LECTURE #18
Switched Mode Inverter
Switched Mode Inverter................................................................................................................1
18.1 Single-phase half-bridge inverter with resistive load......................................................1
18.1.1 Square-wave output..................................................................................................1
18.1.2 Quasi square waveform............................................................................................3
18.1.3 SPWM switching scheme.........................................................................................4
18.2 Single-phase full bridge inverter with resistive load.......................................................6
18.2.1 Unipolar PWM..........................................................................................................7
18.2.2 Bipolar PWM............................................................................................................8
18.3 Single-phase full-bridge inverter with resistive and inductive load................................9
18.3.1 Square-wave output..................................................................................................9
18.3.2 Quasi square wave output.......................................................................................11
18.3.3 Pulse Width Modulation.........................................................................................12
18.1 Single-phase half-bridge inverter with resistive load.
The half-bridge single-phase inverter as shown below could generate three types of output
waveform; square-wave, quasi-square and PWM.
18.1.1 Square-wave output.
The load voltage VLoad is a square wave and having significant low-order of harmonic
components as shown below. It is not favourable because the lower harmonics components
required large LC to filter out the components.
18.1.2 Quasi square waveform
Also known as PHASE OPERATION. The magnitude of the fundamental is reduced and the
quasi-square wave has no triplen harmonics component compare to square-wave as shown
above. Therefore, the output waveform is better than the square-wave.
18.1.3 SPWM switching scheme.
The pulse-width-modulation signal is generated by comparing modulating signal (sine wave)
with the carrier signal (triangular wave).
Vin = 100 V
Ma = 1.0
Modulation _ index M a
fs = 1 kHz
V
m od ulating _ signal
V
carrier _ signal
Vin
M
load _1
a
2
The quality of waveform generated using SPWM is much better than quasi-square output where
no low-order of harmonics current present in the waveform as shown below. It is much easier to
remove the high frequency components using small size of LC filter.
18.2 Single-phase full bridge inverter with resistive load.
All three types of switching as applied to half bridge inverter are also applicable to full bridge
inverter. However PWM switching is commonly used in this circuit topology.
PWM switching
Definition of terms in PWM:
Modulation _ index M a
V
m od ulating _ signal
V
carrier _ signal
Two types of PWM: Unipolar and Bipolar.
18.2.1 Unipolar PWM
Vin = 100 V
Ma = 0.8
fs = 1 kHz
V
load _1 M a Vin
18.2.2 Bipolar PWM
Vin = 100 V
Ma = 0.8
fs = 1 kHz
The frequency spectrum of bipolar PWM is quite similar to unipolar PWM. However the
magnitude of the harmonic component is larger than the fundamental. This technique has
disadvantages:1. The output voltage jump form Vd to +Vd
2. Impose stress on the power switching devices because always perform switching for
the whole cycle.
18.3 Single-phase full-bridge inverter with resistive and inductive load.
18.3.1 Square-wave output
When IGBT1 and IGBT2 turn on (assume negligible voltage drop across the IGBTs):
Vin VR VL
Vs iR L
di
dt
The above equation has a solution in terms of:
i(t) isteady _ state i transient
Vin Vin t
i(t)
e
R
R
t
Vin
i(t)
(1 e )
R
where
L
time constant
R
At the start, the load current is zero.
1st half cycle (IGBT1 and IGBT2 turn on):
Start:
i(0) 0
t
End:
i(t1 )
1
Vin
(1 e )
R
2nd half cycle (IGBT3 and IGBT4 turn on):
t
Start:
End:
1
V
i(t1 ) in (1 e )
R
i(t 2 )
t t
Vin Vin
2 1
i(t1 ) e
R R
3nd half cycle(IGBT1 and IGBT2 turn on):
Start:
i(t 2 )
t t
Vin Vin
2 1
i(t1 ) e
R R
t t
End:
V V
3 2
i(t 3 ) in in i(t 2 ) e
R R
Compute i(t..) until reach steady state condition.
18.3.2 Quasi square wave output
During on period:
1st on period (IGBT1 and IGBT2 turn on):
start: i(0)=0
t
End: i (t1 )
E E 1
e
R R
1st zero period:
start: i(t1)
End:
i (t 2 ) i (t1 ))e
t 2 t1
2nd on period (IGBT3 and IGBT4 turn on):
start: i(t2)
t t 2
3
E
E
End: i (t 3 ) ( i (t 2 ))e
R
R
2nd zero period:
start: i(t3)
End: i (t ) i (t )e
4
3
t 4 t 3
Compute i(t..) until reach steady state condition.
18.3.3 Pulse Width Modulation
(i) Unipolar PWM
(ii) Bipolar PWM
