•Hafiz M Umer Ishfaq
Hybrid Renewable •MS System Engineering
Energy System •Pakistan Institute of Engineering and Applied Sciences,
llllIslamabad
(HRES)
Introduction
BACKGROUND
Growing Energy Demand
Global electricity demand is rising due to rapid population growth, urbanization,
and industrial development.
Challenges with Conventional Energy Sources
Fossil fuels are depleting, polluting, and cause greenhouse gas emissions.
Dependence on them leads to environmental degradation and energy insecurity.
The Role of Renewable Energy
Renewable sources like solar, wind, and hydropower are clean and sustainable.
Yet, their output is intermittent and weather-dependent when used individually.
Need for Hybrid Renewable Energy Systems
Integrating multiple renewable sources enhances system reliability and efficiency.
Hybrid systems balance generation fluctuations and ensure continuous power supply .
SIGNIFICANCE
Addressing Intermittency of Renewable Sources Advantage of Hybrid Systems
• Solar and wind energy are variable by nature (day/night, • Hybrid Renewable Energy Systems (HRES) combine complementary
seasonal, weather-related). sources (e.g., solar-day, wind-night, hydro-constant).
• Standalone systems often fail to provide continuous power. • This integration enhances energy reliability, availability, and grid stability.
Environmental and Economic Benefits Potential for Rural Electrification
• Reduces dependency on fossil fuels, lowering greenhouse gas • Hybrid systems are especially suitable for remote and off-grid regions.
emissions.
• They enable access to clean energy in rural communities without
• Promotes cleaner production and sustainable energy needing costly grid extensions.
development.
• Improves long-term cost-effectiveness through optimized
resource use.
Research Objectives
To design an integrated Hybrid Renewable To simulate and analyze system
Energy System (HRES) performance
Develop a system that combines solar, wind, and Use modeling tools (e.g., MATLAB/Simulink) to
hydropower sources to ensure continuous and evaluate the technical and economic performance
efficient power generation. of the hybrid system under varying conditions.
To enhance energy reliability and To assess the potential for rural
sustainability electrification
Demonstrate how hybridization improves energy Examine the feasibility of deploying HRES in
availability, reduces dependence on fossil fuels, and remote or off-grid regions to provide stable and
supports long-term sustainability. clean energy access.
Literature Review
Hybrid Systems
Solar Energy Systems
• Convert sunlight into electricity using photovoltaic (PV) cells.
• Efficiency influenced by solar irradiance, temperature, and panel orientation.
• Best suited for daytime energy production; suffers from variability due to weather.
Limitations of Standalone Systems
Each renewable source alone is limited by its
Wind Energy Systems
dependence on specific environmental conditions.
• Use wind turbines to generate electricity from wind motion.
• Power output depends on wind speed, turbine design, and site elevation. May fail to meet demand continuously without energy
• Intermittent and location-dependent, typically stronger at night or in open terrains. storage or backup systems.
Hydropower Systems
• Generate power by converting potential energy from water flow into mechanical
and then electrical energy.
• Reliable and consistent where sufficient water flow is available.
Hybrid Renewable Energy Systems
Common Hybrid Configurations
🌀 A Hybrid Renewable Energy System (HRES)
• Solar-Wind Hybrid
integrates two or more renewable sources such as
Solar generates power during the day
solar, wind, and hydropower into a unified energy
Wind compensates at night or during cloudy periods
supply system.
• Solar-Hydro Hybrid
🎯 The goal is to capitalize on the complementary
Solar provides daily peak generation
nature of resources to ensure continuous and
Hydro ensures base-load supply or energy storage
stable power generation..
• Wind-Hydro Hybrid
Combines variability of wind with the stability of hydropower
Research Gap
Let us consider a 100% power demand that cannot be
met by a single renewable source. In such cases, a
Hybrid Renewable Energy System (HRES) combines
sources like hydropower (50%), solar (30%), and wind
(20%) to meet the load. This integration ensures
reliable, continuous power by utilizing the
complementary nature of each source and is especially
effective in remote or off-grid areas.
System
Components
Solar Photovoltaic (PV) System
PV Cell Working Principle
• A photovoltaic (PV) cell converts sunlight into electricity using the photovoltaic effect.
• When sunlight (photons) hits the semiconducting material (usually silicon), it excites
electrons, creating electron-hole pairs.
• These free electrons are captured through electrical contacts, producing direct current (DC)
electricity.
I–V and P–V Characteristics
I–V Curve (Current vs. Voltage):
Efficiency Factors
Shows how current varies with voltage at different irradiance and temperature levels. • Cell temperature: Efficiency drops as
Short-circuit current (Isc): Maximum current at zero voltage. temperature increases.
• Solar irradiance: Higher irradiance
Open-circuit voltage (Voc): Maximum voltage at zero current. increases current output.
Maximum Power Point (MPP): Optimal operating point for highest power output. • Angle of incidence and shading: Impact
light capture and performance.
P–V Curve (Power vs. Voltage): • Degradation: Cell performance declines
Indicates power output of a PV module across voltage levels, peaking at the MPP. over time due to aging.
Wind Turbine System
There are two types of wind turbines.
Horizontal Axis Wind Turbines (HAWT)
• Most widely used type with blades rotating around a horizontal axis.
• High aerodynamic efficiency; ideal for open and unobstructed
environments.
• Requires a yaw mechanism to align with wind direction.
• Suitable for utility-scale installations with consistent wind flow.
Vertical Axis Wind Turbines (VAWT)
• Blades rotate around a vertical axis, capturing wind from any direction.
• More effective in urban or turbulent wind conditions.
• Easier to install and maintain, with components accessible at ground level.
• Generally lower efficiency due to increased drag and less optimal blade
orientation.
Horizontal Axis Wind Turbine
Feature Vertical Axis Wind Turbine (VAWT)
(HAWT)
Blade Orientation Horizontal axis Vertical axis
Requires yaw mechanism to face Captures wind from all directions
Wind Direction Sensitivity
wind (omnidirectional)
Efficiency (Cp) Higher (0.35–0.50 practical) Lower (0.2–0.35 typical)
Installation Height Elevated (52m from ground) Lower height possible
More complex (components at
Maintenance Easier (ground-level access)
height)
Urban, turbulent wind, small-scale
Best Suited For Open, rural, utility-scale applications
setups
Hydropower System
There are main three types of hydropower systems.
Run-of-River (RoR) Pumped Storage Hydropower (PSH)
• Utilizes the natural flow of a river with minimal water • Works like a battery: water is pumped to a higher reservoir
storage. during low demand and released to generate electricity
• Low environmental impact and suitable for continuous during peak demand.
base-load generation. • Highly effective for grid stability and energy storage.
• Power output depends heavily on seasonal river flow. • Requires two reservoirs at different elevations.
Reservoir-Based (Storage Hydro)
• Involves a dam and large water reservoir to regulate flow
and store energy.
• Enables peak load generation and greater control over
power output.
• Higher environmental and social impact due to land
submersion.
Turbine Selection
Based on head and flow
rate:
Criteria Pelton Turbine Francis Turbine Kaplan Turbine
Head Range High (>300 m) Medium (10–300 m) Low (2–30 m)
Flow Rate Low Medium High
Operating Principle Impulse Reaction Reaction (axial-flow)
High for high head, low High over a wide range of Very high for low head,
Efficiency
flow head/flow variable flow
Mountainous or steep Reservoir and medium-head Run-of-River and low-head
Application Suitability
terrains RoR systems rivers
Uses jets of water to spin Mixed flow; adaptable to Adjustable blades for
Key Feature
buckets varied conditions optimal efficiency
Best for high-head, low- Ideal for low-head RoR
Literature Insight Versatile and widely used
flow sites systems
Energy Storage System & Management
Charge Controllers:
Battery Technologies:
Regulate battery charging to prevent overcharging or deep
Common types include Lithium-ion, Lead-acid, and Flow
discharging.
batteries chosen based on cost, depth of discharge, lifespan, and
efficiency.
MPPT (Maximum Power Point Tracking):
Ensures PV systems operate at their highest efficiency by
Role in Load Balancing:
continuously adjusting voltage and current.
Stores excess energy during high generation periods (e.g.,
daytime solar) and releases it during peak demand or low
generation, ensuring system reliability. Energy Management:
Inverters: Load Prioritization: Critical loads served first during energy shortage.
Convert DC (from PV/batteries) to AC for grid or local use. Source Coordination: Uses renewables first, storage next, and backup
(if needed).
Methodology
Schematic Diagram of HRES
Resource assessment
Aspect Solar Energy Wind Energy Hydropower
Sun Belt location; 95% Coastal and southern
Extensive river network
Geographic Advantage of land receives 5– regions (Sindh,
(Indus and tributaries)
7 kWh/m²/day Balochistan)
Jhimpir, Gharo, Keti Tarbela, Mangla, Ghazi-
Balochistan, Sindh,
Key Regions Bandar, Jamshoro, Barotha, Diamer-
South Punjab
Badin Bhasha, Dasu
~132 GW (based on 3%
Estimated Potential Over 100,000 MW land availability, 5 ~60,000 MW
MW/km²)
Current Installed Minimal contribution ~1,235 MW ~10,635 MW
Stable, cost-effective;
High solar irradiance; High wind speeds (>7
major existing
Advantages ideal for rural m/s); reduces oil import
contributor (27% of
electrification burden
electricity mix)
High costs,
Low adoption; requires Weak regulatory
sedimentation, climate
Challenges policy/investment framework; lack of
impacts, water-sharing
support financing
disputes
Modeling Tools
Wind Turbine Modelling
…… 1
= …… 2
Where:
ρ Air Density = 1.225 kg/m³
Cp(λ,β) Performance coefficient of the wind turbine
A Area swept (m²)
Wind speed (m/s)
tourque
Tip Speed Ratio (λ) and Performance
Coefficient
The power coefficient (Cp) represents the
amount of power that can be extracted from the
wind.
• β: Blade pitch angle (deg)
• to : Empirical constants
Where:
• = 0.5176, = 0.116, = 0.4,
= 5, = 21, and = 0.0068.
The maximum value of Cp is achieved Figure 1: Simulink implementation of the power
coefficient (Cp) model based on tip speed ratio (λ) and
for β = 0 and λ = 8.1
blade pitch angle (β)
Intermediate variable :
Tip Speed Ratio:
The tip speed ratio (λ) is defined as the ratio of the peripheral speed of the
tip of the blade to the wind speed.
Where:
is the rotational speed of turbine (rad/s).
R is the radius (m).
is the wind speed (m/s).
Power Modeling
Figure 3: Simulink model of mechanical power extraction
Figure 4: Subsystem for Cp Calculation Using λ and β in
Simulink
Figure 5: Subsystem for calculating mechanical power and torque from wind
input parameters
Wind Energy Conversion System: Mechanical to Electrical
Power Modeling
Figure 6: Simulink Model of PMSG-Based Wind Energy
Conversion System
Output
Figure 7: Output response of the wind energy system in
Simulink
Modelling the Solar Photovoltaic Systems
(1)
(2)
k - Boltzmann constant (1.3806×10-23 J/K)
T - reference temperature of solar cell
q - elementary charge (1.6021×10-19)
U - solar cell voltage (V)
pv - photovoltaic current (A)
Io - saturation current of the diode (A)
PV Array
Paramet
er
Simulink Model (PV Solar 300W)
Figure 10: Simulink Model of 300W Solar PV System with
MPPT and Storage
Boost Converter
Design
System Inputs:
• PV Array Voltage (Vin) = 18 V
• Output Voltage (Vo) = 54 V
• Output Power (P) = 300 W
• Switching Frequency (fs) = 50 kHz
• Voltage Ripple (ΔV) = 0.54 V
• Inductor Ripple Current (ΔI) ≈ 1.11 A
Calculations
Parameter Formula Value
Output Current Io Io = P / Vo 5.56 A
L = [Vin × (Vo − Vin)] / [ΔI ×
Inductor L 220 µH
fs × Vo]
C = [Io × (Vo − Vin)] / [fs ×
Capacitor C 150 µF
ΔV × Vo]
Load Resistor R R = Vo² / P 9.72 Ω
Effect of Irradiance and Temperature on PV
Performance
Figure 9: Effect of irradiance and temperature on the I-V and P-V
Modeling of Hydropower
Flow Rate (Q):
Volume of water flowing per unit time, typically in m³/s.
Q=A⋅ v
A = Cross-sectional area of flow (m²)
v = Velocity of water (m/s)
Head (H):
• The vertical distance through which water falls, typically measured in meters.
• It represents the potential energy available for conversion into mechanical energy.
The mechanical power generated by the turbine is given by
Where,
• P is mechanical power output produced at the turbine
• η_total hydraulic efficiency of the turbine
• p is density of water (1000kg / (m3))
• g is acceleration due to gravity (9.81m / (s2))
• H is effective pressure head (m).
Simulink Model (Hydropower)
The model includes the following key components:
• Hydraulic Turbine and Governor (HTG) for mechanical
power conversion and speed control
• Synchronous Machine (pu standard) to simulate the
generator
• Excitation System for voltage regulation and reactive
power control
Thank you
