TECHNICAL REPORT

Topic: 132 kv Substation Bosan Road Multan

Complete layout of 132 kv Substation Bosan road Multan. Description of

equipment used in Substation and outgoing of Substation.

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Group members

Talha Maqsood 2008-EE-29

Ali yasir noor 2008-EE-31
Ali Raza 2008-EE-01
Sultan Zeb 2008-EE-55

Submitted To

Engr.Tuheed-ur-Rehman

Contents
1.1 Introduction---------------------------------------------------------------------------04

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1.2 Brief history of electric power-----------------------------------------------------04
1.3 Electrical power system------------------------------------------------------------05
1.4 Electrical distribution --------------------------------------------------------------05
1.4.1 AC distribution-----------------------------------------------------------06
1.5 Definition of sub-station-----------------------------------------------------------06
1.5.1 Classification of sub-station--------------------------------------------06
1.6 Functions of a substation-----------------------------------------------------------07
1.7 132KV Substation Bosan Road Multan------------------------------------------08
1.8 Equipment used in a sub-station--------------------------------------------------09
1.8.1 Bus – bar-------------------------------------------------------------------10
1.8.2 Insulators------------------------------------------------------------------11
1.8.3 Isolating switches--------------------------------------------------------11
1.8.4 Instrument transformer--------------------------------------------------12
1.8.4.1 Current transformer-----------------------------------------12
1.8.4.2 Voltage transformer-----------------------------------------13
1.8.5 Metering and indicating instrument ----------------------------------14
1.8.6 Miscellaneous equipment-----------------------------------------------15
1.8.7 Protective relay-----------------------------------------------------------15
1.8.8 Circuit breaker------------------------------------------------------------17
1.8.8.1 The type of the circuit breaker-----------------------------18
1.8.8.2 Breaker used in 132KV grid station----------------------19
1.8.8.2.1 Oil circuit breaker----------------------------------------19
1.8.8.2.2 Vacuum circuit breaker----------------------------------19
1.8.8.2.3 SF6 circuit breaker---------------------------------------20
1.8.9 Power transformer-------------------------------------------------------21
1.8.9.1 Parallel operation of three-phase transformers---------22
1.8.10 Bus-bar schemes used in a sub station------------------------------23
1.8.11 Bus-bar isolator---------------------------------------------------------23
1.8.12 Bus coupler--------------------------------------------------------------24
1.8.13 Battery -------------------------------------------------------------------24
1.8.13.1 Batteries room ---------------------------------------------25
1.8.14 Lighting arrestor--------------------------------------------------------25
1.8.15 Capacitor -----------------------------------------------------------------26
1.9 Outgoings -------------------------------------------------------------------------------27

1.1 Introduction
Electricity is the basic need for the economic development of any country. Electricity has
now become a necessity for all as it powers the machinery, the computers, the health-care
systems and the entertainment of modern society. Every power system has three major
components

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 Generation: source of power, ideally with a specified voltage and Frequency.
 Transmission system: transmits power; ideally as a perfect conductor.
 Load: consumes power; ideally with a constant resistive value.

1.2 BRIEF HISTORY OF ELECTRIC POWER

 Early 1880’s – Edison introduced Pearl Street dc system in Manhattan supplying 59

customers
 1884 – Sprague produces practical dc motor
 1885 – invention of transformer
 Mid 1880’s – Westinghouse/Tesla introduce rival ac system
 Late 1880’s – Tesla invents ac induction motor
 1893 – First 3 phase transmission line operating at 2.3 kV
 1896 – ac lines deliver electricity from hydro generation at Niagara Falls to Buffalo,
20 miles away.
 Early 1900’s – Private utilities supply all customers in area (city); recognized as a
natural monopoly; states step in to begin regulation
 By 1920’s – Large interstate holding companies control most electricity systems
 1935 – Congress passes Public Utility Holding Company Act to establish national
regulation, breaking up large interstate utilities
 1935/6 – Rural Electrification Act brought electricity to rural areas.

1.3 ELECTRICAL POWER SYSTEM

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1) The generating station converts the energy of gas, oil, coal or nuclear fuel to electric
energy. The generator voltage is around 15-25 kV (12.5KV at Mangla Dam
Generation).
2) The main transformer increases the voltage to 230-765 kV. (220-500KV in Pakistan)
This reduces the current and losses.
3) The high voltage transmission line transports the energy from the generating station
to the large loads, like towns. Example: Energy generated at Palo Verde is
transported by a 500 kV line to the KYRENE substation at Phoenix.
4) The high voltage substation reduces the voltage to 500-220 / (220-132) kV. The
substation serves as a node point for several lines.
5) The sub-transmission lines (132 kV-11 kV) connect the high voltage substation to the
local distribution station.
6) The Distribution lines 11 kV distribute the energy along streets or underground.
Each line supplies several step-down transformers distributed along the line.
7) The distribution transformer reduces the voltage to 240 (1-phase) or 415V (3-phase)
which supplies the houses, shopping centers, etc.

1.4 Electrical Distribution

There are two types of Electrical distribution

1) AC Distribution
2) DC Distribution

1.4.1 AC Distribution

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Now a days A.C. system is universally used for distribution of electric power as it is more
economical than direct current method. One important reason for the use of alternating
current in preference to direct current is the fact that alternating voltage level can be
changed in magnitude by a transformer. High transmission and distribution voltages have
greatly reduced the current in the conductors and the resulting line losses.
 High voltage AC transmission offers
 Higher transmission capacity / Km
 Lower line-voltage drop / Km
 Lower transmission losses / MW transfer
 Reduced right-of-way requirement / MW transfer
 Lower capital and operating costs / MW transfer

The electric power is produce at the power station, which are located at favorable places,
generally quite away from the consumers. It is delivered to the consumer through a large
network of transmission and distribution. At many place in the line of power system, it
may be desirable and necessary to change some characteristic (e.g. Voltage, AC to DC,
frequency P.F. etc.) of electric supply. This is accomplished by suitable apparatus called
sub-station for example, generation voltage (5kv or 20kv) at the power station is stepped
up to high voltage (Say 500kv,220kv,132kv or 66kv) for transmission of electric power.
Similarly near the consumer’s localities, the voltage may have to be stepped down to
utilization level. This job is again accomplished by suitable apparatus called sub-station.
1.5 Definition of sub-station
“The assembly of apparatus used to change some characteristics (e.g. Voltage
frequency. P.F. etc) of electric supply is called sub-station”.
1.5.1 Classification of sub-station
There are several ways of classifying sub-station. However the two most important way of
classification is

I) According to service requirement

II) According to constructional features

1.5.2 According to service requirement

According to service requirement sub-station may be classified into
1) Transformer sub-station
Those sub-station which change the voltage level of electrical supply are called TIF .
2) Switching sub-station
These sub-station simply perform the switching operation of power line.
3) Power factor correction
These sub-station which improve the P.F. of the system are called P.F. correction,
these are generally located at receiving end.
4) Frequency changer
Those sub-stations, which change the supply frequency, are known as frequency
changer . Such may be required for industrial utilization.

5) Converting sub-station

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 Those sub-station which change a.c. power into d.c. power are called converting.
Ignition is used to convert AC to dc power for traction, electroplating, electrical welding
etc.
6) Industrial sub-station
Those sub-stations, which supply power to individual industrial concerns, are known
as industrial sub-station.
1.5.3 According to constructional features
According to constructional features, the sub-station are classified as
1) Outdoor Sub-Station
For voltage beyond 66KV, equipment is invariably installed outdoor. It is
because for such Voltage the clearances between conductor and the space required for
switches, C.B. and other equipment becomes so great that it is not economical to installed
the equipment indoor.
2) Indoor Sub-station
For voltage up to 11KV, the equipment of the is installed indoor because of
economic consideration. However, when the atmosphere is contaminated with impurities,
these sub-stations can be erected for voltage up to 66KV.
3) Under ground sub-station
In thickly populated areas, the space available for equipment and building is
limited and the cost of the land is high. Under such situations, the sub-station is created
underground.
The design of underground s/s requires more careful consideration
1) The size of the s/s should be as minimum as possible.
2) There should be responsible access for both equipment & personal.
3) There should be provision for emergency lighting and protection against fire.
There should be good ventilation
4) Pole-mounted sub-station
This is an outdoor sub-station with equipment installed overhead on H.pole
or 4-pole structure. It is the cheapest from of s/s for voltage not exceeding 11KV(or 33KV
in some cases). Electric power is almost distributed in localities through such sub-station.
The 11KV line is connected to the T/F (11KV/440V) through gang isolator and
fuses. The lighting arresters are installed on the H.T. Side to protect the sub-station from
lighting strokes. The transformer step down voltage to 400 V, 3 phase, 4 wire supply. The
voltage between any two lines is 400 V & between line & neutral is 230V. The oil circuitt
breaker installed on the L.T. side automatically isolates the mounted sub-station.
transformers are generally in the event of fault generally 200KVA transformer is used.
1.6 Functions of a Substation
1 - Supply of required electrical power.
2 - Maximum possible coverage of the supply network.
3 - Maximum security of supply.
4 - Shortest possible fault-duration.
5 - Optimum efficiency of plants and the network.
6 - Supply of electrical power within targeted frequency limits, (49.5 Hz and 50.5 Hz).
7 - Supply of electrical power within specified voltage limits.
8 - Supply of electrical energy to the consumers at the lowest cost.
1.7 132KV Substation Bosan Road Multan

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132KV Substation Bosan Road Multan is an out-door substation. A simple layout of substation is
shown below

Figure 1
Symbol used in Diagram
Isolator

Current Transformer

Circuit Breaker

Potential Transformer

Power Transformer

Lighting Arrester

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Incoming Supply
1) Industrial state side
2) Khanewal side

1.8 Equipment Used in a Sub-Station

The equipment required for a transformer Sub-Station depends upon the type of Sub-
Station, Service requirement and the degree of protection desired. 132KV Sub-Station
Bosan Road Multan has the following major equipments.
1) Bus-bar
2) Insulators
3) Isolating Switches
4) Circuit breaker
5) Current transformer
6) Power transformer
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 7) Potential transformer
8) Aux-transformer
9) Lighting arrestor
10) Capacitor bank
11) Batteries
12) Bus coupler
13) Relay room
14) Metering and Indicating Instrument
1.8.1 Bus - bar
When a no. of lines operating at the same voltage have to be directly
connected electrically, bus-bar are used, it is made up of copper or aluminum bars
(generally of rectangular X-Section) and operate at constant voltage.
Duplicate bus-bar, generally it consist of two bus-bars a “main” bus-bar and
spare bus-bar. The incoming and outgoing lines can be connected to either b/b. With the
help of a bus-bar coupler, which consist of a circuit breaker and isolators.
However, in case of repair of main bus-bar or fault accusing on it, the
continuity of supply to the circuit can be maintain by transforming it to the spare bus-bar
for voltage exceeding 33KV, Duplicate bus-bar is frequently used.
Bus-bar scheme used in 132KV Substation Bosan Road Multan is single Bus bar scheme as can be
seen in layout (Figure I).

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 1.8.2 Insulators
The insulator serves two purpose. They support the conductor ( or bus bar )
and confine the current to the conductor. The most commonly used material for the
manufactures of insulators is porcelain. There are several type of insulator (i.e. pine type,
suspension type etc.) and there used in Sub-Station will depend upon the service
requirement.

Insulators

1.8.3 Isolating Switches

In Sub-Station, it is often desired to disconnect a part of the system for
general maintenance and repairs. This is accomplished by an isolating switch or isolator.
An isolator is essentially a kniff Switch and is design to often open a ckt under no load, in
other words, isolator Switches are operate only when the line is which they are connected
carry no load. For example, consider that the isolator are connected on both side of a cut
breaker, if the isolators are to be opened, the C.B. must be opened first.

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 1.8.4 Instrument Transformer
The line in Sub-Station operate at high voltage and carry current of thousands
of amperes. The measuring instrument and protective devices are designed for low voltage
(generally 110V) and current (about 5A). Therefore, they will not work satisfactory if
mounted directly on the power lines. This difficulty is overcome by installing Instrument
transformer, on the power lines. There are two types of instrument transformer.

1) Current transformer
2) Potential transformer
3) Power transformer
4) Aux-transformer
1.8.4.1 Current Transformer
A current transformer is essentially a step-down transformer which steps-
down the current in a known ratio, the primary of this transformer consist of one or more
turn of thick wire connected in series with the line, the secondary consist of thick wire
connected in series with line having large number of turn of fine wire and provides for
measuring instrument, and relay a current which is a constant faction of the current in the
line.The current transformer (CT) is often treated as a ‘‘black box.’’ It is a transformer that is
governed by the laws of electromagnetic induction:
ε = k βAc Nf
Where
ε = Induced voltage
β = Flux density
Ac = Core cross-sectional area
N = Turns
f = Frequency
k = Constant of proportionality

CT 200/5A

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 CT 600/5A

1.8.4.2 Potential Transformer

It is essentially a step - down transformer and step down the voltage in
known ratio. The primary of these transformer consist of a large number of turn of fine
wire connected across the line. The secondary way consist of a few turns and provides for
measuring instruments and relay a voltage which is known fraction of the line voltage.

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 132KV

1.8.5 Metering and Indicating Instrument

There are several metering and indicating Instrument (e.g. Ammeters, Volt-
meters, energy meter etc.) installed in a Sub-Station to maintain which over the ckt
quantities. The instrument transformer are invariably used with them for satisfactory
operation.

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 Temperature Gauge
Ammeter

1.8.6 Miscellaneous equipment

In addition to above, there may be following equipment in a Sub-Station.
i) Fuses.
ii) Carrier-current equipment.
iii) Sub-Station auxiliary supplies.
1.8.7.Protective relay
“A protective relay is a device that detects the fault and initiates the
operation of the C.B. to isolate the defective element from the rest of the system”. The
relay detects the abnormal condition in the electrical circuit by constantly measuring the
electrical quantities, which are different under normal and fault condition. The electrical

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quantities which may change under fault condition are voltage, current, frequency and
phase angle. Having detect the fault, the relay operate to close the trip circuit of C.B.

Distance Relay

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 1.8.8 Circuit breaker
A circuit breaker is an equipment, which can open or close a circuit under
normal as well as fault condition. It is so designed that it can be operated manually (or by
remote control) under normal conditions and automatically under fault condition. For the
latter operation a relay wt. is used with a C.B. generally bulk oil C.B. are used for voltage up

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to 66 KV while for high voltage low oil & SF6 C.B. are used. For still higher voltage, air blast
vacuum or SF6 cut breaker are used.

1.8.8.1 The type of the Circuit Breaker

The type of the Circuit Breaker is usually identified according to the medium of arc extinction. The
classification of the Circuit Breakers based on the medium of arc extinction is as follows:
(1) Air break' Circuit Breaker. (Miniature Circuit Breaker).
(2) Oil Circuit Breaker (tank type of bulk oil)
(3) Minimum oil Circuit Breaker.
(4) Air blast Circuit Breaker.
(5) Vacuum Circuit Breaker.
(6) Sulphur hexafluoride Circuit Breaker. (Single pressure or
      Double Pressure).
Type Medium Voltage, Breaking Capacity
1 – Air break Circuit Air at atmospheric (430 – 600) V– (5-15)MVA
Breaker pressure (3.6-12) KV -  500 MVA
2 – Miniature CB. Air at atmospheric (430-600 ) V
pressure
3 – Tank Type oil CB. Dielectric oil (3.6 – 12) KV
4 – Minimum Oil CB. Dielectric oil (3.6 - 145 )KV
5 – Air Blast CB. Compressed Air 245 KV, 35000 MVA
(20 – 40 ) bar up to 1100 KV, 50000 MVA
6 – SF6 CB. SF6 Gas 12 KV, 1000 MVA
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 36 KV , 2000 MVA
145 KV, 7500 MVA
245 KV , 10000 MVA
7 – Vacuum  CB. Vacuum 36 KV, 750 MVA
8 – H.V.DC CB. Vacuum , SF6 Gas 500 KV DC

1.8.8.2 Breaker Used in 132KV Grid Station

 Oil Circuit Breaker

 Vacuum Circuit Breaker
 SF6 Circuit Breaker
Oil Circuit Breaker
Bulk Oil Circuit Breaker

Low Oil Circuit Breaker

 Consists of two parts
 Supporting Chamber
 Circuit-Breaking Chamber( Consists of fixed and
moving contact)

Disadvantages Of Oil Circuit Breaker

It may form explosive mixture with air.
Its requires frequent maintenance.
Absorb moisture so reduces dialectical strength.
1.8.8.3 Vacuum Circuit Breaker
Vacuum is used as an arc quenching medium.
Have more insulating strength.
10-7 to 10-5 pressure is maintained.

Advantages

 Compact, reliable and have longer life.

 No fire hazards.
 No generation of gas during and after operation.
 Can interrupt any fault current.
 No noise is produced while operating.
 Require less power for control operation.

1.8.8.3 SF6 Circuit Breaker

 Sulphur Hexafluoride used in arc quenching medium.
 SF6 is electro-mechanical gas.
 It has strong tendency to absorb electron.
 It is much more effective for high power and high voltages.

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20
 Pressure Gauge
SF6 Gas

Advantages
 Simple construction, less cost.
 SF6 gas is not catches flame, non toxic & chemically inert gas.
 Maintenance free.
 Ability to interrupt low and high fault current.

1.8.9 Power Transformer

Power transformer is a static electrical device, involving no continuously moving parts,used in
electric power systems to transfer power between circuits through the use of electromagnetic
induction. The term power transformer is used to refer to those transformers used between the
generator and the distribution circuits, and these are usually rated at 500 kVA and above. Power
systems typically consist of a large number of generation locations, distribution points, and
interconnections within the system or with nearby systems, such as a neighboring utility. The
complexity of the system leads to a variety of transmission and distribution voltages. Power
transformers must be used at each of these points where there is a transition between voltage
levels. Power transformers are selected based on the application, with the emphasis toward
custom design being more apparent the larger the unit. Power transformers are available for step-
up operation, primarily used at the generator and referred to as generator step-up (GSU)
transformers, and for step-down operation, mainly used to feed distribution circuits. Power
transformers are available as single-phase or three-phase apparatus.

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 Transformer is a vital link in a power system which has made possible the power generated at low
voltages (6600 to 22000 volts) to be stepped up to extra high voltages for transmission over long
distances and then transformed to low voltages for utilization at proper load centers.
 This flux induces an electro-motive force in the secondary winding too. When load is connected
across this winding, current flows in the secondary circuit. This produces a demagnetizing effect, to
counter balance this the primary winding draws more current from the supply so that  
IP.NP = IS.NS

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 Transformer ratings
Incoming # 01 20/26 MVA
Incoming # 02 20/26 MVA
Incoming #03 31.5/40 MVA
Maximum Load
TR1 113/1305 A
TR2 113/1305 A
TR3 175/2008 A
1.8.9.1 PARALLEL OPERATION OF THREE-PHASE TRANSFORMERS
 
Ideal parallel operation between Transformers occurs when (1) there are no circulating
currents on open circuit, and (2) the load division between the Transformers is proportional to
their kVA ratings. These requirements necessitate that any - two or more three phase
Transformers, which are desired to be operated in parallel, should possess:
1) The same no load ratio of transformation;

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 2) The same percentage impedance;
3) The same resistance to reactance ratio;
4) The same polarity;
5) The same phase rotation;
6) The same inherent phase-angle displacement between primary and secondary
terminals. The above conditions are characteristic of all three phase Transformers whether two
winding or three winding. With three winding Transformers, however, the following additional
requirement must also be satisfied before the Transformers can be designed suitable for parallel
operation.
7) The same power ratio
between the corresponding windings.
 
The first four conditions need no
explanation being the same as in single
phase Transformers.
The fifth condition of phase rotation
is also a simple requirement. It assumes
that the standard direction of phase
rotation is anti-clockwise. In case of any
difference in the phase rotation it can be set
right by simply interchanging two leads
either on primary or secondary. It is the
intention here to discuss the last two i.e.,
sixth and seventh conditions in detail.

1.8.10 Bus-Bar Schemes used in a

sub station
1.8.11 Bus-Bar Isolator

1 – Bus-Bar Isolator. (Disconnector Switch)

2 – Maintenance Earth Switches. 
3 – CT's For Transformer protection.
4 – Circuit Breaker.
5 – CT's for Bus-Bar protection and
metering.
6 – Maintenance Earth Switches.
7 – Transformer Isolator.

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 1.8.12 Bus-coupler
Bus coupler is a device which is used switch from one bus to the other without any interruption in
power supply and without creating hazardous arcs. It is achieved with the help of circuit breaker
and isolators.
Bus coupler is used in sub-station for changing the source of supply without interrupting the
transmission. Let we have two source feeders A1(132KV) & A2(132KV). And initially A1 is
connected via transfer bus, main bus, bus coupler 1 to transformer. Now we want to change
source feeder A1 with A2, the Bus coupler comes into play. 1st we connect all three phases of
feeder A2 to Transfer bus which in turn connected to main bus in parallel to transfer bus of feeder
A1.Since both are in parallel so there neither be any damage nor any interruption in supply takes
place. Thus we have same value (132KV) supply from combined sources in our main bus. Now we
connect the bus coupler of A2 and disconnect bus coupler of A1.
next, we remove the transfer bus connection of A1 from main bus followed by disconnecting all
three phases.
Now our supply is completely through feeder A2 and bus coupler 2.

Bus-coupler

1.8.13 Battery
A battery is a device that converts the chemical energy contained in its active materials
directly into electric energy by means of an electrochemical oxidation-reduction (redox)
reaction. In the case of a rechargeable system, the battery is recharged by a reversal of the
process.

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 1.8.13.1 Batteries Room
Batteries are very important part of the grid. It works as a standby storage device,
that provides D.C power to the grid’s dc supply equipment in case of failure of A.C supply.
Different protection devices i.e relays, circuit breakers and other control equipment of relay room,
11KV control room, 132KV control room and yard operates on 110 D.C volt supply that is normally
supplied by a rectifier. In case of failure of A.C power batteries works as a standby source of 110
D.C supply.
No. of cells installed = 55
2 Volt/cell, 150 AH
Total Output Voltage = 110 Volt.
Recommended Float Voltage = 202 Volt/cell at 25 C
Recommended Boost Voltage = 2.4 Volt/cell Minimum
2.8 Volt/cell Maximum
Total Float Voltage = 121 Volt

1.8.14 Lighting arrestor

A lightning arrester is a device used on electrical power systems to protect the insulation on the
system from the damaging effect of lightning. Metal oxide varistors (MOVs) have been used for
power system protection since the mid 1970s. The typical lightning arrester also known
as surge arrester has a high voltage terminal and a ground terminal. When a lightning surge or
switching surge travels down the power system to the arrester, the current from the surge is
diverted around the protected insulation in most cases to earth.

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 Lighting arrestor

1.8.15 Capacitor
Capacitors are used in substation to improve power factor.

Capacitor bank

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1.9 Outgoings of 132 KV Substation Bosan Road Multan

 Raza Hall
 Express
 Usmanabad
 Hazori bagh
 Wapda colony
 Gulgusht
 Eidgah
 Shamsabad
 Sabzazar
 Shalimar
 Gray vala
 Hussain agahi
 University
 P.K.Colony

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