Gases

The Gas Laws

The Gas Laws
 Boyle’s Law: Pressure-Volume Relationship
 Robert Boyle discovered that doubling the pressure on a
sample of gas at constant temperature reduces its volume by
one-half.
 This is explained by the kinetic-molecular theory:
 The pressure of a gas is caused by moving molecules hitting the
container walls

 If the volume of a gas is decreased, more collisions will occur, and the
pressure will therefore increase

 Likewise, if the volume of a gas is increased, less

collisions will occur, and the pressure will decrease
The Gas Laws
 Boyle’s Law: Pressure-Volume Relationship
 Boyle’s Law states that the volume of a fixed mass of gas
varies inversely with the pressure at constant temperature
 Plotting the values of volume
versus pressure for a gas at
constant temperature gives a
curve like that shown at right
The Gas Laws
 Boyle’s Law: Pressure-Volume Relationship
 Mathematically, Boyle’s law can be expressed as:

PV = k
 P is the pressure, V is the volume, and k is a constant.
Since P and V vary inversely, their product is a constant
The Gas Laws
 Boyle’s Law: Pressure-Volume Relationship
 Because two quantities that are equal to the same thing are
equal to each other, Boyle’s law can also be expressed as:

P1V1 = P2V2

 P1 and V1 represent initial conditions, and P2 and V2

represent another set of conditions

 Given three of the four values P1, V1, P2, and V2, you can
use this equation to calculate the fourth value for a system
at constant temperature
The Gas Laws
 Boyle’s Law: Pressure-Volume Relationship
 Sample Problem

A sample of oxygen gas has a volume of 150.0

mL when its pressure is 0.947 atm. What will the
volume of the gas be at a pressure of 0.987 atm if
the temperature remains constant?
The Gas Laws
 Boyle’s Law: Pressure-Volume Relationship
 Sample Problem Solution
 Given: V1 of O2 = 150.0 mL
P1 of O2 = 0.947 atm
P2 of O2 = 0.987 atm
 Unknown: V2 of O2 in mL

PV
V2  1 1

P2
The Gas Laws
 Boyle’s Law: Pressure-Volume Relationship
 Sample Problem Solution
 Given: V1 of O2 = 150.0 mL
P1 of O2 = 0.947 atm
P2 of O2 = 0.987 atm
 Unknown: V2 of O2 in mL

PV
V2  1 1
P2

PV (0.947 atm)(150.0 mL O 2 )
V2  1 1
  144 mL O2
P2 0.987 atm
The Gas Laws
 Boyle’s Law: Pressure-Volume Relationship
 Sample Problem

Ammonia gas occupies a volume of 450.

mL at 720. mm Hg. What volume will it
occupy at standard pressure?
 ANSWER

Given: Solution
V1 = 450 mL P1V1 = P2V2
P1 = 720 mm Hg V2 = P1V1
V2 = ? P2
P2 = 760 mm Hg V2 = (720 mmHg)x (450ml)
760mmHg
 ANSWER

Given: Solution
V1 = 450 mL P1V1 = P2V2
P1 = 720 mm Hg V2 = P1V1
V2 = ? P2
P2 = 760 mm Hg V2 = (720 mmHg)x (450ml)
760mmHg
(BOYLE’S Law)V2 = 426 mL
The Gas Laws
 Charles’s Law: Volume-Temperature Relationship
 If pressure is constant, gases expand when heated
 When the temperature increases, the volume of a fixed number of
gas molecules must increase if the pressure is to stay constant

 At the higher temperature, the gas molecules move faster. They

collide with the walls of the container more frequently and with
more force

 The volume of a flexible container must then increase in order for

the pressure to remain the same
The Gas Laws
 Charles’s Law: Volume-Temperature Relationship
 Charles’s law states that the volume of a fixed mass of gas
at constant pressure varies directly with the Kelvin
temperature
 Gas volume and Kelvin
temperature are directly
proportional to each other
at constant pressure, as
shown at right
The Gas Laws
 Charles’s Law: Volume-Temperature Relationship
 Mathematically, Charles’s law can be expressed as:
V
V = kT or =k
T

 V is the volume, T is the Kelvin temperature, and

k is a constant. The ratio V/T for any set of volume-
temperature values always equals the same k
 This equation reflects the fact that volume and temperature
are directly proportional to each other
at constant pressure
The Gas Laws
 Charles’s Law: Volume-Temperature Relationship
 The form of Charles’s law that can be applied directly to most
volume-temperature gas problems is:

= V1 V2
T1 T2
 V1 T2 = V2 T1
 V1 and T1 represent initial conditions, and V2 and T2 represent
another set of conditions

 Given three of the four values V1, T1, V2, and T2, you can use
this equation to calculate the fourth value for
a system at constant pressure
The Gas Laws
 Charles’s Law: Volume-Temperature Relationship
 Sample Problem

A sample of neon gas occupies a volume of

752 mL at 25°C. What volume will the gas
occupy at 50°C if the pressure remains
constant?
The Gas Laws
 Charles’s Law: Volume-Temperature Relationship
 Sample Problem Solution
 Given: V1 of Ne = 752 mL
T1 of Ne = 25°C + 273 = 298 K

T2 of Ne = 50°C + 273 = 323 K

 Unknown: V2 of Ne in mL
V1T2
V2 
T1
The Gas Laws
 Charles’s Law: Volume-Temperature Relationship
 Sample Problem Solution
 Given: V1 of Ne = 752 mL
T1 of Ne = 25°C + 273 = 298 K
T2 of Ne = 50°C + 273 = 323 K
 Unknown: V2 of Ne in mL

V1T2
V2 
T1
V1T2 (752 mL Ne)(323 K)
V2    815 mL Ne
T1 298 K
The Gas Laws
 Charles’s Law: Volume-Temperature Relationship
 Sample Problem

Helium occupies 3.8 L at -45°C. What

volume will it occupy at 45°C?
 ANSWER
Solution:
GIVEN
V1 = 3.8 L V1T2 = V2T1
T1 = -45°C (228 K) V2 = V1T2
V2 = ? T1
T2 = 45°C (318 K)
V2 = (3.8 L) x (318K)
(288 K)

Courtesy Christy Johannesson [Link]/communicationsarts/pages/chem

 ANSWER
Solution:
GIVEN V1T2 = V2T1
V1 = 3.8 L V2 = V1T2
T1
T1 = -45°C (228 K)
V2 = (3.8 L) x (318K)
V2 = ?
(288 K)
T2 = 45°C (318 K)
V2 = 5.3 L
(Charles’ Law)

Courtesy Christy Johannesson [Link]/communicationsarts/pages/chem

The Gas Laws
 Gay-Lussac’s Law: Pressure-Temperature Relationship
 At constant volume, the pressure of a gas increases with
increasing temperature
 Gas pressure is the result of collisions of molecules with container
walls

 The energy and frequency of collisions depend on the average

kinetic energy of molecules

 Because the Kelvin temperature depends directly on average kinetic

energy, pressure is directly proportional to Kelvin temperature
The Gas Laws
 Gay-Lussac’s Law: Pressure-Temperature Relationship
 Gay-Lussac’s law states that the pressure of a fixed mass
of gas at constant volume varies directly with the Kelvin
temperature
 This law is named after
Joseph Gay-Lussac, who
discovered it in 1802
The Gas Laws
 Gay-Lussac’s Law: Pressure-Temperature Relationship
 Mathematically, Gay-Lussac’s law can be expressed as:

P
P = kT or =k
T
 P is the pressure, T is the Kelvin temperature, and
k is a constant. The ratio P/T for any set of volume-
temperature values always equals the same k
 This equation reflects the fact that pressure and
temperature are directly proportional to each other
at constant volume
The Gas Laws
 Gay-Lussac’s Law: Pressure-Temperature Relationship
 The form of Gay-Lussac’s law that can be applied directly to most
pressure-temperature gas problems is:

P=1 P2
T1 T2
 P1 T2 = P2 T1
 P1 and T1 represent initial conditions, and P2 and T2 represent
another set of conditions.

 Given three of the four values P1, T1, P2, and T2, you can use this
equation to calculate the fourth value for
a system at constant pressure.
The Gas Laws
 Gay-Lussac’s Law: Pressure-Temperature Relationship
 Sample Problem

 The gas in a container is at a pressure of 3.00

atm at 25°C. Directions on the container warn
the user not to keep it in a place where the
temperature exceeds 52°C. What would the gas
pressure in the container be at 52°C?
The Gas Laws
 Gay-Lussac’s Law: Pressure-Temperature Relationship
 Sample Problem Solution
 Given: P1 of gas = 3.00 atm
T1 of gas = 25°C + 273 = 298 K

T2 of gas = 52°C + 273 = 325 K

 Unknown: P2 of gas in atm
PT
P2  1 2
T1
The Gas Laws
 Gay-Lussac’s Law: Pressure-Temperature Relationship
 Sample Problem Solution
 Given: P1 of gas = 3.00 atm
T1 of gas = 25°C + 273 = 298 K
T2 of gas = 52°C + 273 = 325 K
 Unknown: P2 of gas in atm
PT
P2  1 2
T1

V1T2 (3.00 atm)(325 K)

V2    3.27 atm
T1 298 K
The Gas Laws
 Gay-Lussac’s Law: Pressure-Temperature Relationship
 Sample Problem

 A gas at STP is cooled to -185°C. What pressure in

atmospheres will it have at this temperature (volume
remains constant)?
 ANSWER
Given: Solution: PT
P1 = 1 atm P2  1 2
T1
T1 = 273 K
P2 = ? P2 = (1 atm) x (273K)
T2 = -185°C + 273K 88 K
= 88 K

Courtesy Christy Johannesson [Link]/communicationsarts/pages/chem

 ANSWER
Given: Solution: PT
P1 = 1 atm P2  1 2
T1
T1 = 273 K
P2 = ? P2 = (1 atm) x (88K)
T2 = -185°C + 273K 273K
= 88 K
GAY-LUSSAC’S LAW P2 = 0.32 atm

Courtesy Christy Johannesson [Link]/communicationsarts/pages/chem

The Gas Laws
 Summary of Basic Gas Laws
The Gas Laws
 The Combined Gas Law
 Boyle’s law, Charles’s law, and Gay-Lussac’s law can be
combined into a single equation that can be used for
situations in which temperature, pressure, and volume, all
vary at the same time.
 The combined gas law expresses the relationship between
pressure, volume, and temperature of a fixed amount of
gas. It can be expressed as follows:

PV
T =k
The Gas Laws
 The Combined Gas Law
 The combined gas law can also be written as follows:
P1V1 P2V2
=
T1 T2
 The subscripts 1 and 2 represent two different sets of conditions. As
in Charles’s law and Gay-Lussac’s law, T represents Kelvin
temperature

 Each of the gas laws can be obtained from the combined

gas law when the proper variable is
kept constant.
The Gas Laws
 The Combined Gas Law
 Sample Problem
 A helium-filled balloon has a volume of 50.0 L at 25°C
and 1.08 atm. What volume will it have at 0.855 atm
and 10.0°C?
Given: V1 of He = 50.0 L
T1 of He = 25°C + 273 = 298 K
T2 of He = 10°C + 273 = 283 K
P1 of He = 1.08 atm
P2 of He = 0.855 atm
Unknown: V2 of He in L
 The Gas Laws
 The Combined Gas Law
 Sample Problem Solution
PV
1 1T2
V2 
P2T1

PV
1 1T2 (1.08 atm)(50.0 L He)(283 K)
V2    60.0 L H
P2T1 (0.855 atm)(298 K)
The Gas Laws
 The Combined Gas Law
 Sample Problem Solution

PV
1 1T2
V2 
P2T1

PV
1 1T2 (1.08 atm)(50.0 L He)(283 K)
V2    60.0 L He
P2T1 (0.855 atm)(298 K)
The Gas Laws
 The Combined Gas Law
 Sample Problem
A gas occupies 125 mL at 125 kPa. After
being heated to 75°C and depressurized
to 100.0 kPa, it occupies 0.100 L. What
was the original temperature of the gas?
Given:
V1 = 125 mL P1 = 125 kPa T2 = 75°C = 348 K
P2 = 100.0 kPa V2 = 0.100 L to 100 mL T1 = ?
Solution
T1= P1V1T2
P2V2
T1= 125 kPa x 125ml x348K
100.0 kPa x 100mL
Given:
V1 = 125 mL P1 = 125 kPa T2 = 75°C = 348 K
P2 = 100.0 kPa V2 = 0.100 L to 100 mL T1 = ?
Solution
T1= P1V1T2
P2V2
T1= 125 kPa x 125ml x 348K
100.0 kPa x 100mL
T1 = 544 K (271°C)
 Sample Problems 1
A3.2-L sample of gas has a pressure of
102 kPa. If the volume is reduced to 0.65
L, what pressure will the gas exert?
Given:
V1 = 3.2 L
P1 = 102 kPa
V2 = 0.65 L
P2 = ?
 Solutions:
V1 = 3.2 L
P2 = P 1 V 1
P1 = 102 kPa V2
V2 = 0.65 L P2 = 102 kPa x 3.2 L
P2 = ? 0.65 L

Courtesy Christy Johannesson [Link]/communicationsarts/pages/chem

 Boyle’s Law
V1 = 3.2 L
P2 = P 1 V 1
P1 = 102 kPa V2
V2 = 0.65 L P2 = 102 kPa x 3.2 L
P2 = ? 0.65 L

P2 = 502 kPa
Courtesy Christy Johannesson [Link]/communicationsarts/pages/chem
 Sample Problem 2

1  A quantity of gas has a volume of 200 dm3 at 17oC and 106.6

kPa.  To what temperature (oC) must the gas be cooled for its
volume to be reduced to 150 dm3 at a pressure of 98.6 kPa?

Write given information:

V1  =                                  
200 dm3  V2  =  150 dm3
T1  =  17 oC +  273   =  290 K
        T2  =  _______
P1  =  106.6 kPa                             P2  =  98.6 kPa
 

P1V1 = P2V2
T1 T2
Write given information:

200 dm3 
V2  =  150 dm
3
V1  =                                  
17 oC +  273   =  290 K _______
T1  =          T2  = 
106.6 kPa 98.6 kPa
P1  =                              P2  = 

  Write equation:                       

  T2 = P2V2 T1
Substitute into equation:       
1 P V1                                                 
=
Solve for T2:   T 2 (98.6 kPa)(150 dm 3
) 290 K
Recall: oC  +  273  =  K (101.6 kPa)x(200 dm3)
Therefore:  = 201 K
Temperature  =  -71oC
T2  =  201 K