Whenever defining a quantity or counting, the resulting number is exact.
Whenever a measurement is made, the resulting number is inexact.
a. 32 is an exact number of chairs.
b. 60 is an exact number of seconds.
c. 3.2 pounds is an inexact measure of weight.
d. 323 is an exact number of words.

2.14 a. exact b. inexact c. inexact d. exact

2.15 Measurement results in an inexact number; counting and definition result in exact numbers.
a. The length of a swimming pool is an inexact number because it is measured.
b. The number of gummi bears in a bag is an exact number; gummi bears are counted.
c. The number of quarts in a gallon is exact because it is a defined number.
d. The surface area of a living room rug is an inexact number because it is calculated from
two inexact measurements of length.

2.16 a. exact b. exact c. inexact d. inexact

2.17 The last digit of a measurement is estimated.

a. The estimated digit is 1. b. The estimated digit is 5.
c. The estimated digit is the last 2. d. The estimated digit is 0.

2.18 a. 2 b. 1 c. 1 d. 0

2.19 The magnitude of the uncertainty is indicated by a 1 in the last measured digit.
a. The magnitude of the uncertainty is 0.001
b. The magnitude of the uncertainty is 1.
c. The magnitude of the uncertainty is 0.0001
d. The magnitude of the uncertainty is 0.1
2.20 a. 0.001 b. 1 c. 0.01 d. 0.01

2.21 Only one estimated digit is recorded as part of a measurement.

a. Temperature recorded using a thermometer marked in degrees should be recorded to 0.1
degree.
b. The volume from a graduated cylinder with markings of tenths of milliliters should be
recorded to 0.01 mL.
c. Volume using a volumetric device with markings every 10 mL should be recorded to
1 mL.
d. Length using a ruler with a smallest scale marking of 1 mm should be recorded to 0.1 mm.

2.22 a. 0.1 cm b. 0.1o c. 0.01oF d. 1 mL

2.23 a. 0.1 cm; since the ruler is marked in ones units, the estimated digit is tenths
b. 0.1 cm; since the ruler is marked in ones units, the estimated digit is tenths

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10 Problem-Set Solutions Chapter 2 Problem-Set Solutions Chapter 2 10

2.24 a. 0.01 cm; since the ruler is marked in tenths units, the estimated digit is hundredths
b. 1 cm; since the ruler is marked in tens units, the estimated digit is ones

2.25 a. 2.70 cm; the value is very close to 2.7, with the estimated value being 2.70
b. 27 cm; the value is definitely between 20 and 30, with the estimated value being 27

2.26 a. 2.7 cm; the value is definitely between 2 and 3, with the estimated value being 2.7
b. 27.0 cm; the value is very close to 27, with the estimated value being 27.0

2.27 a. ruler 4; since the ruler is marked in ones units it can be read to tenths
b. ruler 1 or 4; since both rulers are marked in ones units they can be read to tenths
c. ruler 2; since the ruler is marked in tenths units it can be read to hundredths
d. ruler 3; since the ruler is marked in tens units it can be read to ones

2.28 a. ruler 1 or 4; since both rulers are marked in ones units they can be read to tenths
b. ruler 2; since the ruler is marked in tenths units it can be read to hundredths
c. ruler 3; since the ruler is marked in tens units it can be read to ones
d. ruler 3; since the ruler is marked in tens units it can be read to ones
2.29 a. The zeros are not significant because they are trailing zeros with no decimal point.
b. The zeros are significant; trailing zeros are significant when a decimal point is present.
c. The zeros are not significant; leading zeros are never significant.
d. The zeros are significant; confined zeros (between nonzero digits) are significant.
2.30 a. significant b. significant
c. not significant d. not significant
2.31 Significant figures are the digits in a measurement that are known with certainty plus one digit
that is uncertain. In a measurement all nonzero numbers, and some zeros, are significant.
a. 6.000 has four significant figures. Trailing zeros are significant when a decimal point is
present.
b. 0.0032 has two significant figures. Leading zeros are never significant.
c. 0.01001 has four significant figures. Confined zeros (between nonzero digits) are
significant, but leading zeros are not.
d. 65,400 has three significant figures. Trailing zeros are not significant if the number lacks an
explicit decimal point.
e. 76.010 has five significant figures. Trailing zeros are significant when a decimal point is
present.
f. 0.03050 has four significant figures. Confined zeros are significant; leading zeros are not.
2.32 a. 5 b. 3 c. 4 d. 2 e. 5 f. 5
2.33 a. 11.01 and 11.00 have the same number (four) of significant figures. All of the zeros are
significant because they are either confined or trailing with an explicit decimal point.
b. 2002 has four significant figures, and 2020 has three. The last zero in 2020 is not
significant because there is no explicit decimal point.
c. 0.000066 and 660,000 have the same number (two) of significant figures. None of the zeros
in either number are significant because they are either leading zeros or trailing zeros with
no explicit decimal point.

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11 Problem-Set Solutions Chapter 2 Problem-Set Solutions Chapter 2 11

d. 0.05700 and 0.05070 have the same number (four) of significant figures. The trailing zeros
are significant because there is an explicit decimal point.

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12 Problem-Set Solutions Chapter 2 Problem-Set Solutions Chapter 2 12

2.34 a. different b. different c. different d. same

2.35 The estimated digit is the last significant figure in each measured value, and is underlined in
the numbers below:
a. 6.000 b. 0.0032 c. 0.01001 d. 65,400 e. 76.010 f. 0.03050

2.36 a. the 9 b. the 1 c. last zero d. the 3 e. last zero f. last zero

2.37 The magnitude of uncertainty is ±1 in the last significant digit of a measurement.

a. ±0.001 b. ±0.0001 c. ±0.00001
d. ±100 e. ±0.001 f. ±0.00001

2.38 a. 1 b. 0.00001 c. 0.0001

d. 1000 e. 0.001 f. 0.00001

2.39 The estimated number of people is 50,000.

a. If the uncertainty is 10,000, the low and high estimates are 40,000 to 60,000.
b. If the uncertainty is 1000, the low and high estimates are 49,000 to 51,000.
c. If the uncertainty is 100, the low and high estimates are 49,900 to 50,100.
d. If the uncertainty is 10, the low and high estimates are 49,990 to 50,010.
2.40 a. 30,000-50,000 b. 39,000-41,000 c. 39,900-40,100 d. 39,990-40,010
2.41 When rounding numbers, if the first digit to be deleted is 4 or less, drop it and the following
digits; if it is 5 or greater, drop that digit and all of the following digits and increase the last
retained digit by one.
a. 45.3455 rounded to the tenths decimal place is 45.3
b. 375.14 rounded to the tenths decimal place is 375.1
c. 0.7567 rounded to the tenths decimal place is 0.8
d. 3.0500 rounded to the tenths decimal place is 3.1
2.42 a. 42.33 b. 231.45 c. 0.07 d. 7.10
2.43 a. 456.455 rounded to three significant figures is 456 b.
4.56455 rounded to three significant figures is 4.56 c.
0.31111 rounded to three significant figures is 0.311 d.
0.31151 rounded to three significant figures is 0.312
2.44 a. 327 b. 3.60 c. 0.457 d. 0.456
2.45 To obtain a number with three significant figures:
a. 3567 becomes 3570 b. 323,200 becomes 323,000
c. 18 becomes 18.0 d. 2,345,346 becomes 2,350,000
2.46 a. 1230 b. 25,700 c. 7.20 d. 3,670,000
2.47 In multiplication and division, the number of significant figures in the answer is the same as
the number of significant figures in the measurement that contains the fewest significant
figures. (s.f. stands for significant figures)
a. 10,300 (three s.f.) 0.30 (two s.f.) 0.300 (three s.f.) Since the least number of
significant figures is two, the answer will have two significant figures.

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13 Problem-Set Solutions Chapter 2 Problem-Set Solutions Chapter 2 13

b. 3300 (two s.f.) 3330 (three s.f.) 333.0 (four s.f.) The lowest number of significant
figures is two, so the answer will have two significant figures.

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14 Problem-Set Solutions Chapter 2 Problem-Set Solutions Chapter 2 14

c. 6.0 (two s.f.) ÷ 33.0 (three s.f.) The answer will have two significant figures.
d. 6.000 (four s.f.) ÷ 33 (two s.f.) The answer will have two significant figures.
2.48 a. 1 b. 1 c. 2 d. 1
2.49 In multiplication and division of measured numbers, the answer has the same number of
significant figures as the measurement with the fewest significant figures. (s.f. stands for
significant figures.)
a. 2.0000 (five s.f.) × 2.00 (three s.f.) × 0.0020 (two s.f.) = 0.0080 (two s.f.)
b. 4.1567 (five s.f.) × 0.00345 (three s.f.) = 0.0143 (three s.f.)
c. 0.0037 (two s.f.) × 3700 (two s.f.) × 1.001 (four s.f.) = 14 (two s.f.)
d. 6.00 (three s.f.) ÷ 33.0 (three s.f.) = 0.182 (three s.f.)
e. 530,000 (two s.f.) ÷ 465,300 (four s.f.) = 1.1 (two s.f.)
f. 4670 (four s.f.) × 3.00 (three s.f.) ÷ 2.450 (four s.f.) = 5720 (three s.f.)
2.50 a. 0.080 b. 0.1655 c. 0.0048 d. 0.1818 e. 36,000 f. 1.44
2.51 In addition and subtraction of measured numbers, the answer has no more digits to the right of
the decimal point than are found in the measurement with the fewest digits to the right of the
decimal point.
a. 12 + 23 + 127 = 162 (no digits to the right of the inferred decimal point)
b. 3.111 + 3.11 + 3.1 = 9.3 (one digit to the right of the decimal point)
c. 1237.6 + 23 + 0.12 = 1261 (no digits to the right of the inferred decimal point)
d. 43.65 – 23.7 = 20.0 (one digit to the right of the decimal point)
2.52 a. 281 b. 12.20 c. 309 d. 1.04
2.53 a. The uncertainty of 12.37050 rounded to 6 significant figures is 0.0001
b. The uncertainty of 12.37050 rounded to 4 significant figures is 0.01
c. The uncertainty of 12.37050 rounded to 3 significant figures is 0.1
d. The uncertainty of 12.37050 rounded to 2 significant figures is 1
2.54 a. 0.0001 b. 0.001 c. 0.01 d. 1
2.55 Scientific notation is a numerical system in which a decimal number is expressed as the
product of a number between 1 and 10 (the coefficient) and 10 raised to a power (the
exponential term). To convert a number from decimal notation to scientific notation, move the
decimal point to a position behind the first nonzero digit. The exponent in the exponential term
is equal to the number of places the decimal point was moved.
a. 120.7 = 1.207 102 The decimal point was moved two places to the left, so the exponent
is 2. Note that all significant figures become part of the coefficient.
b. 0.0034 = 3.4 10–3 The decimal point was moved three places to the right, so the
exponent is –3.
c. 231.00 = 2.3100 102 The decimal point was moved two places to the left, so the
exponent is 2.
d. 23,100 = 2.31 104 The decimal point was moved four places to the left, so the exponent
is 4.
2.56 a. 3.722 × 101 b. 1.02 × 103 c. 3.4000 ×101 d. 2.34 × 105

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15 Problem-Set Solutions Chapter 2 Problem-Set Solutions Chapter 2 15

2.57 To convert a number from scientific notation to decimal notation, move the decimal point in
the coefficient to the right for a positive exponent or to the left for a negative exponent. The

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16 Problem-Set Solutions Chapter 2 Problem-Set Solutions Chapter 2 16

number of places the decimal point is moved is specified by the exponent. The number of
significant figures remains constant in changing from one notation to the other.
a. 2.34 102 = 234 b. 2.3400 102 = 234.00
–3
c. 2.34 10 = 0.00234 d. 2.3400 10–3 = 0.0023400
2.58 a. 3721 b. 3721.0 c. 0.0676 d. 0.067600
2.59 When you compare exponential numbers, notice that the larger (the more positive) the
exponent is, the larger the number is. The more negative the exponent is, the smaller the
number is.
a. 1.0 × 10–3 is larger than 1.0 × 10–6
b. 1.0 × 103 is larger than 1.0 × 10–2
c. 6.3 × 104 is larger than 2.3 × 104 (The exponents are the same, so we need to look at the
coefficients to determine which number is larger.)
d. 6.3 × 10–4 is larger than 1.2 × 10–4

2.60 a. 2.0 × 102 b. 3.0 × 106 c. 4.4 × 10–4 d. 9.7 × 103

2.61 In scientific notation, only significant figures become part of the coefficient.
a. 1.0 × 102 (two significant figures)
b. 5.34 × 106 (three significant figures)
c. 5.34 × 10–4 (three significant figures)
d. 6.000 × 103 (four significant figures)

2.62 a. 3 b. 3 c. 5 d. 4

2.63 To multiply numbers expressed in scientific notation, multiply the coefficients and add the
exponents in the exponential terms. To divide numbers expressed in scientific notation, divide
the coefficients and subtract the exponents.
a. (3.20 107) (1.720 105) = 5.504 1012 = 5.50 1012 The coefficient in the
answer is expressed to three significant figures because one of the numbers being
multiplied has only three significant figures.
b. (1.00 103) (5.00 103) (3.0 10–3) = 15 103 = 1.5 104 To express the
answer in correct scientific notation, the decimal point in the coefficient was moved one
place to the left, and the exponent was increased by 1.
c. (3.0 10–5) ÷ (1.5 102) = 2.0 10–7
d. (2.2 106) (2.3 10–6) ÷ (1.2 10–3) ÷ (3.5 10–3) = 1.2 106
2.64 a. 5.3 × 1012 b. 8.1 × 102 c. 2.0 × 108 d. 1.3 × 105

2.65 a. 102; the uncertainty in the coefficient is 102 and multiplying this by the power of ten gives
102 × 104 = 102
b. 104; 102 × 106 = 104
c. 104; 101 × 105 = 104
d. 104; 101 × 103 = 104
2.66 a. 104; the uncertainty in the coefficient is 102 and multiplying this by the power of ten gives
102 × 102 = 104
b. 104; 103 × 101 = 104
c. 102; 101 × 103 = 102

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17 Problem-Set Solutions Chapter 2 Problem-Set Solutions Chapter 2 17

d. 10; 103 × 10 = 102

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18 Problem-Set Solutions Chapter 2 Problem-Set Solutions Chapter 2 18

2.67 To convert a number from decimal notation to scientific notation, move the decimal point to a
position behind the first nonzero digit. The exponent in the exponential term is equal to the
number of places the decimal point was moved.
a. 0.00300300 to three significant figures becomes 3.00 10–3
b. 936,000 to two significant figures becomes 9.4 105
c. 23.5003 to three significant figures becomes 2.35 101
d. 450,000,001 to six significant figures becomes 4.50000 108

2.68 a. 3.030 × 101 b. 1.51 × 101 c. 3.26 × 106 d. 3.200 × 107

2.69 Conversion factors are derived from equations (equalities) that relate units. They always come
in pairs, one member of the pair being the reciprocal of the other.
a. 1 day = 24 hours The conversion factors derived from this equality are:
1 day 24 hours
or
24 hours 1 day

b. 1 century = 10 decades The conversion factors derived from this equality are:
1 century 10 decades
or
10 decades 1 century

c. 1 yard = 3 feet The conversion factors derived from this equality are:
1 yard 3 feet
or
3 feet 1 yard

d. 1 gallon = 4 quarts The conversion factors derived from this equality are:
1 gallon 4 quarts
or
4 quarts 1 gallon

1 week 7 days 1 century 100 years

2.70 a. or b. or
7 days 1 week 100 years 1 century
1 foot 12 inches 2 pints 1 quart
c. or d. or
12 inches 1 foot 1 quart 2 pints

2.71 The conversion factors are derived from the definitions of the metric system prefixes.

1 kL 10 3 L
a. 1 kL = 103 L The conversion factors are: or
10 3 L 1 kL

1 mg 10-3 g
b. 1 mg = 10–3 g The conversion factors are: or
10-3 g 1 mg

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19 Problem-Set Solutions Chapter 2 Problem-Set Solutions Chapter 2 19

1 cm 10 -2 m
c. 1 cm = 10–2 m The conversion factors are: or
10-2 m 1 cm

1 sec 10-6 sec

d. 1sec = 10 sec The conversion factors are:
–6 or
10-6 sec 1 sec

1 ng 10 9 g 10 L 1 dL
2.72 a. or b. or
10 9 g 1 ng 1 dL 10 L

10 6 m 1 Mm 10 sec 1 psec
c. or d. or
1 Mm 10 6 m 1 psec 10 sec

2.73 Exact numbers occur in definitions, counting and simple fractions. Inexact numbers result
when a measurement is made.
a. 1 dozen = 12 objects This is a definition, so the conversion factors are exact numbers.
b. 1 kilogram = 2.20 pounds This equality is measured, so the conversion factors are
inexact numbers.
c. 1 minute = 60 seconds The equality is derived from a definition; the conversion factors
are exact numbers.
d. 1 millimeter = 10–3 meters The equality is derived from a definition; the conversion
factors are exact numbers.

2.74 a. exact b. exact c. inexact d. exact

2.75 Exact numbers occur in definitions (c. and d.); inexact numbers result when a measurement is
made (a. and b.). The numbers below are expressed to three significant figures.
a. 4.54 102 g b. 2.54 100 cm
c. 1 10–12 g d. 3.60 101 in
1 6
2.76 a. 9.46 × 10 b. 1 × 10 c. 1 × 103 d. 4 × 10

2.77 Using dimensional analysis: (1) identify the given quantity and its unit, and the unknown
quantity and its unit and (2) multiply the given quantity by a conversion factor that allows
cancellation of any units not desired in the answer.
a. 1.6 x 103 dm is the given quantity. The unknown quantity will be in meters. The
equality is 1 dm = 10–1 m, and the conversion factors are:
1 dm 10-1 m
or
10-1 m 1 dm

The second of these will allow the cancellation of decimeters and leave meters.

b. Convert 24 nm to meters. The equality is 1 nm = 10–9 m.

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20 Problem-Set Solutions Chapter 2 Problem-Set Solutions Chapter 2 20

c. Convert 0.003 km to meters. The equality is 1 km = 103 m.

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21 Problem-Set Solutions Chapter 2 Problem-Set Solutions Chapter 2 21

d. Convert 3.0 × 108 mm to meters. The equality is 1 mm = 10–3 m.

2.78

2.79 Convert 2500 mL to liters. The equality is 1 mL = 10–3 L.

2.80

2.81 Convert 1550 g to pounds. Some conversion factors relating the English and Metric Systems
of measurement can be found in Table 2.2 of your textbook.

2.82

2.83 Convert 25 mL to gallons. For this conversion, use two conversion factors, one derived from
the defined relationship of mL and L, and the other, relating gallons and liters, from Table 2.2.

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2013Reserved.
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May not be Allscanned,
Rights Reserved.
copied orMay
duplicated,
not be scanned, copied or duplicated,
or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
22 Problem-Set Solutions Chapter 2 Problem-Set Solutions Chapter 2 22

2.84

2.85 Convert 83.2 kg to pounds. See Table 2.2 in your textbook for the conversion factor relating
kilograms and pounds.

Convert 1.92 m to feet. Use two conversion factors: the relationship between inches and
meters from Table 2.2, and the defined relationship between feet and inches.

2.86

5 ft 4 in. = 64 in.

2.87 Exact numbers occur in definitions (1 foot = 12 inches). Therefore the answer will have the
same number of significant figures as the measurement.
a. 4.3 feet – two significant figures b. 3.09 feet – three significant figures
c. 0.33030 feet – five significant figures d. 5.12310 feet – six significant figures
2.88 a. 2 b. 5 c. 6 d. 3

2.89 The conversion factor is obtained from a measurement (1 inch = 2.540 cm). Therefore, the
answer will have the same number of significant figures as the number in the measurement or
the conversion factor with the least number of significant figures.
a. 4.3 cm – two significant figures b. 3.09 cm – three significant figures
c. 0.33030 cm – four significant figures d. 5.12310 cm – four significant figures
2.90 a. 2 b. 4 c. 4 d. 3
2.91 Density is the ratio of the mass of an object to the volume occupied by that object. To
calculate the density of mercury, substitute the given mass and volume values into the
defining formula for density.
524.5 g g
Density = mass/volume = 3 = 13.55
38.72 cm cm 3

2.92 12.0 g g
3
= 4.46
2.69 cm cm 3

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