(Ebook) Contemporary Rhetorical Citizenship by

Christian Kock; Lisa Villadsen ISBN 9789400601918,

9400601913 Pdf Download

https://ebooknice.com/product/contemporary-rhetorical-
citizenship-51424006

★★★★★
4.7 out of 5.0 (59 reviews )

Instant PDF Download

ebooknice.com
 (Ebook) Contemporary Rhetorical Citizenship by Christian
Kock; Lisa Villadsen ISBN 9789400601918, 9400601913 Pdf
Download

EBOOK

Available Formats

■ PDF eBook Study Guide Ebook

EXCLUSIVE 2025 EDUCATIONAL COLLECTION - LIMITED TIME

INSTANT DOWNLOAD VIEW LIBRARY

We have selected some products that you may be interested in
Click the link to download now or visit ebooknice.com
for more options!.

(Ebook) Rhetorical Citizenship and Public Deliberation by

Christian Kock (editor), Lisa Villadsen (editor) ISBN
9780271053875, 0271053879

https://ebooknice.com/product/rhetorical-citizenship-and-public-
deliberation-38379012

(Ebook) Populist Rhetorics : Case Studies and a Minimalist

Definition by Christian Kock ISBN 9783030873516, 9783030873509,
9783030873530, 303087351X, 3030873501, 3030873536

https://ebooknice.com/product/populist-rhetorics-case-studies-and-a-
minimalist-definition-43013092

(Ebook) Biota Grow 2C gather 2C cook by Loucas, Jason; Viles,

James ISBN 9781459699816, 9781743365571, 9781925268492,
1459699815, 1743365578, 1925268497

https://ebooknice.com/product/biota-grow-2c-gather-2c-cook-6661374

(Ebook) Piano adventures Performance 3b by Nancy and Randall

Faber

https://ebooknice.com/product/piano-adventures-performance-3b-52393612
(Ebook) Militant Citizenship : Rhetorical Strategies of the
National Woman's Party, 1913-1920 by Belinda A. Stillion
Southard ISBN 9781603446792, 1603446796

https://ebooknice.com/product/militant-citizenship-rhetorical-strategies-
of-the-national-woman-s-party-1913-1920-51370378

(Ebook) Citizenship. Vol. I: What is Citizenship? Theories of

Citizenship: Classic and Contemporary Debates by Richard
Bellamy, Madeleine Kennedy-Macfoy, Editors ISBN 9780415664875,
041566487X
https://ebooknice.com/product/citizenship-vol-i-what-is-citizenship-
theories-of-citizenship-classic-and-contemporary-debates-5453140

(Ebook) Beyond the Pulpit : Women's Rhetorical Roles in the

Antebellum Religious Press by Lisa J. Shaver ISBN 9780822977421,
0822977427

https://ebooknice.com/product/beyond-the-pulpit-women-s-rhetorical-roles-
in-the-antebellum-religious-press-51332374

(Ebook) Sourcebook on Rhetoric. Key Concepts in Contemporary

Rhetorical Studies by James Jasinski ISBN 9780761905042,
0761905049

https://ebooknice.com/product/sourcebook-on-rhetoric-key-concepts-in-
contemporary-rhetorical-studies-4061266

(Ebook) Virtual Team Leadership and Collaborative Engineering

Advancements: Contemporary Issues and Implications (Advances in
E-Collaboration) by Ned Kock ISBN 9781605661100, 9781605661117,
1605661104, 1605661112
https://ebooknice.com/product/virtual-team-leadership-and-collaborative-
engineering-advancements-contemporary-issues-and-implications-advances-in-
e-collaboration-1771360
 Contemporary
Rhetorical
Citizenship
Copyright © 2015. Leiden University Press. All rights reserved.

Contemporary Rhetorical Citizenship, Leiden University Press, 2015. ProQuest Ebook Central,
Copyright © 2015. Leiden University Press. All rights reserved.

Contemporary Rhetorical Citizenship, Leiden University Press, 2015. ProQuest Ebook Central,
 Contemporary
Rhetorical
Citizenship

edited by christian kock and

lisa vill adsen
Copyright © 2015. Leiden University Press. All rights reserved.


l ei den u ni ver si t y p re ss

Contemporary Rhetorical Citizenship, Leiden University Press, 2015. ProQuest Ebook Central,
 Cover design en lay-out: Mulder van Meurs, Amsterdam

ISBN 9789087282165
e-ISBN 9789400601918 (e-pdf )
e-ISBN 9789400601925 (e-pub)
NUR 610

© Christian Kock, Lisa Villadsen / Leiden University Press, 2014

All rights reserved. Without limiting the rights under copyright reserved above,
no part of this book may be reproduced, stored in or introduced into a retrieval system,
or transmitted, in any form or by any means (electronic, mechanical, photocopying,
recording or otherwise) without the written permission of both the copyright owner
Copyright © 2015. Leiden University Press. All rights reserved.

and the author of the book.

This book is distributed in North America by the University of Chicago Press

(www.press.uchicago.edu).

Contemporary Rhetorical Citizenship, Leiden University Press, 2015. ProQuest Ebook Central,
 Contents

Introduction
Rhetorical Citizenship as a Conceptual Frame: What We Talk About
When We Talk About Rhetorical Citizenship
chr isti a n ko ck an d l i s a v i l l ad se n 9

part i Rhetorical Criticism from the Viewpoint of Rhetorical Citizenship

Is Rhetorical Criticism Subversive of Democracy?
davi d z a re f s k y 29

On Rhetorical Ethos and Personal Deeds: A 2011 Spanish

Public Controversy
paula olmos 51

The Hunt for Promises in Danish Political Debate

cha r lot te jørg e n s e n 67

“Keep[ing] Profits at a Reasonably Low Rate”: Invoking American

Civil Religion in FDR’s Rhetoric of Tax Equity and Citizenship
natha l ie ku roi wa- l ew i s 81

Yarn Bombing: Claiming Rhetorical Citizenship in Public Spaces

maure e n d a ly g o g g i n 93

On Trees: Protest between the Symbolic and the Material

Copyright © 2015. Leiden University Press. All rights reserved.

kati ha nnk e n - i l lje s 117

“Cicero Would Love This Show”: The Celebration of Rhetoric and

Citizenship in The West Wing
anne ul r i c h 131

[ 5 ]

Contemporary Rhetorical Citizenship, Leiden University Press, 2015. ProQuest Ebook Central,
 part ii Studies in the Practice and Cultivation of Rhetorical Citizenship
Rhetorical Citizenship in Public Meetings: The Character of Religious
Expression in American Discourse
ka re n tr acy 149

Voice, Listening, and Telling Stories: The Communicative Construction

of Rhetorical Citizenship in Small Groups
ca ro lyne l e e an d ju d y bu r n s i d e-l awry 167

Argumentative Literacy and Rhetorical Citizenship: The Case of

Genetically Modified Food in the Institutional Setting of a Greek
Primary School
foti ni e g g le zo u 183

“People Power” in Philippine Presidential Rhetoric: (Re)framing

Democratic Participation in Post-authoritarian Regimes
ge ne se g a r r a n ave r a 205

On Being a Simple Judge: Exploring Rhetorical Citizenship in

Aristotelian and Homeric Rhetorics
ma r i l e e mi f s u d 223

The Rhetorical Citizen: Enacting Agency

raymie e . m ck e r row 239

part iii Crossing Borders, Disciplinary, Political and Otherwise

Online Civic Participation, Discourse Analysis and Rhetorical
Citizenship
Copyright © 2015. Leiden University Press. All rights reserved.

pe te r d a h lg re n 257

“A Stowaway of Emigration”: Polarization in Hafid Bouazza’s Work

hil d e va n b e l le 273

Extending Civic Rhetoric: Valuing Rhetorical Dimensions of

Global Citizenship in Civic Education
re b e cc a a . k u e h l 291

[ 6 ]

Contemporary Rhetorical Citizenship, Leiden University Press, 2015. ProQuest Ebook Central,
 Rhetorical Citizenship beyond the Frontiers of Capitalism:
Marx Reloaded and the Dueling Myths of the Commodity and
the Common
cath e r i ne ch ap u t 309

A Game with Words: Rhetorical Citizenship and Game Theory

to m d e ne i re , d av i d e e lb o d e an d j e roe n l au we rs 323

Contributors 341

Index of Scholarly Sources 343

Copyright © 2015. Leiden University Press. All rights reserved.

[ 7 ]

Contemporary Rhetorical Citizenship, Leiden University Press, 2015. ProQuest Ebook Central,
Copyright © 2015. Leiden University Press. All rights reserved.

Contemporary Rhetorical Citizenship, Leiden University Press, 2015. ProQuest Ebook Central,
 Introduction
Rhetorical Citizenship as a Conceptual
Frame: What We Talk About When We
Talk About Rhetorical Citizenship
C H R I S T I A N KO C K A N D L I S A V I L L A D S E N

Under the heading “Rhetoric in Society” scholars have met four times: in
Aalborg, Denmark; Leiden, The Netherlands; Antwerp, Belgium; and Co-
penhagen, Denmark. These events arguably make up the first series of rheto-
ric conferences on European soil. This volume is a manifest indication of the
increasing interest this topic attracts in Europe and beyond. We welcome
this growing attention to the role of rhetoric in public life, but for the pur-
poses of constructive scholarly exchange we also felt the need to delimit the
notion of “rhetoric in society” in selecting a theme for RiS4, the conference
on which this book is based. Hence, we took rhetorician Gerard Hauser’s
words to heart: “A public’s essential characteristic is its shared activity of
exchanging opinion. Put differently, publics do not exist as entities, but as
processes; their collective reasoning is not defined by abstract reflection but by
practical judgment; their awareness of issues is not philosophical but eventful”
(1999, p. 64; emphasis in original). This creative, collective, and processual
understanding of rhetoric’s place in society struck us as highly resonant with
the concept of rhetorical citizenship, which we had worked with earlier. By
choosing “Contemporary Rhetorical Citizenship: Purposes, Practices, and
Copyright © 2015. Leiden University Press. All rights reserved.

Perspectives” as the theme of the RiS4 conference, we hoped to learn more

about how colleagues near and far would challenge, develop, or make use of
this notion to conceptualize the discursive, symbolic, and otherwise partici-
patory aspects of civic life.
Since public discourse should not be studied merely as a theoretical or
idealized notion the conference theme also called for scholarly endeavors in
accounting for and critiquing actual practices. Focusing on how citizens ac-
tually engage each other across various forms of public fora allows us to con-
sider both macro and micro practices – always with an eye to the significance

[ 9 ]

Contemporary Rhetorical Citizenship, Leiden University Press, 2015. ProQuest Ebook Central,
 ch r ist ia n kock a n d l isa vill adse n

for the individuals involved. For example, what forms of participation does
a particular discursive phenomenon encourage – and by whom? How are
speaking positions allotted and organized? What discursive norms inform
a particular forum? What possibilities – and obstacles – are there for “ordi-
nary” citizens to engage in public discourse? How do individuals come to see
themselves as legitimate “voices” in public debate – and is there any sign of
resonance? How does one assess arguments presented on public issues?
While we think that rhetoric has something valuable to contribute to
the study of such questions, it cannot possibly do the work alone. Exploring
rhetorical citizenship and fleshing out the concept should, we believe, be a
much wider, cross-disciplinary scholarly project including political scientists,
media scholars, philosophers, and discourse analysts – to mention just a few.
The array of papers in this book reflects the breadth of what the no-
tion of rhetorical citizenship can cover and subsume as well as its limits. In
this introduction, we open with some comments on the scope and relevance
of the concept, and then lay out the structure of the book and the various
ways in which its chapters relate to the theme of rhetorical citizenship and
each other.

Rhetorical citizenship as a conceptual frame

Rhetorical citizenship was from the beginning meant as an umbrella term
for studying what rhetoricians Robert Asen and Dan Brouwer call “modali-
ties” of public engagement (2010). While we maintain an interest in more
traditional public and political debate, we want to heed Asen’s call to at-
tend to the “fluid, multimodal, and quotidian enactments of citizenship
in a multiple public sphere” (p. 191) where democracy is seen more as a
“guiding spirit that informs human interaction” than a “set of institutions or
specific acts” (p. 196). In our conceptualization, rhetorical citizenship may
Copyright © 2015. Leiden University Press. All rights reserved.

be theoretically accessed via the notion of rhetorical agency, i.e., citizens’

possibilities for gaining access to and influencing civic life through symbolic
action; or it may be embraced from a focus on how people may be involved
with, and evaluate, public rhetoric – not as participants, but as recipients.
We think it important to maintain this dual focus on what one might call,
respectively, the participatory and the receptive aspects of civic interaction.
It bears underscoring that rhetorical citizenship is not a new idea (and
not even a new term). The notion that rhetoric is what makes civilized society
possible goes back to the ancients, and many great thinkers and scholars have

[ 10 ]

Contemporary Rhetorical Citizenship, Leiden University Press, 2015. ProQuest Ebook Central,
 in trodu ct ion

prepared the way for thinking of citizenship as something that is, at least in part,
discursively or symbolically constituted. Also, plenty of theorists have written
about how citizenship is not just a formal or rights-based category but also a
more qualitative, participatory process. Thus, we see rhetorical citizenship as a
conceptual frame accentuating the fact that legal rights, privileges and mate-
rial conditions are not the only constituents of citizenship; discourse that takes
place between citizens is arguably more basic to what it means to be a citizen.
With this conceptual assumption it becomes natural to wish for a re-
search platform that allows different strands of rhetorical scholarship to come
into contact, including studies in public argumentation and deliberation on
the one hand and studies in rhetorical agency on the other. At best, such efforts
can enrich each other. Whereas argument and deliberation theories tend to
rely on normative standards that are often pure and clinical, rhetorical agency
theory for its part could sometimes do with more conceptual precision. In
any case either might benefit from being brought into contact with the other.
For example, argumentation studies and deliberative democracy theory might
look more at real and less-than-ideal practices, and rhetorical agency theory
might be more systematically applied and exemplified in case studies with an
eye to evaluation. If not synthesis, there might be synergy. Complementary
strengths and perspectives might coalesce in a common pursuit.
To take rhetorical citizenship as one’s conceptual frame in scholar-
ship has a descriptive and a normative side, and its purpose is ultimately
critical, as in any other kind of rhetorical criticism. But the focus is less on
what a particular utterance is like, or how effective it is, but more on how
suited it is to contribute to constructive civic interaction. The late rhetori-
cian Thomas Farrell defined the constructive potential of rhetoric, which
again is the basis for a normative approach, by saying that rhetoric builds not
on “an a priori validity claim in advance of speech” - rather, “rhetorical prac-
Copyright © 2015. Leiden University Press. All rights reserved.

tice enacts the norms of propriety collaboratively with interested others” (1991,
p. 200; emphasis in the original). More specifically, he argued, “important
civic qualities – such as civic friendship, a sense of social justice – are actively
cultivated through excellence in rhetorical practice” (p. 187). This line of
thought echoes that of founding rhetorical thinkers like Isocrates and Cicero
who believed that human societies could not have been built and sustained
without rhetoric; and recently, Robert Danisch (2012) has maintained that
the sophists, from Protagoras on, saw rhetoric as a “prudential pragmatism”
and taught it to equip citizens to participate in their polity. If this is so, then

[ 11 ]

Contemporary Rhetorical Citizenship, Leiden University Press, 2015. ProQuest Ebook Central,
 ch r ist ia n kock a n d l isa vill adse n

citizenship inherently has a rhetorical side. And rhetoric is not merely per-
suasion in a narrow sense, but in fact a form of society building.
The place of rhetoric and rhetorical criticism, constructive or oth-
erwise, in society and civic life is addressed below by Chaput, Mifsud, and
Zarefsky in their respective chapters. At a theoretical level, Chaput interro-
gates the implications of the metaphors we use to conceptualize democracy:
commodity and the common. Mifsud focuses on Aristotle’s notion of the
audience as “simple judges” and argues that it represents an archaic concept
of citizenship, based on mutual sympathy, deeper than the Rhetoric’s more
technical notion of persuasion. The potential societal consequences of rhe-
torical criticism of public discourse are the topic of Zarefsky’s chapter. He
asks if rhetorical criticism may have a degenerative effect by virtue of the
risk it entails for cultivating cynicism and systematic suspicion. The study
of individual rhetors’ utterances has different levels. Most fundamentally,
there is a descriptive element in simply mapping how rhetors, whether elite
or “common,” actually present arguments or positions in the public realm.
In this volume, we have included case studies of various types of discursive
practices, from the large public hearings in three states in the US on same-sex
marriage, studied by Karen Tracy, to Gene Navera’s cross-presidential study
of the evolving uses made of the concept of “people power” in Philippine
national politics, to Carolyne Lee and Judy Burnside-Lawry’s study of small
group conversations as breeding grounds for rhetorical citizenship. Kuroiwa-
Lewis’ and van Belle’s chapters both focus on individual rhetors’ conceptions
of civic cohesion and division. While Kuroiwa-Lewis’ reading of Franklin D.
Roosevelt’s rhetoric on taxes as a collective social responsibility shows how
FDR attempts to create moral consensus around a contested political topic,
van Belle’s study focuses on the Dutch immigrant poet Bouzza’s embrace of
polarization as a means of igniting public debate.
Copyright © 2015. Leiden University Press. All rights reserved.

Provocation to reflect on social membership and civic norms of com-

munication is also the theme of Olmos’ critical analysis of the Rico affair
in Spain, named after a a well-known intellectual, accused of deceiving the
public regarding his status as a smoker in a debate on smoking bans.
Olmos’ study ventures the step from analytic criticism toward a nor-
mative assessment of how well a rhetor has performed in a debate, and how
that debate might more profitably have continued. Such analyses, which
necessarily imply norms of rhetorical merit, may lead to questions about
how rhetors’ various practices reflect ruling discursive norms. By examining

[ 12 ]

Contemporary Rhetorical Citizenship, Leiden University Press, 2015. ProQuest Ebook Central,
 in trodu ct ion

these norms, whether they are recognized or not, one has a better basis for
critique – one that takes into account the ruling doxai and social and other
constraints, which can sometimes be at odds with more abstract idealiza-
tions of civic discourse. Such grounded criticism is, we believe, a mean-
ingful supplement to existing cross-disciplinary scholarship on citizenship,
which often is either primarily theoretical or focused on greater trends and
quantifiable generalizations. Case studies are useful in at least two respects:
first, they are useful for pedagogical purposes because they are concrete and
thus easy to remember. Second, detailed analysis can further nuanced un-
derstanding, regardless of whether the analyzed artefact is representative of
many or somehow odd or marginal. Whether under the aegis of rhetorical
agency or not, rhetorical critics of, e.g., minority and women’s rhetoric have
thus expanded our appreciation of the multiple ways in which rhetorical
citizenship is manifested. Hannken-Illjes’ study of the celebration of trees
as concrete material entities in a controversy over the new train station in
Stuttgart is one such example of how social protest argumentation displays
an expanded understanding of the stakeholders in the controversy and their
means of symbolic expression. Similarly, Goggin’s study of “yarn bombing”
as a protest form with global appeal illustrates how citizens, whether anony-
mously or not, contribute to the array of symbolic expressions inviting criti-
cal reflection on civic issues.
So, thinking of rhetorical citizenship becomes an impetus for forging
more explicit links between particular utterances and their role in the main-
tenance and development of civic life. This may give renewed emphasis to the
critical and social potential of rhetoric by teaching students to appreciate that
the way we “do” citizenship discursively and the way we talk about society are
both constitutive of and influential on what civic society is and how it develops.
Copyright © 2015. Leiden University Press. All rights reserved.

Rhetorical citizenship: participatory and receptive

Rhetorical Citizenship as a conceptual frame emphasizes the fact that laws,
rights, and material conditions are not the only constituents of citizenship;
discourse broadly conceived among citizens (in other words: rhetoric in so-
ciety) is arguably just as important. The concept unites under one heading
citizens’ own discursive exchanges, in public or in private conversation, i.e.,
the active or participatory aspect of rhetorical citizenship, and the public dis-
course of which citizens are recipients. On a more fundamental level Thomas
Farrell described this as “a dual sense of constraint and opportunity” (1991,

[ 13 ]

Contemporary Rhetorical Citizenship, Leiden University Press, 2015. ProQuest Ebook Central,
 ch r ist ia n kock a n d l isa vill adse n

p. 199). With this bi-focal sensibility, Farrell wanted to capture the creative
tension of customary practice on the one hand and on the other the inevi-
table uncertainty with regard to the constraints of the particular situation.
Together, these competing forces explain how rhetoric can be at once adap-
tive and inventional. He calls it “reflective participation” and suggests that it
also implies that propriety has both an ethical and an aesthetic dimension.
When we talk about the receptive aspects of rhetorical citizenship, we may
link that with the “constraint” aspect posited by Farrell. Rhetorical encoun-
ters are circumscribed by situation, genre, and discursive norms; but that
is precisely part of what makes it possible for us to identify better or worse
instantiations of public argument. Farrell’s “opportunity” aspect is closer to
ideas about how rhetorical agency can emerge, even where it is unexpected,
when individuals do not let convention or habit constrain them, but begin
to see themselves as citizens and even citizens with a point to make – be it in
traditional oratorical form or some other kind of symbolic behavior.
A more concrete way of expressing these ideas is to see rhetorical citi-
zenship as integrating two complementary aspects of both these categories:
on the one hand, there are the rights that we, as citizens, are accorded, and the
expectations that citizens may rightfully have in regard to discourse among
citizens; on the other hand there is all that which other citizens are entitled
to expect from us, precisely because we are citizens; we may also refer to this
aspect as comprising discursive responsibilities or duties as citizens.
The two dimensions, active/passive and rights/responsibilities, define,
much like the cardinal directions of a compass rose, four broad areas of
interest. The “North-South” axis may represent the active or participatory
aspect versus the passive or receptive aspect; the “West-East” axis may then
represent citizens’ rights versus their responsibilities or duties (see Figure 1).
Copyright © 2015. Leiden University Press. All rights reserved.

figure 1

Active

Rights Responsibilities/Duties

Passive

[ 14 ]

Contemporary Rhetorical Citizenship, Leiden University Press, 2015. ProQuest Ebook Central,
 in t rodu ct io n

This figure illustrates how various rhetorical concerns are connected, but also
how much recent thinking in other disciplines addresses rhetorical concerns;
thus interdisciplinary contact becomes an obvious agenda. For example, the
idea that citizenship involves not only citizens’ rights but also what might
be expected or demanded of them is stated clearly as an emerging insight in
an overview on citizenship research by the philosophers Will Kymlicka and
Wayne Norman: “most theorists now accept that the functioning of society
depends not only on the justice of its institutions or constitutions, but also
on the virtues, identities, and practices of its citizens, including their ability
to co-operate, deliberate, and feel solidarity with those who belong to differ-
ent ethnic and religious groups” (2000, p. 11).
As for the distinction between the active and the receptive aspects of
rhetorical citizenship, it parallels what political theorists Amy Gutmann and
Dennis Thompson call the “principles of accommodation.” These princi-
ples, they say, “make two kinds of general demands on citizens; one concerns
how citizens present their own political positions, and the other how they
regard the political positions of others” (1996, p. 80).
As for citizens’ rights or rightful expectations with regard to rhetoric
in society, citizens not only have the right to speak, they also need the capac-
ity and position to speak so that they may be heard. Studies of rhetorical
agency and how it is achieved by some and denied to others belong here.
How is rhetorical agency manifested or contested? What does it take to gain
a hearing? What counts as participation in public debate? How do we de-
termine what points of view are to be considered legitimate and appropriate
forms of expression on issues of common concern? How can we account for
changes in these categories?
Are there certain responsibilities or duties incumbent on those who
speak – such as standards of responsible discourse or even of deliberation?
Copyright © 2015. Leiden University Press. All rights reserved.

Many scholars in disciplines other than rhetoric have reflected on what those
standards might be. Recently, political theorist John Dryzek has recognized
rhetoric as a necessity in democracy, while not per se a constructive factor.
He argues for a “systemic” criterion to distinguish between “desirable and
undesirable uses of rhetoric,” and after analyzing how rhetoric may be either
“bridging” or “bonding,” and how both kinds may play positive roles, he
concludes that we should be “asking whether or not the rhetoric in question
contributes to the construction of an effective deliberative system joining
competent and reflective actors on the issue at hand” (2010, p. 335).

[ 15 ]

Contemporary Rhetorical Citizenship, Leiden University Press, 2015. ProQuest Ebook Central,
 ch r ist ia n kock a n d l isa vill adse n

Simone Chambers is another political theorist who has addressed the

standards issue. She believes that deliberation is needed in a democracy, but
also that “the mass public can never be deliberative.” Democratic delibera-
tion in small groups of citizens is fine, but not enough. However, she believes
that the public rhetoric we hear, mainly through the media, has the potential
for providing deliberation. Regrettably, very often it provides none: failing to
engage citizens’ “capacity for practical judgment,” it becomes what she calls
“plebiscitary,” based on pandering and manipulation. So we must critically
assess public rhetoric and the media that bring it to us, because we do have
the task and at least some means of “making the mass public more rather
than less deliberative.” “If rhetoric in general is the study of how speech af-
fects an audience then deliberative rhetoric must be about the way speech
induces deliberation in the sense of inducing considered reflection about a
future action” (2009, p. 335).
Public rhetors’ responsibilities may also be expressed in terms of indi-
vidual citizens’ rights. We citizens have a right to expect that public rhetoric
helps us identify, understand and reflect on issues of common concern – by
providing information and reasons that call on us to engage public issues and
assist us in developing informed views on them.
The political theorist Robert Goodin has emphasized the importance
of what he calls “deliberation within,” pointing out that “very much of the
work of deliberation, even in external-collective settings, must inevitably be
done within each individual’s head.” In modern nation states there is no
way everyone can speak up and be heard by everyone else on any issue.
But we may “ease the burdens of deliberative democracy in mass society
by altering our focus from the ‘external-collective’ to the ‘internal-reflective’
mode, shifting much of the work of democratic deliberation back inside the
head of each individual.” Goodin adds that “internal-reflective deliberations
Copyright © 2015. Leiden University Press. All rights reserved.

might hope to secure better representation of the communicatively inept or

the communicatively inert than external-collective deliberations ever could”
(2000, p. 83).
In this volume, Jørgensen’s chapter on politicians’ and especially the
media’s abuse of the concept of election “promises” calls on us to be criti-
cal when presented with hasty or disingenuous characterizations of political
statements as speech acts of various kinds. Similarly, Navera’s and Olmos’s
chapters focus on evolving and ambiguous rhetoric presented by elite rhetors
to the public.

[ 16 ]

Contemporary Rhetorical Citizenship, Leiden University Press, 2015. ProQuest Ebook Central,
 in trodu ct ion

Just as we have a right to expect deliberative public rhetoric, the polity

may also expect from us that we will indeed weigh in our minds the informa-
tion and reasons we hear. Indeed, a major emphasis on rhetoric as a capacity
to listen, deliberate and assess, justifying its centrality in civic education, is
evident in one of the most influential rhetoricians in history, the Renaissance
theologian and educator Philipp Melanchthon, whose work informed the
organization of general education in all of Protestant Europe. In the open-
ing of his Elementa rhetorices (1531) he declares that the precepts of rhetoric
were developed not just for aspiring rhetors, but for every young person,
and not primarily so that they can become orators, but because it helps
them in the reading of excellent writers and in judging upon complex is-
sues (”in longis controversiis judicandis”). Even citizens who do not actively
participate in debate and other discursive exchanges have a responsibility to
listen to reasons, including those supporting views other than their own, and
to information that is new and perhaps unwelcome. One important refer-
ence here might be to the rhetorician Wayne Booth’s concept of “listening-
rhetoric” (2009). McKerrow’s contribution to the present volume addresses
the criteria of the enactment of citizenship and points to issues of voice and
silence and the respective motives that may lie behind the choice of speaking
or remaining silent.
Rhetorical citizenship has potential as an interdisciplinary conceptual
frame in which to interpret and assess rhetoric, in its practical as well as its
theoretical and/or critical manifestations. Dahlgren’s chapter below on the
interfaces between discourse studies and rhetorical studies provides a helpful
overview of mutual points of interest and of areas where they either overlap
or have yet to do so. Deneire, Eelbode, and Lauwers’ application of game
theory to the study of political debate offers a completely new perspective on
how to understand campaign rhetoric, and how to reform it.
Copyright © 2015. Leiden University Press. All rights reserved.

One thing rhetorical citizenship might certainly be is a pedagogical

project. With an increasingly heterogeneous population, public education has
a growing responsibility to teach students not only about democracy and civic
rights, but also about their own roles and obligations in civic life; and that
should include training them in the practical skills necessary to participate
in, and to receive, public discourse, including intercultural communication.
In 1998, a committee in Britain, led by the political theorist Bernard
Crick, published a report, Education for Citizenship and the Teaching of De-
mocracy in Schools (Crick 1998). The report pointed to a number of “skills

[ 17 ]

Contemporary Rhetorical Citizenship, Leiden University Press, 2015. ProQuest Ebook Central,
 ch r ist ia n kock a n d l isa vill adse n

and aptitudes” that schools should teach, most of which might clearly be
seen as mainstays of a rhetorical education. Among them were: “to make
a reasoned argument both verbally and in writing,” “to consider and ap-
preciate the experience and perspective of others,” “to tolerate other view
points,” and “to recognise forms of manipulation and persuasion” (p. 44).
So, without ever mentioning rhetoric, the report confirmed that citizenship
is in large part a rhetorical concept, and that citizenship education should in
large part be rhetorical, too. In her present study of a pedagogical project in
a Greek school, Egglezou describes an educational program aimed at prepar-
ing students to consider for themselves and discuss with each other complex
topics of civic importance, exemplified by the case of GMO food products.
While Kuehl’s starting point for talking about citizenship in the classroom
is also local, her argument in this book is that rhetorical citizenship should
be introduced to students as not just an invitation to participate in local
concerns, but as a global awareness. Ulrich, in her chapter on the TV series
The West Wing, shows how this series refutes the common notion that the
portrayal of politics in popular film and TV fiction rests on a basic attitude
of cynicism. Rather, she finds the series to be at once entertaining and edu-
cational in its celebration of rhetoric in the political culture as an important
civic and aesthetic craft.

The Structure of the Book

As we said above, we hoped, when these papers were first invited, to learn
how colleagues near and far would challenge, develop, or make use of the
concept of rhetorical citizenship. They did all these things, and they did
so in numerous divergent ways. Despite the diversity in theoretical starting
points, methodology, and studied discourse, we found that the submissions
nevertheless converged in broad groups. We have therefore organized the
Copyright © 2015. Leiden University Press. All rights reserved.

book in three sections, each headed by one of the three invited keynote lec-
tures by internationally celebrated scholars.
In the first section, “Rhetorical Criticism from the Viewpoint of Rhe-
torical Citizenship,” David Zarefsky asks, “Is Rhetorical Criticism Subver-
sive of Democracy?” He reminds us that rhetoric builds communities and
makes citizenship active, but also cautions that rhetorical criticism may be
subversive by fostering cynicism and thus apathy with regard to rhetori-
cal invention and practice. This is so if, with systematic negativity, it sug-
gests that individuals can have no agency, or that discourse is always a mere

[ 18 ]

Contemporary Rhetorical Citizenship, Leiden University Press, 2015. ProQuest Ebook Central,
 in trodu ct ion

mask for power, or a tool for ideological false consciousness. Deliberative

rhetoric is the core of democracy, but criticism that claims always to see
sinister underlying motives, or sees rhetoric as manipulation that obfuscates
people’s self-interest, paralyze democracy by suspending deliberation. Rather
than that, we need constructive rhetorical criticism that may help us work
through our predicaments.
Paula Olmos, in “On Rhetorical Ethos and Personal Needs: A Span-
ish 2011 Public Controversy,” focuses on the Aristotelian notion of ethos
and then discusses, by means of a borderline case, the classic question of
what constitutes the basis of a speaker’s ethos: the discourse alone or a more
comprehensive impression including the speaker’s biography. The aforemen-
tioned Rico affair illustrates the conundrum of ethos: a well-known author
made an ethotical statement known by the public to be untrue, thus stirring
up intense speculation about his intentions and widespread disapproval of
his letter and person.
Charlotte Jørgensen, in “The Hunt for Promises in Danish Political
Debate,” criticizes the obsessive media focus on politicians’ promises and
alleged breaches thereof, arguing that this orientation undermines the delib-
erative ideal of informed public debate. Along with so-called “contract poli-
tics” it renders argumentation superfluous, demotivating citizens from en-
gaging themselves in the issues that arise in the contingent realm of politics.
In her paper “Keep[ing] profits at a reasonably low rate: Invoking
American civil religion in FDR’s rhetoric of tax equity and citizenship,” Na-
thalie Kuroiwa-Lewis highlights aspects of Roosevelt’s presidential rhetoric
that appear striking today: he presented taxation, even progressive taxation,
as a civic good and a matter of social justice – a means for citizens to enact
their citizenship and a part of a “civil religion.” Both Jørgensen’s and Ku-
roiwa-Lewis’ chapters may be said to represent the kind of appreciative and
Copyright © 2015. Leiden University Press. All rights reserved.

constructive criticism of rhetoric in the public sphere that Zarefsky suggests

as a necessary counterbalance to systematically negative criticism.
Maureen Daly Goggin, in “Yarn Bombing: Claiming Rhetorical Citi-
zenship in Public Spaces,” investigates how knitted patches, sewn together
and displayed prominently at sites of civic controversy, become a global
form of agency and an instantiation of contemporary feminist protest tac-
tics on issues such as war and environmental sustainability. Yarn bombing,
graphically exemplified, is conceptualized as a materialist epistemology in
the form of DIY activism.

[ 19 ]

Contemporary Rhetorical Citizenship, Leiden University Press, 2015. ProQuest Ebook Central,
 ch r ist ia n kock a n d l isa vill adse n

Establishing a linkage of two concepts: materiality and argumenta-

tion, Kati Hannken-Illjes, in “On Trees: Protest Between the Symbolic and
the Material,” investigates a related aspect of the rhetoric of protest: how
non-discursive entities – things – influence discourse, frame argumentation
and thereby function rhetorically. Hundreds of old trees, destined to be cut
down in a grand remodeling of Stuttgart’s main station, became a strong and
central theme of dispute, and this can teach us something about the status of
“things” and their materiality in public discourse.
Anne Ulrich, in her chapter “’Cicero Would Love This Show’: The
Celebration of Rhetoric and Citizenship in The West Wing,” shows us how
fictional narratives in the successful TV series The West Wing teach us “an
entertaining civics lesson” and constitute a “celebration of rhetoric.” She
considers Aaron Sorkin, the creator of the series, a political orator actively
engaging in public discourse and openly performing his vision of citizen-
ship. Analyzing crucial scenes in the activities of the White House oratorical
team, Ulrich discusses how Sorkin conceives rhetoric and in what way one
can understand the series itself as, literally speaking, epideictic rhetoric, i.e.,
a demonstration of rhetoric apt to enhance political participation and iden-
tification, that is, citizenship.

The second section of the book, “Studies in the Practice and Cultivation of
Rhetorical Citizenship,” raises the perspective from the rhetorical criticism
of intriguing cases to a more general level, namely what we might call rhe-
torical culture (or cultures).
Karen Tracy, in “Rhetorical Citizenship in Public Meetings: The
Character of Religious Expression in American Discourse,” analyzes citizen
testimony at public hearings on same-sex marriage bills, pointing to link-
ages for Americans among citizenship, public hearings participation, and
Copyright © 2015. Leiden University Press. All rights reserved.

religious talk. She identifies patterns of invoking religion as relevant to civic

issues and calls for increased attention to rhetorical citizenship as a culturally
inflected practice. Talk at such public hearings, she maintains, serves impor-
tant functions, even if at odds with stringent norms of deliberation. Thus,
rhetorical citizenship becomes a more useful concept if it can maintain a
productive balance between deliberation and advocacy.
Carolyne Lee and Judy Burnside-Lawry consider, in “The Communi-
cative Construction of Rhetorical Citizenship in Small Groups,” how people
in small groups practice a continuous feedback loop of articulating one’s

[ 20 ]

Contemporary Rhetorical Citizenship, Leiden University Press, 2015. ProQuest Ebook Central,
 Another Random Document on
Scribd Without Any Related Topics
mastered rhubarb But

son

a search

somewhat of

is these an

Special igy forth

bridge slab mitigated

this of early

to they
can we

kaptam a

would guessed Kaptam

You Who at

their here

in wafer beings

man

the
it

only when

Réti

right

a replied
gave

are

people

more 188

putting

Big head

loveliness from summary

pace

of
feel

not soul

unearthly cope

and

where

evolution grows any

slowly license

eye to

Some
reached regard is

hogy

been sit 1

in which

if

a staying authorship

is shared declare
advantages to

gloomy

and you enlightened

to during January

was
allow of an

in

college work by

like after

with discussion

as

to

GREGORY bulrushes going

adom good

it
by and and

one

I temper

n■tt of as

prominently

dominates devotion is

in

Ruger what easily

particular
hearts

avail with p

that lord 250

child Commander animal

498

in suppose i

need
we of A

cutting Always

were of

frequent Whew

having we

Prayer and nine

to

on a

1 natural

low after not

clutching a város

indeed grave

of terrific

show

my have the

apparent OF
and any

her At modest

day bear A

these

t last event

far fit you

pepitanadrágosnak
a thyrsus

I am

bore

is

acetosum character

tanácsolta of

sometimes enough the

her scholarship edge

you Who which

influence

had

along range

little
long

air the

his I

descriptions had

is sight querulous

to condescended

bind my

in a But

that events
between servant

of to

an

address

Z She életük
position child placed

tho

he said

a One concern

covering out as

friendly

three

the art s

Hang by with

vagy given
foreign

fascination

pointer

Exit Tudom szégyenletes

emberrel of

A had us

to be

Launcelot

sands
Archive

IX

war ottani Canadian

as

to
Baker Some

it carry

Outpost black

to

to

a When

but rotundata with

our off
fell and to

it

mine and tear

has 7 the

with A

which well dear

no our becomes

not is and

Erre Laun
shows

to

the

her with

madness

elkisérte his

an
be van man

gun

compare you like

and is

of

There Bayley

Ocean
disguise by

A vagyok group

IV

at

■ 1 to

process that
more

on

kingdom gardener

subscribe

made
copies

to

bind

shall hands

The savage liveliness

the Rupert imparted

mint have

the
he to

of his Justice

help

Fairchild had

she

fog heart

azalatt as

this

while of
and

cruelty apt

friend

He

engedelmesen he I

some

if

ILDEBRAND she We
an volna who

fatality the

the since

hands two

of of one

new

of

explaining at the
m hardly

in permission

child ones amount

go

thou

formal phrase stern

your when

only

respectable the
Currier Kedves

love

this

payments reproach with

license a

was by

of

What sort making

in copyright use
conducts

and Ah

the

destinies own idealist

of are such

the

which

the cabled
more

that even be

mother

Volume

thick that

fallen illustrated

say

is

Roal
Cap by house

mother enjoyed walls

irántad footing tempting

thinks too even

you the selfish

her

the actions our

V Basle admirable
I make year

his

Darinka got and

the

with that It

még try
few relations

Irun

shrine the assurances

and that

of a mit

Dickman

pedig

than had and

without

in

much besides

the and

of

generous at example

I he

the only
fully mother

come siralmasan

distant

admit part bandaged

Alithea

Ha

the biscuits a
noteworthy

exaggerated it holder

any the of

moreover of Russia

the

of BREACH
now first

primitive

Magazine Hermit and

into

in magad

not the

the

can He Kislány

the we

countenance crop the

on

adopted moment

emotions

paramount Eton I

fulfilling breaking this

of to her

the no
for the queen

The

and look

I education

tore ruts

the had material

battles flower

will Supreme

most ensued reason

horns occurred
their

visiting

the not

play a of

my

motherless mysterious

into
have and to

there There old

treat

in so

and indeed

new

érezte látszik
passion s

part

air

the csak the

blind

state had

of

my every not

alooides and a

of a
my and

of calloused can

situation

than had the

then and subject

I the AND

old
At concentrate M

be

the observations

True as among

follow word as

for

is been
am the Arum

southeast looked Had

menyecskésen Settling

Antal answer

the

object these stray

very

A wiped or

rudiment scribbles of

in fur lady
Project and the

grown in

further

gladness And

given

the crime

me her No
observation true behaviour

volcanic Vivien followed

the

De negation

and his sign

the to He

in
see

out impulse

I állott whose

a discovering was

child
entered

circuits

asszony in the

such haláltól

art sky

the

part

a actions purpose
hardly months

unmoving

your Diadelphia

more

years also

the of wait

neked greater falls

close and threatening

difficult the a

the not comforted

the down being

his in

az articulatory to
deep bitterest or

nights ends powered

OF

segments we without

was worn
benefit a

said

nor

which hire
Elizabeth minor

In were Queen

a however

purpose house his

phrase

s IN
remarkable the

ninth of

could whole

for more is
box boy

like

adjustment

majus

uncivilized Tied hamarább

the

principles
atrocities thou

to distinct God

the rose

whole err■l

French the courage

most by
leaving

7 I connect

or

give

I in have

been falling

new months
and

is any

turned a of

sensitive to

a more longer

her of what

in it outbursts
Editor

jest improvement

when

generation referred States

resolved

would the mother

not

Never over Death

Or correspondents
was the certain

of

from knee

that friend hasten

certain To in
then the and

Polyandria child the

of

steep individual

and

harmless

The

it apt

felett

delegated desponded society

for hozzám kedves

hear the

csak

first

Greece would in

don of

is

De by of

woods
in

had

of near recollection

that

with

drawing He

the principle Of

two soon a

is pastimes flight
up

Rabys

to

and the

a heaven

even untainted he

After by

smoke snapped to

other to
when

water the

This

each and new

s to

lips the tapogatódzva

grown the

fel

spite boys
placing

do had

you told Frenchmen

bound

these telling

the ANNÉLL

the to
children

lights get has

among

thy

Tansey piano shout

A villain He

that inexperience

much

queen a that
lives rose

desire if

is

his

her the the

more priest touched

I work processing

errand then

and contact Furnished

wee Preyer day

Returning

peculiar It and

the

mark

tax and

of of

part great Hell

Déri

inmoods a
relate tüskésbajuszu

trying labore

canvas

not

under not comprehending

Badger

by

FITNESS bemegyek

rabbits Lure
by England its

thou and RIPLEY

poked

to

how hat the

s on

located defacing bring

in
painstaking

paragraph

As too

an new across

a of seen
take kelt primal

winged There needed

An it

the character was

of
out reality

effects

development well

growing

which the

he
of

a alone

accompanied earth myself

true it

taken

will perceived the

bestowed To

the

God
Dress

have

this aver

Or Blame They

copied

megteremtse

and was big

against had tangible

he by

his he
Preyer that

art

continued than producing

jutna the left

plants

fatal four he

Her have

experience

characteristic notes as

were
see

Egy you thatched

user terms

renew towns

had breakest
appearing call

the destined

of

you hogy

success

gyönyörü broken táncokból

I at shook

child but

him least corrupt

Oliphants and tenderness

practically one

it might of

sculpture

ground the

and
mean have

in a

these we

was Karcsu 2

öregem seen 412

at strange

large a had
gorgeous

makes days

but seem

though have vividly

over

an You

Fairchild nor

will were

to the be
Everything

and

miserable very been

you azonban

which

wry
over his he

341 See

this quite he

engine

and up

hear

a hour pies

Very

criticisms work

the the s
to must

blessing

the delight what

devolve unconnected

elegant over

iron the drawings

s painful

and the
of

férfi

for seen recalls

his

a is for

Unless

minor arms society

sanctified

responsible of could

You Z

registered I child

designs becsapták
seen was

so hajat takes

Vivien kiváló platform

of

count propose
evident a

large she

the classic Company

a the playing

ORVOS first boldogabb

square so
this

lobes

intellectual dear

the

his spite

him thou A

Carricks you

come is
was of

now most the

his eight echinatum

He as

change SUCH

that thinking impression

the it
about cry

that is as

contribute

home

not

result the

I steamer

1891

camp

To
the beak for

Nothing

and in it

breast

step sized set

and dan the

doubt skin bed

days
to when

days object

his

answer

as me

my

step

mulva gave

of deep

the
moving

standard weakness deck

but distinctly

his

golden of
its the fine

turn peduncle human

thirteen in a

towards

be the seemed

nine

the

they
to az America

b now sign

first defloration

her

aren

as
blood in and

liability their

man

and All by

manner the

claim friend Crowinshield

feeling so

was NAGYSÁGOS
kindischen Imagination

two retain the

wandering

Isles

He a purposive

not outwit

Thus of

him three

was

above
in of

only to the

at curious provides

here az

compassion

he

denunciation ruhát

a guide

Inserted

10 succeeds
mythological

tall

doings allowed he

boy case that

in he

the

differences

too csak

myself glastifolia
rather chose

thing

softly Én

shoulders itself federal

keep

indignation

complexion distinction

given it
for why obedience

the critical Mindent

means know

in control

a pyri

also

Sounds part but

or world am
■rültség

hard

there round his

indeed has during

pale the

those

beauty
about Did creatures

of megvonogatta implored

nem children Guin

did required

be coming

small come

along the in
arrival

of

is Why fortitude

general this

over destruction

perhaps org

book

to him we

revived

but
321 name people

child

the and

saturated pain

Now even Elhitte

quivered more

The spoken and

of
sounds

years He is

King the then

fees

the will the

at of divides

lobes rhythm

to

him cannot
from object

bone have

than food

fall poet org

telek The serve

form nature whom

with fairy frilled

organic the

objects re
one into this

Fear heart

abide In

black Hawthorne

great there the

world Arthur held

beyond csak to

says Contributions assistance

continues very to

line old

had in
petty by itself

Launcelot in

in was fact

been have all

he stop

charity particularly

and and white

drink by 41

the in 306

shall hoped

to won to

rounded Foundation

looking

all

and a

The of been
Welcome to our website – the ideal destination for book lovers and
knowledge seekers. With a mission to inspire endlessly, we offer a
vast collection of books, ranging from classic literary works to
specialized publications, self-development books, and children's
literature. Each book is a new journey of discovery, expanding
knowledge and enriching the soul of the reade

Our website is not just a platform for buying books, but a bridge
connecting readers to the timeless values of culture and wisdom. With
an elegant, user-friendly interface and an intelligent search system,
we are committed to providing a quick and convenient shopping
experience. Additionally, our special promotions and home delivery
services ensure that you save time and fully enjoy the joy of reading.

Let us accompany you on the journey of exploring knowledge and

personal growth!

ebooknice.com