STATE THE CONDITION UNDER WHICH
AIRCRAFT MUST BE FITTED WITH
WEATHER RADAR ?
• Whenever carrying passengers in pressurized aircrafts, a serviceable
weather radar is to be fitted.
• EASA regulations expands the requirement to include un pressurized
aeroplane with MTOM greater than 5,700 kg: and any un pressurized
aeroplane with more than 9 passenger seats.
• For propeller driven pressurized aero planes, with MTOM not exceeding
5,700 kg and not more than 9 passenger seats, a suitable system for
detecting thunderstorms and other potentially hazardous conditions may
be used instead of radar.
STATE CONDITIONS UNDER WHICH
COCKPIT VOICE RECORDERS (CVRs) IS
COMPULOSRY ?
• Communication between crew member give vital evidences leading up
to an accident.
• The CVR is compulsory on.
• Aeroplane with take off mass in excess of 5700 kg
• On all multi-engine turbine aircraft with a take-off mass of 5 700 kg or less, and
a seating configuration of more than 9 passengers.
• On aeroplanes with a take-off mass of more than 27 000 kg and first
issued with an individual CofA on or after 1st January 2021, the CVR
shall be capable of retaining the data recorded during at least the
preceding 25 hours.
STATE THE RULES REGARDING LOCATION,
CONSTRUCTION, INSTALLATION AND OPERATION
OF COCKPIT VOICE RECORDERS ?
• CVRs must be constructed, located and installed such that data can be
safely preserved, recovered and transcribed.
• CVRs must be crashworthy and fire resistant.
• Must have device to discover underwater location.
• Must automatically switch on once the aircraft move under its own
power and continue to record until the termination of flight.
STATE THE CONDITION UNDER WHICH
FLIGHT DATA RECORDER IS COMPULSORY ?
• Most commonly known as black box.
• Have underwater location device.
• Record data related
• Aeroplane systems
• Control positions
• Performance parameters.
• They also provide important data in the investigation of accidents and
incidents.
STATE THE CONDITION UNDER WHICH
FLIGHT DATA RECORDER IS COMPULSORY ?
• Following aircrafts are required to be fitted with FDRs,
• have a maximum certificated takeoff mass of more than 5,700 kg, (and lighter
aircraft with more than one turbine and more than nine passenger seats)
• As a general rule duration of recording shall be,
• at least the last 25 hours of operation.
• For those aeroplanes with a maximum certificated takeoff mass of
5,700 kg or less and a seating configuration of more than 9 passengers,
the data recorded may be reduced to the last 10 hours of its operation
EXPLAIN REQUIRMENTS ABOUT SEATS,
SEAT BELTS AND HARNESSES ?
• A seat or a berth shall be provided on board for all persons over the age of
two.
• Each passenger seat must be equipped with a safety belt with or without a
diagonal strap, or a safety harness.
• Each flight crew member seat (jump seats) shall be fitted with a safety belt and
shoulder harness
• Cabin crew seats must have safety belts with shoulder harnesses
• For aero planes with a MTOM of 5,700 kg or less, rather than belt with
shoulder harness, the crew seats can be fitted with belts with diagonal
shoulder strap.
• For aero planes with a MTOM of 2,730 kg or less, the diagonal shoulder strap
is not needed.
EXPLAIN REQUIRMENTS ABOUT FASTEN
SEAT BELTS AND NO SMOKING SIGNS
• Aero planes where the passenger seating is not visible from the flight
deck are to be fitted with signs to alert the passengers and cabin crew
when seat belts are to be fastened or when smoking is not permitted.
EXPLAIN REQUIRMENTS ABOUT
INTERNAL DOORS AND CURTAINS ?
• All aero planes with more than 19 passenger seats are required to have
a lockable door between the passenger compartment and the flight
deck.
• The door must have a notice on it stating that entry is only permitted to
crew members.
• If passage through a doorway is required in the event of an emergency,
the door (or curtain) must have a means of securing it in the open
position.
• The crew must have means of unlocking any door that can be locked by
passengers (toilet doors).
EXPLAIN THE REQUIRMENTS REGARDING
FIRST AID KITS ?
• All aero planes must carry medical supplies (first
aid kits) as per the number of passenger they
carry.
• Kits are required to be checked regularly.
• The emergency medical kit must be dust and
moisture proof and must be stored securely,
preferably on the flight deck.
• An emergency medical kit for doctors (more than
30 passengers)
DETAIL THE RULES REGARDING CREW
PROTECTIVE BREATHING EQUIPMENT (PBE) ?
• All aero planes with certificated MTOM > 5,700 kg or having maximum
seating configuration of more than 19 must have:
• Flight Crew :
• for each flight crew member to protect eyes, nose and mouth (quick don) and
to provide oxygen for a period of not less than 15 minutes.
• The quick don has to be easily accessible for immediate use by each required
flight crew member
• Cabin Crew :
• Sufficient PBE for all cabin crew for a period of not less than 15 minutes. The
PBE must be installed adjacent to each cabin crew member duty station.
DESCRIBE THE TYPE AND LOCATION OF
HAND HELD FIRE EXTINGUISHERS ?
• The number and location of handheld fire extinguisher is based on size
and number of passenger compartments.
• Flight deck Extinguishers :
• There should be at least one extinguisher, Halon 1211
(bromochlorodifluoromethane, CBrCIF2) suitable for both flammable fluid and
electrical equipment fires installed on the flight deck
• Dry Chemical fire extinguisher should not be used on the flight deck due to
adverse effect on vision during discharge
DESCRIBE THE TYPE AND LOCATION OF
HAND HELD FIRE EXTINGUISHERS ?
• Where two or more extinguishers are required, they must be evenly
distributed in the passenger compartment.
• Where the maximum approved passenger seating is greater than 31 but less
than 60, at least one extinguisher must be Halon 1211
• and where the maximum approved passenger seating is greater than 61 two
must be Halon 1211.
• Only Halon 1211 or handheld water extinguishers are cleared for use on
aircraft. (Other extinguishants may be present in automatic systems)
DESCRIBE THE LOCATION OF CRASH
AXES AND CROWBARS ?
• A Crash axe or crow bar must be located on the flight deck (Aero
planes with MTOM of 5700 kg or more than 9 passengers)
• Aero planes with a passenger seating configuration of more than 200
are required to carry an additional crash axe or a crowbar stowed in
the rearmost galley area.
• Axes or crowbars stowed in the passenger cabin must not to be visible
to the passengers.
SPECIFY THE COLOURS AND MARKINGS
USED TO INDICATE BREAK IN MARKINGS ?
• Areas of the fuselage
suitable for break-in by
rescue crews in an
emergency have to be
marked by red or yellow
lines
EXPLAIN THE REQUIRMENTS FOR MEANS OF
EMERGENCY EVACUATION ?
• Where the sill height of an emergency exit is more than 1.83 m (6 ft)
above the ground with the landing gear extended, or 1.83 m above
the ground after an undercarriage collapse, the exit has to be fitted
with a means to enable passengers and crew to reach the ground
safely in an emergency.
EXPLAIN THE REQUIRMENTS FOR
MEGAPHONES ?
• At least one portable battery operated megaphone to be carried with
aircraft passenger capacity of more than 60.
• And Carrying at least one or more passengers.
EXPLAIN THE REQUIRMENTS FOR
EMERGENCY LIGHTING ?
Rules for emergency lighting are complex and vary as per approved
passenger configuration.
• Sources of general cabin illumination
• Internal lighting in floor level emergency exit areas
• Illuminated emergency exit markings and location signs
• Exterior emergency lighting at all over-wing exits and exits where
descent assistance devices are provided
EXPLAIN THE REQUIRMENTS FOR AN EMERGENCY
LOCATOR TRANSMITTER (ELT) ?
• Aero planes with more than 19 passenger seats must have,
• One automatic ELT or two ELTs of any type.
• Aero planes with up to 19 passenger seats must have,
• One ELT of any type.
• Or one automatic ELT.
• All ELTs carried to satisfy the above requirements transmit on 121.5
MHz (international distress frequency, used for homing) and 406 MHz
(SARSAT data uplink)
EXPLAIN THE REQUIRMENTS FOR
FLIGHTS OVER WATER ?
• Regulations apply to flights over water when aircraft are considered
vulnerable to ditching.
• 50 NM (93 km) from shore for Multi engine aircraft.
• Aero planes flying over water have to be fitted with one life jacket or
equivalent individual floatation device for each person on board,
stowed in a position easily accessible from the seat.
• Each life jacket and equivalent individual floatation device must have
a location light.
COMMUNICATION AND
NAVIGATION
EQUIPMENT
EXPLAIN THE GENERAL REQUIRMENTS FOR
COMMUNICATION EQUIPMENT ?
• Aero plane used for CAT must be fitted with radio communication
equipment capable of conducting two way communication.
• At least two transceivers must be carried.
• Additionally, it must be capable of conducting two-way
communications on the aeronautical emergency frequency 121.5 MHz
• Practically, this means two VHF transceivers for domestic airspace, and
at least one VHF and 1 HF for oceanic flights.
• An operator shall not operate an aeroplane under IFR unless it is
equipped with an audio selector panel accessible to each required
flight crew member
LIST THE REQUIRMENT FOR RADIO
EQUIPMENT WHEN FLYING UNDER VFR ?
• Aero planes operated under VFR over routes navigated by reference
to visual landmarks shall be equipped with radio communication
equipment to fulfill following requirements,
• Communicate with appropriate ground stations.
• Communicate with appropriate ATC stations.
• Receive meteorological information.
NAVIGATION EQUIPMENT
• Aero plane must be equipped with navigational equipment enabling it
to fly in accordance with operational flight plan.
• RNPs
• For MNPs airspace a navigational equipment that continuously
provides indications of adherence to, or departure from track, to the
required degree of accuracy at any point along that track.
• Procedures governing MNPS are published in Doc 7030.
REQUIRMENTS FOR RVSM
OPERATIONS
• An aero plane operating in RVSM airspace is to be equipped with
following equipment.
• Equipment indicating flight level being flown.
• Maintaining a selected flight level.
• Providing an alert to the flight crew when deviation occurs from the selected
flight level. (Threshold for alert shall not exceed +/- 90m or 300 ft)
• Automatically reporting pressure altitude (Mode C)
• A/TCAS
• Autopilot height lock.
REQUIRMENTS FOR INTERNAL
COMMUNICATION ?
• Aero planes with more than 19 passenger seat must be fitted with a
public address system
• Aero planes with 19 passenger or less, but MTOM in excess of 15000
kg requires an interphone.
• Public address system is used for talking to passengers.
• Flight deck communication with cabin crew is through interphone
• In addition, if there is more than one flight crew member, they must
have a flight crew interphone, using headsets and boom
microphones.
