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papers-11911088
 Nail H. Ibragimov

SELECTED WORKS

Volume II

MSc and PhD theses

Nonlocal symmetries
Approximate symmetries
Preliminary group classification
Lie group analysis - a microscope
of mathematical modelling

ALGA Publications
Blekinge Institute of Technology
Karlskrona, Sweden
Brief facts about the Research Centre ALGA:
Advances in Lie Group Analysis
ALGA at Blekinge Institute of Technology, Sweden, is an international re-
search and educational centre aimed at producing new knowledge of Lie
group analysis of differential equations and enhancing the understanding of
the classical results and modern developments.
The main objectives of ALGA are:

• To make available to a wide audience the classical heritage in group

analysis and to teach courses in Lie group analysis as well as new
mathematical programs based on the philosophy of group analysis.

• To advance studies in modern group analysis, differential equations

and non-linear mathematical modelling and to implement a database
containing all the latest information in this field.

Address:
ALGA, Blekinge Institute of Technology, S-371 79 Karlskrona, Sweden.

ISBN 91-7295-991-6

°c 2006 by Nail H. Ibragimov

e-mail: [email protected]
http://www.bth.se/alga

All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or

utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including
photocopying, recording, scanning or otherwise, without written permission
of the author.
Preface
Volume II contains thirteen papers. Six of them, namely Papers 1, 2, 3, 9,
10 and 13, were not published previously in English. Moreover, Papers 3, 9
and 10 were sketched some 20 years ago but not published (though partially
used in my short publications) since I hoped to work out more applications.
Unfortunately, I could not find time to accomplish the whole project due to
many academic and other engagements. Therefore, I decided to translate
into English the original versions of these manuscripts as they were 20 years
ago and publish them in this volume.
Papers 5 and 12 are presented here in their original unabridged versions.
Elena Avdonina translated Papers 1 and 4 into English. She also made
the layout of Papers 5, 6, 7 and 8 in LATEX. Paper 2 was printed in LATEX
by Elena Avdonina and Roza Yakushina. My wife Raisa carefully checked
the formulae in all papers of this volume. I am cordially grateful to them.
My sincere thanks are due to the Vice Chancellor of Blekinge Institute
of Technology Professor Lars Haikola for his lasting support and to my
colleague Associate Professor Claes Jogréus for his assistance.

Nail H. Ibragimov
Karlskrona,
23 November 2006.

iii
Contents

Preface iii

1 Optimal systems of subgroups and classification of invariant

solutions of equations for planar non-stationary gas flows 1
§ 1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
§ 2 Optimal system of one-parameter subgroups . . . . . . . . . 4
§ 3 Optimal system of two-parameter subgroups . . . . . . . . . 13
§ 4 Invariant solutions of the rank 2. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
§ 5 Invariant solutions of the rank 1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29

2 Group properties of some differential equations 31

Preface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
Chapter 1. Transformation groups and symmetries of differential
equations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
§ 1 Point transformation groups . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
1.1 Groups, invariance and partial invariance . . . . . . . 32
1.2 Groups admitted by differential equations . . . . . . 35
§ 2 Contact transformations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
§ 3 Higher-order tangent transformations . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
Chapter 2. Generalized motions in Riemannian spaces . . . . . . 39
§ 4 Groups of isometric motions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
§ 5 Groups of generalized motions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
5.1 Definition and basic properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
5.2 Geometry of generalized motions . . . . . . . . . . . 42
Chapter 3. Symmetry analysis of some equations . . . . . . . . . 44
§ 6 Einstein’s empty space field equations . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
6.1 The maximal symmetry group . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
6.2 Spaces with a given group of generalized motions . . 46
§ 7 Wave equations with zero mass . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
7.1 The Dirac equations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
7.2 The Maxwell equations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54

v
vi CONTENTS

7.3 The wave equation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56

§ 8 Two-dimensional gasdynamic equations . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
8.1 Optimal systems of subalgebras . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
8.2 Partially invariant solutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60
8.3 Invariant solutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63

3 Theorem on projections of equivalence Lie algebras 67

§ 1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67
§ 2 Description of the method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68
2.1 Projections of equivalence Lie algebras . . . . . . . . 68
2.2 Main theorem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69
§ 3 Application to gasdynamic equations . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71
3.1 Equivalence algebra . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71
3.2 Projections of the equivalence algebra . . . . . . . . . 72
3.3 The principal Lie algebra . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73
3.4 Optimal systems of subalgebras spanned by (15) . . . 73
3.5 Equations with extended symmetry algebras . . . . . 76

4 Quasi-local symmetries of non-linear heat conduction type

equations 80

5 Nonlocal symmetries 85
Preface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85
Chapter 1. Preliminaries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86
§ 1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86
§ 2 Lie-Bäcklund operators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89
§ 3 Transition formula . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91
§ 4 Quasi-local symmetries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92
Chapter 2. Diffusion equations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94
§ 5 Equivalence transformations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94
5.1 Filtration equation: continuous equivalence group . . 95
5.2 Filtration equation: complete equivalence group . . . 97
5.3 Equivalence group for the equation wt = H(w2 ) . . . 98
5.4 Equivalence group for the nonlinear heat equation . . 100
§ 6 Classification of the equations wt = H(w2 ) . . . . . . . . . . 100
6.1 The determining equations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100
6.2 The classifying relation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102
6.3 Additional symmetries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103
§ 7 Equations of nonlinear filtration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104
7.1 Determining equations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104
7.2 Analysis of the classifying relation . . . . . . . . . . . 105
CONTENTS vii

7.3 Additional symmetries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108

§ 8 Quasi-local transformations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109
8.1 Lacunary table. Quasi-local symmetries . . . . . . . 109
8.2 Nonlocal equivalence transformations . . . . . . . . . 110
§ 9 Integration using quasi-local symmetries . . . . . . . . . . . 111
9.1 Invariant solutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111
9.2 Partially invariant solutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116
§ 10 Tables to Chapter 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117
Chapter 3. One-dimensional gasdynamic equations . . . . . . . . 120
§ 11 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120
11.1 Preliminary discussion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120
11.2 The LIE sequence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121
11.3 Equivalence transformations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122
§ 12 Group classification of the system (I) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125
12.1 General analysis of the determining equations . . . . 125
12.2 The case Rx A = const. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127
12.3 The case Rx A 6= const. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127
§ 13 Preliminary group classification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131
13.1 Application to the system (E) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131
13.2 Application to the system (I) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 134
§ 14 Preliminary classification of system (L) . . . . . . . . . . . . 136
§ 15 The complete group classification of the system (L) . . . . . 144
15.1 The case Bp Bq − Bq Bp 6= 0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145
15.2 The case Bp Bq − Bq Bp = 0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147
§ 16 Computation of quasi-local symmetries . . . . . . . . . . . . 148
§ 17 Nonlocal symmetries of first generation . . . . . . . . . . . . 155
§ 18 Second generation of quasi-local symmetries . . . . . . . . . 156
§ 19 Tables to Chapter 3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 158

6 Approximate symmetries 170

Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 170
§ 1 One-parameter approximate groups . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 172
§ 2 An algorithm for constructing an approximate group . . . . 174
§ 3 A criterion for approximate invariance . . . . . . . . . . . . 180
§ 4 Approximate symmetries of the equation utt + εut = (ϕ(u)ux )x 186
§ 5 Approximate symmetries of the equation ut = h(u)u1 + εH . 189

7 Preliminary group classification of equations

vtt = f (x, vx )vxx + g(x, vx ) 192
I. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 192
II. Invariance transformations and principal Lie algebra . . . . . . 194
viii CONTENTS

III. Equivalence transformations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 195

IV. Sketch of the method of preliminary group classification . . . 198
V. Adjoint group for algebra L7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 201
VI. Construction of the optimal system of one-dimensional subal-
gebras of L7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 204
VII. Equations admitting an extension by one of the principal Lie
algebra . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 208
Acknowledgments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 209

8 A simple method for group analysis and its application

to a model of detonation 211
I. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 211
II. Equivalence algebra and notations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 212
III. Projections and principal Lie algebra . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 215
IV. Sketch of a qualitative model in detonation . . . . . . . . . . 218
V. Application of the method to system (4.3) . . . . . . . . . . . 219
Acknowledgments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 221
Appendix: Calculation of LE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 222

9 Group analysis - a microscope of mathematical modelling.

I: Galilean relativity in diffusion models 225
§ 1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 226
1.1 Some comments on special relativity . . . . . . . . . 226
1.2 Galilean group in classical mechanics . . . . . . . . . 227
1.3 Does temperature depend upon motion? . . . . . . . 228
§ 2 Physical Postulates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 229
§ 3 Derivation of diffusion equations from Galilean principle . . 231
3.1 Semi-scalar representation of the Galilean group . . . 231
3.2 Extension by scaling transformations . . . . . . . . . 234
3.3 Diffusion equations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 235
3.4 Heat equation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 237
3.5 Addition to the 2006 edition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 238
§ 4 Solution of the Cauchy problem using Galilean principle . . 238
4.1 Fundamental solution of the Cauchy problem . . . . 239
4.2 Symmetry of the initial condition . . . . . . . . . . . 239
4.3 Calculation of the fundamental solution . . . . . . . . 241
§ 5 Nonlinear diffusion type equations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 242

10 Group analysis - a microscope of mathematical modelling.

II: Dynamics in de Sitter space 244
§ 1 The de Sitter space . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 244
CONTENTS ix

1.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 245

1.2 Notation from Riemannian geometry . . . . . . . . . 247
1.3 Spaces of constant Riemannian curvature . . . . . . . 249
1.4 Killing vectors in spaces of constant curvature . . . . 250
1.5 Spaces with positive definite metric . . . . . . . . . . 251
1.6 Geometric realization of the de Sitter metric . . . . . 254
1.7 Generators of the de Sitter group . . . . . . . . . . . 255
§2 The de Sitter group . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 255
2.1 Conformal transformations in IR3 . . . . . . . . . . . 255
2.2 Inversion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 258
2.3 Bateman’s transformations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 260
2.4 Calculation of de Sitter group transformations . . . . 262
§3 Approximate representation of the de Sitter group . . . . . . 264
3.1 Approximate groups . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 264
3.2 Simple method of solution of Killing’s equations . . . 267
3.3 Derivation of the approximate representation of the
de Sitter group . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 269
§4 Motion of a particle in de Sitter space . . . . . . . . . . . . . 271
4.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 271
4.2 Relativistic conservation laws . . . . . . . . . . . . . 272
4.3 Conservation laws in de Sitter space . . . . . . . . . . 273
4.4 The Kepler problem in de Sitter space . . . . . . . . 275
§5 Wave equation in de Sitter space . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 276
§6 Neutrinos in de Sitter space . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 278
6.1 Two approximate representations of Dirac’s equations
in de Sitter space . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 278
6.2 Splitting of neutrinos by curvature . . . . . . . . . . 279

11 Seven miniatures on group analysis 281

§ 1 The Galilean group and diffusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 281
§ 2 On the Newton-Cotes potential . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 283
§ 3 The Lie-Bäcklund group instead of Newton’s apple . . . . . 286
§ 4 Is the parallax of Mercury’s perihelion
consistent with the Huygens principle? . . . . . . . . . . . . 287
§ 5 Integration of ordinary differential equations with a small
parameter admitting an approximate group . . . . . . . . . . 289
§ 6 Specific features of group modelling in the de Sitter world . . 290
§ 7 Two-dimensional Zabolotskaya-Khokhlov equation coincides
with the Lin-Reissner-Tsien equation . . . . . . . . . . . . . 295
x CONTENTS

12 Perturbation methods in group analysis: Approximate ex-

ponential map 296
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 296
§ 1 Preliminaries on Lie groups . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 299
1.1 Continuous one-parameter groups . . . . . . . . . . . 299
1.2 Group generator. Lie equations . . . . . . . . . . . . 301
1.3 The exponential map . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 302
§ 2 One-parameter approximate transformation groups . . . . . 303
2.1 Notation and definition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 304
2.2 Approximate group generator . . . . . . . . . . . . . 306
2.3 Approximate Lie equations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 307
2.4 Solution of approximate Lie equations . . . . . . . . 307
§ 3 Approximate exponential map . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 308
3.1 Main theorem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 308
3.2 Examples . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 310

13 Discussion of Lie’s nonlinear superposition theory 314

§ 1 Lie’s theorem on nonlinear superposition . . . . . . . . . . . 314
§ 2 Examples on Lie’s theorem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 315

Bibliography 320
Paper 1

Optimal systems of subgroups

and classification of invariant
solutions of equations for
planar non-stationary gas flows

N. H. Ibragimov
Master of Science Thesis in Mathematics
[Diplomnaia rabota]
Supervisor: Professor L.V. Ovsyannikov
Institute of Hydrodynamics, USSR Acad. Sci.
Novosibirsk State University
Novosibirsk, 1965

§1 Introduction
The purpose of this work is to classify the invariant solutions of the equations
describing two-dimensional adiabatic gas motions. The similar problem
for the one-dimensional gasdynamic equations has been considered by L.V.
Ovsyannikov [103].
I begin with some explanations of the terminology used in what follows.
The definitions and proofs of the statements mentioned below can be found
in [103].
Let S be a given system of differential equations admitting a group G.
The basic property of solutions for S is that any solution of the system S
carried over by any transformation of the group G to a certain solution of
the same system S. Therefore two solutions of the system S are said to be

1
2 N.H. IBRAGIMOV SELECTED WORKS, VOL. II

essentially different with respect to G if they are not transformed to each

other by any transformation of the group G; otherwise they are termed
unessentially different with respect to G.
If H is a subgroup of the group G, then it is obvious that solutions
essentially different with respect to G are also essentially different with
respect to H. However, solutions essentially different with respect to H do
not necessarily have the same property with respect to G.
Let us assume that Φ1 is a solution invariant with respect to H1 , (invari-
ant H1 -solution), Φ2 is a solution invariant with respect to H2 (invariant
H2 -solution), where H1 , H2 are two subgroups of G. If there exists a trans-
formation T ∈ G such that

H2 = T H1 T −1 , (1)

then there is a one-to-one correspondence between H1 -solutions and H2 -

solutions given by the formula

Φ2 = T Φ1 . (2)

Let S be a system of equations with respect to the unknown functions

and admit the group H with τ functionally independent invariants. Then,
provided that certain conditions are met, the problem of obtaining invariant
solutions of the system S is reduced to solving the system of equations S/H,
where the unknown functions (invariants of the group H in the given case)
depend only on % = τ − m independent variables. The number % is referred
to as the rank of invariant solutions. In search of all invariant solutions of
the rank % one has to find all subgroups of the admitted group G having
the same number of invariants τ = m + %. Certainly, it is sufficient to find
only solutions essentially different with respect to G. To this end one has to
choose only subgroups which are not connected by the relation (1), where T
is any transformation of the group G. Two subgroups H1 and H2 connected
by the relation (1) are called similar. The set of all subgroups is classified
into similar subgroups. A set of classes of similar subgroups of order h is
called an optimal system of order h and is designated by Θh . The problem
of classification of invariant solutions of the given system S consists actually
in constructing systems Θh .
Due to one-to-one correspondence between subgroups and subalgebras
we will identify optimal systems of subgroups with optimal systems of sub-
algebras and use for the latter the same notation Θh . Then one can compose
systems Θh as follows. Transformation of H1 into H2 is inner automorphism
of G. These automorphisms can be substituted by linear transformations of
the corresponding Lie algebra. The linear transformations are carried out
1: OPTIMAL SYSTEMS OF SUBGROUPS (1965) 3

by the adjoint group of Lie algebra with operators in the form

∂
Eα = (Xα , Xβ ) (3)
∂Xβ

calculated according to the table of commutators for operators of the group

G. Selecting the appropriate transformation of the adjoint group one can
find the simplest representative of the subgroup H in the system Θh .
Consider the system of equations for a two-dimensional adiabatic gas
motion written in the form

1 
ut + uux + vuy + px = 0, 

ρ 



1 

vt + uvx + vvy + py = 0,
ρ (4)


ρt + uρx + vρy + ρ(ux + vy ) = 0, 






pt + upx + vpy + A(p, ρ)(ux + vy ) = 0,

where
∂S/∂ρ
A(p, ρ) ≡ −ρ ,
∂S/∂p
and p, ρ, S are pressure, density and entropy, respectively. It is assumed
that ∂S/∂p 6= 0.
We consider two cases:
1) A(p, ρ) is an arbitrary function of its arguments,
2) A = γ ∗ p, i.e. a polytropic gas.
The group G admitted by the system (4) is calculated in [103]. In the
first case the Lie algebra of the group G is spanned by the operators
∂ ∂ ∂
X1 = , X2 = , X3 = ,
∂t ∂x ∂y
∂ ∂ ∂ ∂
X4 = t + , X5 = t + ,
∂x ∂u ∂y ∂v
(5)
∂ ∂ ∂
X6 = t + x +y ,
∂t ∂x ∂y
∂ ∂ ∂ ∂
X7 = y −x +v −u ·
∂x ∂y ∂u ∂v
In the second case the following operators are added to the above:
∂ ∂ ∂ ∂ ∂ ∂
X8 = t −u −v + 2ρ , X9 = ρ +p · (6)
∂t ∂u ∂v ∂ρ ∂ρ ∂p
4 N.H. IBRAGIMOV SELECTED WORKS, VOL. II

Table 1: Table of commutators for the operators (5), (6), (7)

X1 X2 X3 X4 X5 X6 X7 X8 X9 X10
X1 0 0 0 X2 X3 X1 0 X1 0 X6 + X8
−4X9
X2 0 0 0 0 0 X2 −X3 0 0 X4
X3 0 0 0 0 0 X3 X2 0 0 X5
X4 −X2 0 0 0 0 0 −X5 −X4 0 0
X5 −X3 0 0 0 0 0 X4 −X5 0 0
X6 −X1 −X2 −X3 0 0 0 0 0 0 X10
X7 0 X3 −X2 X5 −X4 0 0 0 0 0
X8 −X1 0 0 X4 X5 0 0 0 0 X10
X9 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
X10 −X6 − X8 −X4 −X5 0 0 −X10 0 −X10 0 0
+4X9

When γ ∗ = 2 one more operator is added to (5), (6):

∂ ∂ ∂ ∂ ∂ ∂ ∂
X10 = t2 +tx +ty +(x−tu) +(y −tv) −4tp −2tρ · (7)
∂t ∂x ∂y ∂u ∂v ∂p ∂ρ
Let us denote in the first case the group admitted by the system (4) by
G7 , and the corresponding Lie algebra by L7 . Likewise, in the second case
G9 , L9 and G10 , L10 when γ ∗ is arbitrary and γ ∗ = 2, respectively.
It should be noted that according to the Cartan criterion, Lie alge-
bras L7 and L9 are solvable and L10 is nonsolvable. L10 is also not a
semisimple algebra since it contains a solvable ideal spanned by the op-
erators X2 , X3 , X4 , X5 .

§2 Optimal system of one-parameter sub-

groups
1◦ Let us consider the group G7 . The matrix of the general inner automor-
phism of the algebra L7 is a superposition of the following basic matrices:
1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0
A1 (a1 ) = 0 a1 0 1 0 0 0 ; A2 (a2 ) = 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 ;
0 0 a1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0
a1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 a2 0 0 0 1 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 −a2 0 0 0 1
1: OPTIMAL SYSTEMS OF SUBGROUPS (1965) 5
1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 a4 0 0 0 0 0
0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0
A3 (a3 ) = 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 ; A4 (a4 ) = 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 ;
0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0
0 0 a3 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0
0 a3 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 a4 0 1

1 0 a5 0 0 0 0 a6 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 a6 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 a6 0 0 0 0
A5 (a5 ) = 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 ; A6 (a6 ) = 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 ;
0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0
0 0 0 −a5 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1

1 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 a07 a007 0 0 0 0
0 −a007 a07 0 0 0 0
A7 (a07 , a007 ) = 0 0 0 a07 a007 0 0 . (8)
0 0 0 −a007 a07 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 1 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 1

Here ai (i = 1, . . . , 7) are the parameters of transformations of the ad-

joint group, and a07 = cos a7 , a007 = sin a7 . The identical automorphism cor-
responds to a1 = a2 = a3 = a4 = a5 = a7 and a6 = 1.
Any operator of the one-parameter subgroup of the group G7 can be
written in the form
X = e α Xα (9)
where eα (α = 1, . . . , 7) are some coefficients. Transformation of the vector
e{e1 , . . . , e7 } by means of the matrix A∗ transposed to A corresponds to
transformation of the operator X by matrix A. The coordinates e6 and e7
do not change under the action of matrices A∗i . Therefore it is convenient
to consider different cases separately depending on whether e6 and e7 are
equal to zero.
Let e6 = e7 = 0. If e4 = e5 = 0, then having e1 = 0 and acting by the
matrix
A∗7 (e2 /t, −e3 /t), t2 = (e2 )2 + (e3 )2 ,
one obtains the vector {0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0}. Whereas having e1 6= 0 and acting
by the matrices
A∗4 (−e2 /e1 ), A∗5 (−e3 /e1 )
6 N.H. IBRAGIMOV SELECTED WORKS, VOL. II

one obtains {1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0}. If (e4 )2 + (e5 )2 = a2 6= 0, then having e1 = 0

we act by the matrices
µ 2 4 ¶
∗ 4 5 ∗ e e + e 3 e5
A7 (e /a, −e /a), A1 −
a2

and in case e3 e4 −e2 e5 = 0 we obtain {0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0}. In case e3 e4 −e2 e5 6= 0

we act by one more matrix
µ ¶
∗ a2
A6 3 4
e e − e 2 e5

and obtain {0, 0, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0}. When e1 6= 0 we act by the matrices

A∗4 (−e2 /e1 ), A∗5 (−e3 /e1 ), A∗7 (e4 /a, −e5 /a)

and obtain {1, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0}.

Let e6 = 1, e7 = 0. Acting by the matrices

A∗1 (−e1 ), A∗2 (e1 e4 − e2 ), A∗3 (e1 e5 − e3 ),

and in case a2 = (e4 )2 + (e5 )2 6= 0 by one more matrix

A∗7 (e4 /a, −e5 /a),

we obtain the vector {0, 0, 0, α, 0, 1, 0}, where α is an arbitrary real number.

Let e6 = 0, e7 = 1. Under the action of the matrices

A∗2 (e1 e4 + e3 ), A∗3 (e1 e5 − e2 ), A∗4 (−e5 ), A∗5 (e4 )

we obtain the vectors {0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1}, {1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1}.

Let e6 = 1, e7 = b 6= 0. Acting by the matrices
µ 1 4 ¶
∗ 1 ∗ e e − e2 + be3 − be1 e5
A1 (−e ), A2 ,
1 + b2
µ 1 5 ¶
∗ e e − e3 + be1 e4 − be2
A3 , A∗4 (−e5 /b), A∗5 (e4 /b)
1 + b2
we obtain the vector {0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, b}.
By means of the formula (9) we arrive to the conclusion that representa-
tives of classes of operators of similar one-parameter subgroups of the group
G7 are the following operators

X1 , X2 , X5 , αX6 + X7 , X1 + X7 , X1 + X4 , X2 + X5 , αX4 + X6 . (10)

1: OPTIMAL SYSTEMS OF SUBGROUPS (1965) 7

2◦ . Let us consider the group G9 . Table (1) shows that X9 generates the
center of Lie algebra L10 . Therefore it is sufficient to consider the residue
algebra L10 /X9 . The transposed basic matrices of inner automorphisms of
the algebra L10 are as follows.

1 0 0 0 0 a1 0 a1 0 a21
0 1 0 a1 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 1 0 a1 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0
C1 (a1 ) =
0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 a1
0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 a1
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 −4a1
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1

1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 1 0 0 0 a2 0 0 0 0
0 0 1 0 0 0 −a2 0 0 0
0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 a2
0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0
C2 (a2 ) =
0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1

1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 1 0 0 0 0 a3 0 0 0
0 0 1 0 0 a3 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 a3
C3 (a3 ) =
0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1
8 N.H. IBRAGIMOV SELECTED WORKS, VOL. II

1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
a4 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 1 0 0 0 a4 0 0
0 0 0 0 1 0 a4 0 0 0
C4 (a4 ) =
0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1
1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
a5 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 1 0 0 −a5 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 1 0 0 a5 0 0
C5 (a5 ) = (11)
0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1
a6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 a6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 a6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0
C6 (a6 ) =
0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0
1
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 a6

1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 a07 −a007 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 a007 a07 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 a07 −a007 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 a007 a07 0 0 0 0 0
C7 (a07 , a007 ) =
0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1
1: OPTIMAL SYSTEMS OF SUBGROUPS (1965) 9
1
a8
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 a8 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 a8 0 0 0 0 0
C8 (a8 ) =
0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 a8
1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 a9 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 a9 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 a07 = cos a7 ,
C9 (a9 ) =
a9 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 a007 = sin a7 .
0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0
a9 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0
−4a9 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0
a29 0 0 0 0 a9 0 a9 0 1
The identical automorphism occurs when
a1 = a2 = a3 = a4 = a5 = a7 = a9 = 0, a6 = a8 = 1.
Basic automorphisms of the algebra L9 /X9 consist of the matrices Bi (i =
1, . . . , 8) that are obtained from the matrices Ci (i = 1, . . . , 8) by eliminating
two last columns and rows. Matrices Bi∗ (ai ) act on operators of the form:
X = e α Xα , α = 1, . . . , ∞. (12)
Let e6 = e7 = e8 = 0. If e1 = 0, then in the case of e4 = e5 = 0 acting
by the matrix
B7 (e2 /t, −e3 /t), t2 = (e2 )2 + (e3 )2
we obtain {0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0}, and in the case of a2 = (e4 )2 + (e5 )2 6= 0
acting by the matrices
µ 2 4 ¶
e e + e 3 e5
B1 − , B7 (e4 /a, e5 /a)
a2
we obtain {0, 1, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0}, {0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0}. When e1 6= 0, and in
case e4 = e5 = 0 we act by the matrices
B4 (−e2 /e1 ), B5 (−e3 /e1 )
10 N.H. IBRAGIMOV SELECTED WORKS, VOL. II

and obtain {1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0} and in case a2 = (e4 )2 + (e5 )2 6= 0 we act by

the matrices

B4 (−e2 /e1 ), B5 (−e3 /e1 ), B7 (e4 /a, −e5 /a)

and obtain {1, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0}.

Let e6 = 1, e7 = e8 = 0. When e4 = e5 = 0 we act by

B1 (−e1 ), B2 (−e2 ), B3 (−e3 )

and obtain {0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0}. When a2 = (e4 )2 + (e5 )2 6= 0 we act by

B1 (−e1 ), B2 (−e2 + e1 e4 ), B3 (−e3 + e1 e5 ), B7 (e4 /a, −e5 /a)

and obtain {0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 1, 0, 0}.

Let e6 = e8 = 0, e7 = 1. Matrices

B2 (e1 e4 + e3 ), B3 (e1 e5 − e2 ), B4 (−e5 ), B5 (−e4 )

lead to the vectors {0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0}, {1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0}.

Let e6 = 1, e7 = a, e8 = 0. We act by the matrices

B1 (−e1 ), B2 (a2 ), B3 (a3 ), B4 (−e5 /a), B5 (e4 /a),

where a2 , a3 are found from the system of equations

)
a2 + aa3 = e1 e4 − e2
aa2 − a3 = e3 − e1 e5

and obtain the vector {0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, a, 0}.

Let e6 = a, e7 = 0, e8 = 1. If a 6= −1 we act by the matrices
µ ¶ µ 1 4 ¶ µ 1 5 ¶
e1 e e − (1 + a)e2 e e − (1 + a)e3
B1 − , B2 , B3 ,
1+a a + a2 a + a2

B4 (−e4 ), B5 (−e5 )
to obtain {0, 0, 0, 0, 0, a6 , 0, 1}. If a = −1, acting by

B1 (e1 ), B2 (e2 ), B3 (e3 ), B4 (−e4 ), B5 (−e5 )

we obtain the vectors {1, 0, 0, 0, 0, −1, 0, 1}, {0, 0, 0, 0, 0, −1, 0, 1}.

Let e6 = 0, e7 = a, e8 = 1. Matrices
µ 3 ¶ µ 1 4 ¶
1 e − e 1 e5 e e − e2
B1 (−e ), B2 , B3 ,
a a
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