<Y^<^-

THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO

rODKDED By JOHN D. ROCIIirElLtB

The Decennial Publications

PHYSICAL CHARACTERS OF INDIANS OF

SOUTHERN MEXICO
BY

FREDERICK STARR
 The Decennial Publications
FIRST SERIES

Two volumes of Reports and eight volumes of Invkstioations, the latter consisting of a collec-
work of research of the several departments of the Univer-
tion of articlas representing the
sity. Size, quarto.

VoLOME I. The President's Report. A. Administration.

Volume II. The President's Report. B. Publications of the Members of the University.

Volume III. Part 1. — Systematic Theology, Church History, Practical Theology.

Part 2. — Philosophy, Education.
VoLDME IV. Political Economy, Political Science, History, Sociology.

VoLDME V. Semitic Languages and Literatures, Biblical and Patristic Greek, Comparative
Religion.

VoLDME VI. Greek Language and Literature, Latin Language and Literature, Sanskrit and
Indo-European Comparative Philology, Classical Archaeology.

Volume VII. Romance Languages and Literatures, Germanic Languages and Literatures,
English, Literature in English.

Volume VIII. Astronomy and Astrophysics.

Volume IX. Mathematics, Phy.sics, Chemistry, Geology.

Volume X. Zoology, Anatomy, Physiology, Neurology, Botany, Pathology, Bacteriology.

SECOND SERIES
A volumes embodying original research, consisting of systematic
series of treatises, unpublished
documents, and the like. Size, octavo.

Tfie sei-ies as a whole will be issued soon after January 1, 1903. The separate articles con-
stituting the Investigations, hoivever, and the volumes of the Second Scries, tvill be pub-
lished as soon as ready.
 THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO
FOIXDED BV JOHN D. ROCKEFELLER

TlIK I)i:( KNMAL Pi PLICATIONS

THE PHYSICAL IIARACTERS OF TlIK INDIANS

(

OF SOUTHERN MEXICO
FREDERICK SI'AliR
ASSOCIATK I'KOFESSOK OF AXTIIKOPOLOGY

PRINTED FROM VOLrME IV

rnTCAoo
THE UNIVKUsrrv (H CIIICACO I'KESS
 Copi/riqhl I'.iirJ

BTTHK UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO

PRINTED AUGUST 1. 1902

 THE PliVSK AL ( IIARACTKRS OK IHK INDIANS OF
SOUTHERN .Mi:\l(()
Frederick Starr

In tlie summer group of Mixe Indians, at

of 1895, the casual meeting with a
Mitla, greatly aroused our interest. Having months later, to visit Guate-
occasion, six
mala, we determined to make the journey from Oaxaca to the city of Guatemala hy
horse through the Mixe ccnintry, in order that we might see more of these interesting,
but little known, Indians. Passing, in that journey, through the territories of a dozen
different tribes, we were profoundly impressed by the ]ihysical dilferences which the
Indians of these tribes presented. Linguistic differences among the Indians of the
Isthmian group have long since been admitted. Our Mexican
earliest field-study in
archeology had already impressed upon us the necessity of differentiating the ancient
cultures of Mexico —
not one uniform Aztec art presents itself for study, but a number
of distinct cultures. In the physical types we now saw a third line of notable differ-
ences between Mexican populations and one which appeared to be as deserving of
study as either of the others. We believed that the three lines of variation — lin-

guistic, archffiological, somatic — should have a common explanation, that all were
related, and that all were important in questions of origin, development, and relation-
ship. Accordingly, in the course of that jdurncy. tiie ])lan of study nf wliicli tliis

paper is the rejiort took form.

Three sorts of investigation have been pursued in order to define the physical
types of these tribes. Measurements have been made, photographs have been taken,
and plaster busts have ])een molded. Twenty-three tribes have been exanuned. It
was planned to measure one hundred men and twenty-five women in each tribe.
Fourteen measurements were taken upon each subject, the list of measurements being
that used by Dr. Franz Boas in his World's Columbian Exposition investigation of the
tribes of the United States. If we ha<l niadc tlic inunber indicated, in every tribe, we
should have measured a total of 2,875 persons; we actually measured 2,S1^7. One
hundred does not make a large series; it is, however, more than are contained in ii>ur-
fifths of the series accessible to anthropologists, and is a large enough number to give

weight to the results secured. Deniker, in The Rdccs of Man, quotes series of twent}--
five or more. We have taken this number, as a minimum of utility, as the limit for
our series of women. Characters of race are better marked in men than in women;
women of all tribes are, therefore, more alike than the men; it is more difficult to
secure women for measurement than men; when secured, they are less easily measured,
on account of stubbornness, stupidity, or fear. These are the reasons why a less
number of female than of male subjects was demanded.
5:5
 Physical Characteks of Indians of Southern Mexico

Our second method of investigation was by pliotograjihy. As the 125 subjects

passed through our hands for measurement, we selected those which seemed to best
present the tribal type for photographing. I'sually none were selected until enough
subjects had been measured and examined for a clear idea of the type to })e present in
our mind. Front and side views were made of each person photographed. Ajjproxi-
mately six hundred negatives of this sort were taken. A considerable selection from
these has already been published, under tlir title hidians of Saiitlicni Mc.rico: (iti

Ethno()r(ij)hic AlbuDi. Besides portraits to show the ])hysical types, this work con-
tains many views of villages, buildings, groups, industries, etc., etc. The second and
final volume of this album is now ready for the engraver. From among the portrait
negatives we have selected sixty of the most characteristic; they represent twenty-three
males and seven females, front and side view of each the twenty-three males included ;

one representative of each tribe. From these negatives a series of life-size platinum-
paper prints has been made, of the exact size of life, for museum use. Only fifty sets
of these most life-like portraits are to be published. The reduced half-tone engravings
with which this paper is illustrated were made from these same negatives.
Five busts were to be made in each tribe. Molds were made directly upon the
subject, and a first (pattern) bust was run before we left the town where the investiga-
tion was going on. The mold was chipped away and the bust carried with us. After
returning home these busts were placed, together with the photographs of the same
subjects, in the hands of a competent and conscientious artist, who carefully repaired
breakages or imperfections, opened the eyes, and put on the hair. The series of busts
al)solutely made overran one hundred, but it has been reduced to exactly one hundred
by eliminating the less desirable. All the tribes ai-e represented in this series by
from two to five subjects. Four sets only of these busts are to be run, and it is
expected that they will be located in as many different countries.'
The tribes visited live in the states of Mexico, Michoacan, Hidalgo, Puebla,
Tlaxcala, Vera Cruz, Oaxaca, Chiapas, and Yucatan. The list, in the order visited, is:

1, Otomis; 2, Tarascans; 3, Tlaxcalans; -t, Aztecs; 5, Mixtecs; G, Triquis; 7, Zapo-

tecs (MitlaJ; 8, Mixes; 9, Zapotecs (Tehuantepec); 10, Juaves; 11, Chontals; 12,
Cuicatecs; 13, Chinantecs; 14, Chochos; 15, Mazatecs; It), Tepehuas; 17, Totonacs;
18, Huaxtecs; 19, Mayas; 20, Zoques; 21, Tzotzils; 22. Tzendals, 28. Chols. The
location of these tribes is shown upon the accompanjing map, their areas being num-

bered to correspond with those in the list.

The only basis of classification of Mexican Indians has been the linguistic. We
have naturally been interested in seeing how far the relationships indicated by language
harmonized with the evidence of physical characters. The agreement was hardly so
strong as was anticipated. Where results of interest seem to be brought out, we tabu-

1 Our expeditions were limited to about three months Godinez, plaster-workers in the field Aug. Hubert, mod-
;

in each of four years: 1898, 1899, 1900, 1901. My helpers eler; Alvin G. Synnberg, engraver Manuel Gonzales, field-
;

were Bedros Tatarian, Charles B. Lang, and Louis Grabic, helper William L. Koehne, photographer in the studio,
;

photographers in the field ; Anselmo Pacheco and Ramon To all our thanks are due and hereby given.
54
 Fbederick Stabb

late the data regarding linguistically related tribes. It may he will to indicate here
the linguistic affinities of our tribes. The latest important work upon the Mexican
languages is Dr. Nicholas Leon's Lingiiisfic Ffimilii-s of Mexico. According to it,

the twenty-three tribes in question are grouped as follows:

Xahuatlan Family: Aztecs. Tlascalans, Choutals(?j.
Tarascan Family: Tarascans.
Zoquean Family: Zkxjues, Mixes.
Totouacan Family: Totonacs.
Zaix)tecau Family: Zapotecs, Cuicjitecs. Chochos, Maaitecs. Tiiquis. C"houtals( ?), Tehuan-
tepecauos, Jlixtecs.
Othomian Family: Otomis.
Mayan Family: Mayas, Huaxtecs, Tzcudals, Tzotzils, C'hols.
Hua%'iau Family: Juaves.
Chinantecau Family: Chiuantecs.
The Tepehuas, whom Orozco y Berra leaves imclassified, are not mentioned by Dr. Leon.
They where thi^ states of Hidalgo and Vera Cruz come
live in several villages in the region
together. Some data relative to them may lie found in our Kotes on the Ethnoijraphy of
Southern il/criVo, pp. 83-6 (reprinted from the Proceedimjs Davenport Academy of Sciences,
Vol. VIII, 1900). They present much of interest, and we hope to print further regarding them.

Before presenting the actual results of our study some brief statements of niethotl
and o-eneralizations are necessary. Stature, shoulder-height, and height of second

fini^er-tip (the arms hanging at the sides, with the hands open) were taken in rapid
succession, to prevent change of position on the part of the subject. When, as hap-

pened rarely, the subject was not barefoot, the height of the heel of the shoe was
measured and subtracted from all the measures into which it entered. The shoulder-
width was the bi-acromial measure. Two face-heights were taken: one was from the
line of hair and forehead to the chin, the other from the nasion or the external —
point corresponding to it — to the chin.

In South Mexican Indians the hair is usually coarse, straight, and black. This
6 Physical Characters of Indians of Southern Mexico

is true (if all tribes. Tlii'i'r is. hciwcvci'. a little individual \ariati(iii in I'min and cdIdi-

in some tribes ; such are mentioned in the descriptions of tribes. The graying of
liaii-, with advancing age, varies considerably with tribes ; in some it is rare, in others
rather eonimon. Thinning of hair on the top of the head, as age advances, occurs in
t'l'w tribes. A slight degree of waviness or curliness is sometimes to be seen, but only
in one tribe, the C^hontals, was it strikingly frequent. All these variations in hair
growth or color are interesting, and show racial differences or indicate mixture of
bloods. The growth and distribution of the beard is strikingly constant, though
occasional tribal differences can be made out. Usually, the growth on the u[)per
cheeks is and well forward
scanty, scattered, on the lower cheeks, none
; on the ;

chin, it varies from scanty to medium, but is apt to l)e localized upon the tip of the
chin the moustache is the heaviest part of the beard, and the first to appear.
; To
economize space we summarize the descriptions of beard growth, in the tribal accounts,
after a sort of formula, which applies to upper cheeks, lower cheeks, chin; moustache.
The beard, but more particularly the moustache, is often lighter than the head-hair,
being brown, or light brown, while the head-hair is black ; the beard also, especially
the moustache, grays relatively early, and may be gray, or even white, before there is

even a sprinkling of gray hairs upon the head.

The eyes of Mexican Indians, like those of our own Indians, are generally of
a brown so dark as to be almost black. In the matter of eye color there is little
variation. Sometimes a little fading takes place with age, and brown or light brown
eyes are more common in old persons than in others. Apparently •"oblique'" eyes,
like those of the Chinese, are frequent in some tribes, but are not universal in any; a
less degree of obliquity, which in our records is designated as ^-mongoloid, or ^-mon-
goloid, occurs quite commonly in some tribes where no true cases of obliquity were
noted in one or two tribes there was observed a tendency to the opposite condition
;
—
/. r., a slight obliquity, in which the outer corner of the eye seemed lower than the

inner in several tribes the eyes appear horizontal, and no cases, even of slight
;

obliquity, occurred. In nearly all the tribes the eyes are widely separated, and in
none were they notably close together.
We need not comment at length upon the descriptive characters of the nose, lip,
and ear. We may merely remark that the ears are of medium size and rather uniform,
and that they rarely present those stigmata of degeneracy of which so much study-
has been made. They are usually well shaped and project but little from the head.
The lobe is usually of fair size and well formed, though it is usually more or less
attached.
In recording skin color we used the little book prepared by Dr. Boas in lNy2.
This was wdthdrawn before his investigation ended, but having no better sei'ies we
have continued to employ it. Only seven of its colors occur, with any fi-equency,
among our Mexican tribes, and these we have reproduced in the accompanying color-
chart, where their original reference numbers are retained. Of course, no Indian ever
56
Decennial Publications, IV Plate I

COLOR-CHART FOR SO U T H -M E X I CAN INDIANS

 Frederick Starr

presents a sin^rle, simple, dead eolor, sueli as are liere jriveii : these are foundation
colors, which are livened n\> witli tints of red or yellow. There is a ncjtable variety
of color among these tribes.
The records regarding the number of children borne are below the reality.
Records were made for all women who have had children, even for voung mothers who
had their first infant in their arms. Unmarried women below twenty-five are not
recorded ; women above unmarried, are so recorded
twenty-ti\<'. but married ; women
without children, more than tweiity-tive years of age, are recorded as barren.
No serious attempt wasmade to secure information regarding kinds of diseases
or their frequency. Such diseases, however, as jiiiifa. goitre, cataract, and sucli results
of disease as pock-marking were generally recorded. In regard to pinln and goitre
the records probably give some idea of their actual frequency.
We may first examine some general tables, wherein measurements or indices from
the different tribes are compared, and then we may consider the data regarding each
tribe in detail :

TABLE I. STATIRE

Kati^t'

100 Mazatecs ,551, 1,664 1,4X3

99 Triiiuis ,551, 1,679 1,351
100 Mayas ,552. 1,675 1,452
100 Tzendals ,557. 1,722 1,403
100 Chols ,557. 1,686 1,436
100 Tzotzils ,559. 1.669 1,445
100 Tepehuas ,559, 1,685 1,470
100 Mixtecs ,561, 1,755 1,421
100 Chochos ,562. 1,684 1,4.37

100 Cuicatecs ,562, 1,736 1,.365

1(X) Huaxtecs ,570. 1,693 1.413

100 Totonacs ,573. 1,669 1,488
100 Mixes ,574. 1,714 1,553
100 Chinantecs .... ,575 1,700 1,4.30

100 Otomis ,579. 1,718 1,421

100 Zai)otccs(Mitla) ,586. 1,772 1,432
100 Aztecs ,590. 1,776 1,465
80 Chontals ,.")98. 1,7G8 1,391
100 Juaves 599. 1,7.33 1,473
100 Zoques .600. 1,766 1,442
100 Tarascans ,600. 1,718 1,450
100 Tlascalans ,603. 1,787 1,493
99 Zapotecs (Teh.). 1,730 1.476
 Physical Characters of Indians of Southern Mexico

tallest tril)i's nt' all, the Zapotecs of Tcluiaiitfjiec, art' only in the lowest part of tliis

s^roup. No (lihe, as a tribe, presents a mean stature "above mean," and the greatest
number of "taU"' individuals in any tribe is only four. The two shortest tribes.
Mazatecs and Triquis, are linguistic relations they are, however, linguistieally related
;

to the Tehuantepeeanos, who are the tallest of the whole list. The actual differences
in these statures is considerable, 53.7 mm., or something like 2^ inches. The sex
difference in stature is notable. Deniker, supporting himself upon Topinard, states
the usual sexual difference for mankind to be 12 cm., with a range of 7 cm. to 13 cm.
Taking our tribes in the order of the table we find the difference in mean statures for
the two sexes to be as follows: 98.6, 12(5.1, 137.2, 118.7, lUM. 117.7. 124.3, 93.4, 128.8,
112.3, 97.6, 142.9, 116.0, 177.0, 124.0, 107.0, 128.4, 117.4, 136.6, 125.2, 118.6. 119.8,
95.6. The average of these differences is 122.09, showing that the women in these
tribes are really shorter than the men in an unusual degree. The actual difference is

small, but even small differences in means are significant. It will also be noticed that
no case nearly approaches Topinard's minimum difference of 7 cm. (70 mm.). the
smallest difference in our list being 93.4; there are also five cases 137.2, 144.9. —
142.9, 177.0, and 136.6 — which surpass his maximum difference of 13 cm. (130 mm. ).

A final observation of interest in regard to stature is that children, in most of the

tribes, are often larger than their parents ; this may indicate a recent improvement in

food-supply or mode of life.

table II. ARM INDEX

100 Mixes 44.6 48.7 40.6 Tlaxcalans . . .

100 Mixtecs 44.8 47.7 38.0 Mazatecs

100 Tzotzils 45.0 49.3 41.2 8.2 Juaves
100 Otomis 45.0 49.6 40.8 8.9 Tzendals
100 Zapotecs (Mitla 45.1 47.9 40.5 7.5 Totonacs
100 Tarascans 45.1 48.8 39.2 9.7 Chontals
100 Cuicatecs 45.1 47.5 40.2 7.4 Aztecs
99 Triquis 45.2 46.7 40.2 6.6 Zapotecs (Teh
100 Chols 45.3 48.4 40.8 7.7 Tepehuas
100 Huaxtecs 45.3 48.4 40.0 8.5 Chochos
100 Chinantecs .... 45.4 48.8 41.8 7.1 Mayas
100 Zoques 45.4 52.6 43.3 9.4
 Fbedebick Staeb 9

The mean of indices of five French series given by Tojnnard is 45.0" : white soldiers,
measnred in the United States at the time of the Civil War, gave -iSA ;
Irotjuois

Indians, measured at the same time, gave 45.1 American negroes gave 45.2. A
;

recent examination of West Soudan negroes gave Girard 4(').Sl Shoslionean tribes
give 44.6*. These results are not clear on the whole they indicate tliat our Mexican
;

Indians have long arms as compared with whites, American negroi's, and some United
States Indians, but short as coni])ared with Soudanese negroes.

FINCER-REACH INDEX

100 Mixtecs . .

100 Zapotecs (Mit.)

100 Cuicatecs .

Triquis. . .

Juaves ....
Tzotzils . .

100 Tarascans .

99 Chinantecs
Chochos .

100 Otomi
80 Chontals . .

100 Zoques ....

10 Physical Characters of Indians of Southern Mexico

TABLE IV. HEUiHT-SITTIXd INDEX

ffl
 Frederick Starr 11

pointed. It is true that the ("hoiitals. Teliuantepeciinos, Mayas, anil Jiiaves, who live
in places near sea level, are short in sitting height, thus seeming to sustain our suppo-
sition ; but the Huaxtecs ( linguisticallj- related to the ^layas). who also live at a slight
elevation, have a long trunk. Aztecs and Otomis livi' on the higli ])lateau. Init are
near the lowland tribes in sitting-height index.
We were constantly impressed by the apparent fine development of chest in many
individuals, and expected to find the shoulder-index large and varying with altitude.
The actual figures hardly meet our expectations. Compared with the indices given in
Topinard (loc. cit., ]>. 1082) they are rather large. Tlie measurements taken at the
time of Dur Civil War give white Americans 18.'.) and I'.Mi: Iroijuois Indians, 18.8, and
American negroes 21. ;3. All of these fall below our minimum, the Otomis, at 21. o.

Boas"s Shoslioneans /oc. cif.) gave 23.2, which agrees with our maximum f(jr the
(

Chochos. We
do not understand how the Chochos have so small a finger-reach index;
with the greatest shoulder width index and next to the maximum arm index thej"
ought to be close to the maxiinum. We suspect soine error here, but have sought in
vain to locate it.

The (•e[)]ia!ic index, uutpiestionabiy tlif nmst ([uotcd datuni in antliropdlogy.

TABLE VI. CEPHALIC INDEX

oS
12 Physical Charactebs of Indians of Southern Mexico

ranges in these tribes from 7t).8 to 85. i'. Adopting Topintird's nomenclature, we tiiid

no dolichocephalic or sub-dolichocephalic tribes, five mesaticephalic, seventeen sub-

brachyeephalic, and one supra-brachycephalic. Here we have no lack of material
from other parts of the country for comparison, as cephalic indices of North American
Indians have been published by many observers. Deniker may profitably be considted.
The Eskimo North and the Botocudo of Brazil are true dolichocephals tlii'
of the far ;

Indians of the United States are mostly sub-dolichocephalic and mesaticephalic;

among some of the southern tribes the index rises. Our series, however, probably
give the highest indices recorded, and the Mayas and Totonacs no doubt are the
most brachycephaiic of North American tribes. It will be noticed that there is no

table VII. FACIAL INDEX

Aztecs 77.0 86.5 67.5 19.1 Mixes

Tlaxcalans .... 78.0 91.3 68.7 22.7 Zapotecs (Mitla)
100 Tarascans 78.1 87.9 69.3 18.7 Triquis
99 Zapotecs (Teh.) 78.7 88.0 70.5 17.6 Otomis
100 Huaxtecs 79.1 96.7 72.6 24.2 Totonacs
100 Cuicatecs 79.. 96.8 28.0 Juaves
100 Chochos 79.8 95.7 26.3 Tzendals
100 Zoques 79.9 92.2 69.5 22.8 Mazatecs
80 Chontals 79.9 93.7 70.4 23.4 Tepehuas
100 Mistecs 80.0 92.0 70.0 22.1 Chinantecs
100 Chols 80.4 90.7 71.2 19.6 Mavas
100 Tzotzils 93.4 69.0 24.5
 Fredebick Stakk 13

agreement in this respect between tribes of the same linguistic family. Mayas and
Huaxtecs stand near the upper end, while Tzendals and Tzotzils, their linguistic
relatives, are at the lower end.
We shall make no comments regarding the facial indices. The first is found by
taking the height, from hair-line to chin, at 100, and computing the proportion of the
maximum —
bizygomatic —
breadth. In the second the height, from the nasion to the
chin, is taken at 100 and compared with the same breadth.

TABLE IX. SASAL INDEX

100 Juaves
100 Chols
80 Chontals
100 Zoques
100 Mayas
100 Huaxtecs
100 Mixes
100 Totonacs
100 Chinantecs
99 Zapotecs (Teh.) .

KJO Cuicatecs
lai Aztecs
100 Tepehuas
100 Mazatecs
100 Tlaxcalans
100 Zapotecs (Mitla)
100 Tarascans
100 Chochos
100 Mixtecs
100 Otomis
100 Tzendals
100 Tzotzils
99 Triquis
14 Physical C'hakacters of Indians of Southern Mexico

i4%
H(i. I. OTOMI: IIIIMH'ILUKAN, STATK 1)1- M lA l( 1

are all mesorliiiiiaii. Boas"^ Shoshoneaus at. S;5.1 <'()iiu-i(lf with tlic Mixtccs. ami ccinic

between the Choehos and Otomis.

We now turn to the data relative to each tribe: the tribes are taken up in the
order in which they were visited, and in which they ai-e numbered ujion the skctch-iuaji.

THE OTOMIS
The Otomis are of little stature, only one subject deserving the characterization
"tall;" they are mesaticephalic, and have absolutely the longest heads of all the tribes
visited; the nasal index, at 83.G, marks them as mesorhinian, although nianv indi-
vidual cases are platyrhinian; the shoulder- width index is the least observed.
To the eye there appear to be two well-marked types of males. The first is taller,

lighter, broader-nosed than the other, and has eyes that are widely separated and
often oblique. The broad nose may be wide and flat at the tip, or it may be what we

have designated '"beaked" — with the ridge extending down beyond the alfe ns a
central, hooked, ])ody, from which the alse open out rather broadly. While the nose
is wide and low, it is often aquiline; at the root it is flat-convex or squarish. The
beard on the upper cheeks is scanty, lacking altogether on the lower cheeks, is scanty
on the chin, and medium on the upper lip. As is frequently the case among ^Mexican
64
 Frederick Starr 15

FIG
16 Physical Characters of Indians of Southern Mexico

FH^. ;;. TAKAs<AN >^(ll^G Tvn: . >\nta ri; hk l\ i.\(,rN \. --t\ti, i ii mii
,k
iioacan

tribes, the beard among the Otomis shows greater variation in form or texture, in
color, and in turning gray, than the hair of the head. Both, however, show much
variation: in more than 30 per cent, of the subjects the beard varies from the normal
straight and black condition ; in something over 20 per cent, of subjects the hair of
the head varies. The head is long. The skin is a light yellow or whitish, curiously
ruddy, and blotched with red, purple, or blue. The face is iiat and broad. The other —
type is little, dark ])rown (IH), and has a much more agreeable facial expression; the
eyes are less widely-spaced, and the eyebrows often meet; the root of the nose is flat,

depressed, and often squarish; the nose is narrower and better-shaped than in the
previous type. The individual represented in the cut belongs to this little type.
Women more uniform, and, on the whole, are darker than the men. They
are
more resemble the second than the first male type. They are little; from yellow-
brown to dark brown (1(3) the face is flat, the nose broad and flat, the cheek-bones wide,
;

and the heads absolutely long. The head-hair grows low upon the forehead, and the
forehead itself is frequently grown with a fine black down; the eyebrows often meet.
The heads of the women, and of the little men, are peculiarly high as well as long —
— though this appearance is increased in men by the mode of cutting the hair. (The
hair on the upper third of the head is left unciit while the rest is trimmed. ) Eighteen
women who had been mothers had had <ine hundred and twenty-one children.
66
 Frederick Starr 17

FI(i. 4. TARASCAX GIRL: SANTA I i: IiIC LA LAULNA, STATE OF MICHOACAN

THE TAKASCANS
The Tarascaiis are amoii<r tlie taller of these tribes, less than half, forty-nine, heiiif^
of little stature; only two sul)jeets, however, were tall. Though taller than their neigh-
bors, the Otomis, tiieir heads are shorter. Among the men we may distinguish a well-
defined youthful, and an equally definite older, type. In the youthful type, which
holds until thirty or thirty-five years, and which tuiiij persist through life, the skin is

of a fine, dark Ijrowu ( ItJj ; the face is large; the nose is broad, with round nostrils,
which o[ien to the and which are separated from the face level, behind, by a
sides,
well-defined ridge of flesh; the eyes are often mongoloid; the lips are thick and
protruth; somewliat; there is little of the fine, black, forehead down, even in children.
— In the older type the face lengthens; the nose becomes narrower; the nostrils face
downward, and the ridge of flesh behind them disappears; the eyes straighten.
The hair is straight and black, but two cases showing any degree of graying; one-
fourth of the cases show a slight teiulency to waviness. The eyes are generally well
separated. The beard distributiijn is remarkably uniform. It is scanty and of

moderate length upon the ujjjier cheeks: there is none or little on the lower cheeks,
and when there is aiiv it is well forwaid; on the li|) of tlir chin there is n medium or
scantv sliort growth; the moustache is scanty or medium, and of moderati' length.
67
18 Physical Chae.\cters of Indians of Southern Mexico

The ear is well-shaped, and stands off somewhat tVdiii the head; the liorder of the
heli.x is thin and, above, is rolled inward, below is tlat ; the lol)e is rather lar<^o,

attached, and ronnd-triangular.

Twenty-one women have had one hundred and tifty-two children, of whom one
hundred and one have died. Families are quite frequently large; the largest included
in this enumeration consisted of thirteen children. Women are frequently fat.

Goitre occurs to a considerable extent. In Uruapan only those living in the ward of
San Juan are atfected. We examined six cases there, of whom three were males and
three females. Three of these cases were deaf and two were imbecile: one female
examined, who was sixty years of age and unmarried, has two brothers —
whcmi we did
not see — of whom one is a deaf-mute, the other is goitrous. At CapAcuaro, a quite
purely Tarascan town, the disease is common. It seemed as if every man we met was
more or less affected; some of the cases were notal)ly developed.

TABLE XI. tarascan

 Fredekick Stark 19

'^

FIG. :.. TLAXCAL.W: TL.VXC'ALA, STATE OF TLAXI'M.A

subjects — only six — were distinctly gray and only one of those was white; seven-
teen showed a slight tendency to waviness or curliuess; middle-aged m(>n rather
frequently showed thinning of hair on top of head and some degree of temporal bald-
ness. The beard formula is none (or scanty none or scanty and well forward on the
),

cheeks, medium for scanty) on tip and central line of chin; moustache rather full and
often of fair length. The beard on the chin is first to turn graj', then that on the
lower cheeks: these may be quite gray before the moustache begins to turn; the beard
as a whole may be gray or even white, before tiic jiair of the head is spriidvled with
gray. While the hair itself is usually straight, the beard hair is often inclined to
become curly. The eyes are dark brown, but moderately spaced, and nircl/j mon-
goloid; tliere is unusually frequency of lighter brown eyes, K) per cent. Tlie line of
union between tlie nose and the fm-ehead is rather high and from narrow to nicdiuni;
the root of the nose is little depressed; the nose itself is aquiline, frequently; the
beaked nose, already described, is rather common. The lips are thin or of medium
thickness and are nearly vertical. The ears rarely project to a notable degree from
the head, and are, often, quite close to the head; they are round; the upper liorder of
the helix is thin and rolled in; the lower part of the Iwrder is tlat and of medium
thickness; the lobe is of fair size, round, and attached.
Women present liftlr that cmIIs for coniinent. Tlieir eyes, like (hose of the men.
20 Physical Characters of Indians of Southern Mexico

FIG. B. AZTEC: CUAUHTLANTZINCU, STATE OF PUEBLA

TABLE XII. TLAXCALANS

Mean Min. Mean

Stature I,6a3.4 1,787 1,493 1,483.6 1,571

Height of shoulder . 1.3-2n..5 1.503 1,223 1,225.2
Tip of second finger. r,i»).7 696 519 563.9
Finger-reach l.O.'iO.O 1,977 1.5.38 1,507.0
Height, sitting Si.j.o 910 774 789.5
Width of shoulders . 350.6 400 309 323.5
Length of head 185.2 210 175 179.3
Breadth of head . . . . U9.1 163 1.37 143.5
Height of face (a). . 179.7 205 161 168.4
Height of face (li). . . 116.3 129 105 108.5
Breadth of face UO.l 154 125 1.30.5
Height of nose 49.4 60 43 43.8
Breadth of nose . . . 40.1 47 34 .35.6
Length of ear 65.1 56 59.8'

Arm index 45.4 50.3 40.8 44.5

Finger-reach index . ia3.2 110.6 95.8 101.6
Sitting height index 52.7 55.1 49.4 53.2
Shoulder index 21.8 24.5 19.6 21.7
Cephalic index 80.5 87.2 70.9 79.9
Facial index (a) 78.0 91.3 68.7 77.2
Facial index (6) 120.5 1.38.0 ia3.8 120.3
Nasal index 81.6 109.3 &3.3 81.3
 Frederick Starr 21

KIG. 7. AZTEf WOMAN: CfAl' IITLANTZINCO. STATK <M

are rather often brown, and not almost black: this occurred in '2(1 per cent, of cases.
Nineteen mothers borne one hundred and sixteen cliildren, of wiiom just half had
liad
died. The largest family in the series was of eighteen children. Two women were barren.

THE AZTECS
The Aztecs examined were, unfortunately, from close by Tlaxcala. C'uauhtlant-
zinco is a "made town," of jwst -conquest origin. Its population was drawn from
Cholula and Tlaxcala. There should then be little difference between our Tlaxcalan
and Aztec would point to a true Aztec type, lying on the other
series; real differences
side of the observation from the Tlaxcalan.
Stature
2-2 Physical Characters of Indians op Southern Mexico

liiflitcM' than iKirinal, N per ('(Mit. anioiij^r wouu-n. One case of strahisiiius and oiio of
cataract occurred among the liiindred subjects. The line of union between the nose
and forehead was high and of medium breadth the tip of the nose was rather thick.
:

The lips were often tliick and somewhat projecting. Ears rarely j)i'oject notably, but
the lower part of the ear often stands off somewhat. The helix border is thin and
rolled-in above, thick and flat below; the lobe is rather large, attached, and round —
tending to square or triangular.
To twenty-four mothers one hundred and forty children were born, of whom only
sixty had survived; one woman was barren. Three women out of the twenty-five
were stout.
TABLE XIII. AZTECS
Frederick Starr

MIDOCONO, ST.VTK OF OWM \

24 Physical Characters of Indians of Sotthern Mexico

FIG. i». TRIQUI: fHICAHl'AXTL A, STATE OF OAXACA

between the iK)se and the forehead varies from liiijh to nu'dinm and is of niediimi
width; while the nose is frequently aquiline, the tip is wide and flat. The lips are
moderately thick and project somewhat. The ears are rounil and close to the head,
though they tend to stand off consideralily below. Tlie helix border is thin and
slightly turned-in above, rather thick and flat below; the lobe is large, round, and
attached. The face is often absolutely lai-ge and is broad and heavy below. The
is dark brown
color of the skin from 13 to H). —
In women there is, quite often, a growth of fine, black down upon the forehead.
Twenty-two women had had one hundred and twenty-two children, of whom seventy-
seven still lived. Two women were unmarried and one was liarren.

THE TRIQUIS
The Triquis present one of the best marked types of Southern Mexico. They are
next to the shortest among the tribes examined, are mesati- to sub-brachycephalic, and
have the highest nasal index observed 86.5. —
They are well-built and finely muscled.
The hair is black and straight, only fifteen persons showing graying or light color and
but five showing any tendency to waviness or curling. The beard appears late, men
of thirty often having almost none. On the upjjcr cheeks there is none or scanty, on
7i
Frederick Starr
26 Physical Characters of Indians of Southern Mexico

FIG. 11. ZAPOTEC^: TLACOLUL.V, STATE OF OAXACA

the lower cheeks none in seventy-one cases, on the chin it is scanty to medium the i

moustache medium growth. The eyes are dark brown and are truly mongoloid
is of
in one-half the subjects. The nose varies little it is finely aquiline, but is low and, at
;

the tip, flat and wide; the line of junction with the forehead is rather high. The
lips are frequently thick, but do not project much, as the thickness is largely- vertical.

The forehead is quite high, and in women is likely to be covered with fine black
down. The legs of men are apt to be notably hairy. The skin is dark brown (16),
and smooth and soft. The oblique eyes and some degree of projection of the lips
is

are more marked in young than in older subjects. The round ears are quite closely
set to the head: the border of the helix above is thin and roUed-in or flat, below it is
flat and thick to thin; the lobe is relatively large, attached, and round varying to —
square or triangular.
In women the nose is less frequently aquiline and is often short and fat at the
tip. The lips are thick and, often, project. Prognathism, in part due to large front
teeth, appears rather commonly among them. Twenty-two mothers had borne one
hundred and eleven children, of whom sixty-five have died. One woman was
barren.
The hair rai'ely turns gray or grows thin before the age of fifty 3'ears. Old
persons a[)pear fairly preserved. This is the more surprising as the tribe is teiTibly

7(J
 Frederick Starr 27

FlU. 12. ZAPOTEC WOMAN: .MITI.A, STATE OK OAXACA

adilictvd to (hniukenness. We iucliiio to attribute this abuse of iiitoxieants tn climatic

conditions. Cold and heavy fogs sweep u[) the mountains from the coast daily and
their chill penetrates to the very bone.Wherever, in the high mountains, fogs are
abundant and precipitation occurs almost constantly, we find the same conditions.
The !Mixes and the Chinantecs. in their magnificent, forest-clad, abundantly-watered
mountains, are almost e<jually addictccl to drink.

THE ZAPOTECS
The population of Mitla is ordinarily cDiisidcnHl Mixtec-Zapotec, rather than
truly Zapotec. Zapotecs of Tehuant(>pec are typical, these of Mitla certainly
If the
occupy an intermediate position between them and the Mistecs. Tlu- tpye is not well-
defined. The average stature. ISSO.-l-, places them in the category of " little statures;"
the finger-reach is rather low; the cephalic index is sub-brachycephalic ; the nose is

mesorhinian. The hair is black, but it wavy or curly in one

varies in form toward
case out of four. There is no beard on the upper cheeks in 00 jier cent., none on the
lower in ()9 per cent., of cases; there is a medium l)eard growth on the tip of the
chin the moustache is heavier at the ends, being short and scanty at the middle.
:

After fortv vears the beard growth is heavier, but merely em|)hasi/es this distribution.
28 Physical Characters of Indians of Southern Mexico

In twenty subjects tlie eyes were brown iiistciKl of dark lirowii. ()l)li(iuf eyes are
uncommon; only six cases presented any degree of obliciuity. The nose is large, but

is seldom aquiline; rather, the bridge is long and straight or slightly sinuous; the line
of iunction with tlie forehead is from high to medium. Lips are of moderate thick-
ness, and in-ojct-t but little. Ears are round, and vary much in their relation to the
head: the u|ipci- border of the helix is thin and rolled in, the lower border is flat and
varies from thick to thin; the lobe is large, attached, and round to triangular.
Cheek-bones are, not rai-ely, prominent, and l)road lower faces are coumuju. One case
of cataract was observed.
The male subject illustrated on the preceding page (Fig. 11, p. 2()j was exhibited
at the eleventh session of theCongress of Americanists as a type, reproducing, as it
does, in many ways that in ancient works of art.
shown He is hardly a good example
of the type, as we have defined it, as his afpiiline nose and rather heavy beard are
exceptional.
The women of the tribe present no special features for detailed comment. Twenty
mothers had borne one hundred and twenty-five children, of whom fifty-eight were still
living. Two women were unmarried, and one was childless. These Zapotec women
present a notable frankness and gayety, as compared with the women in the preceding
tribes, and are only equaled (and surpassed) in this regard by their sisters in the

Tehuantepec district.

TABLE XVI. ZAPOTECS

 Fkedeeick Starr 29

FIG. l:i. MIXK: CO ATLAX, ST ATK IIF o \\ ACA

THE MIXES
The Mixes are of little statiiri', and are exceptionally strongly Iniilt ; their muscles
are well developed, and their men are famous as carriers; the chest development is

good. The arms are the shortest observed (-t-l.B), but their finger-reach (103.3)
is fairly high. The hair is black aud straight: there were fifteen cases of gray,
or gray-sprinkled hair, and sixteen with a tendency to wavy and curly. Twelve
subjects liad really gray, and nine gray -sprinkled beards; there were eight cases of
black-brown, brown, or red-brown beards. The beard on the upper cheeks is scanty,
on the lower cheeks tliere is none or it is scanty, on tlie chin it is medium or scanty;
the moustache is medium. The moustache appears first, the cliin beard next; when —
as is common iu older subjects —
there is a medium, or even full, growth on the upper
and lower cheeks, there is a clear space between. The eyes are dark brown, with 8 per
cent, of lighter occurrences: they are rarely oblique — in about 5 jKn- cent.; they are
widely sejjarated. union of the no.se and forehead is high and of medium
The line of
width ; the nose is and broad, with nostrils somewhat transversely spread.
fat, tlat,

The mouth is large and lips are thick and projecting; the mouth is rarely kept closed.
Prognathism is common. The lines from the sides of the nose to the ends of the lips
are deeply creased. Ears an> often irregular and are usually (•l()s<' to the liead; the
7'.)
30 Physical Characters of Indians of Southern Mexico

li|)|)('i- lii'lix border in and tliin. while tlie lower border is Hat and thick; the
is rcillcd

lobe is and round. The face is low and is broad across the cheeks.
large, attached,
The skin is dark brown, (13) being most common and (16) next.
The female tyjie was noted as "wide face above; lower face wide; nose broad and
flat; nostrils nearly circular and close to the face." This description applies as well
to the youthful male type. To twenty-three mothers, one hundred and sixty children
were born of whom eighty-four still lived the largest family contained sixteen children.
;

The occurrence of erythrism at Ixcuintepec is famous through the Mixe country.

In one family are several red-heads; we saw two males of this family. The hair was
a rich and handsome blackish red —
in the shade, in a dull light, it would pass for
black; in good light the red was evident. Among our hundred males four had cata-
ract (one, an old man, had both eyes affected). One woman was goitrous. Goitre is
not infrequent in this region of fine mountain brooks. At Camotlan, with a jiopula-
tion of 143 jDersons, there were six cases of goitre —
four females and two males; there
were three deaf-mutes, who were not children of goitrous parents; and there was one
case of congenital deformation, with no legs and with deformed arms and hands. Our
measurements, taken at Ajutla, Juquila, Ixcuintepec, and Coatlan, no doubt represent
the type adequately, but we regret that the work was not done at Ocotepec, where
the people appear to be exceptionally port" and the type finely marked.

TABLE XVII.

Men (100)

Mean Max. Min. Mean Min.

Stature 1,574.4 1,714 1,553 1.458.4 1,648 1,.326

Height of shoulder . 1,,302.2 1,423 1,195 1,199.2 1,346 1,073
Tip of second finger 5a3.8 663 520 538.2 617 4.54
Finger-reaeh 1,628.1 1,809 1,456 1.478.9 1,712 1,385
Sitting height 822.4 905 752 774.0
Widtti of shoulders. .'5,57.4 422 .309 .322.9
Length of head 184.5 200 165 178.3 165
Breadth of head .... 150.7 166 140 142.9 153 132
Height of face (a). . 177.0 2a) 154 167.0 184 152
Height of face (b) . . 116.8 131 103 105.6 117 93
Breadth of face 14.3.5 155 1.32 1.33.3 143 118
Height of nose 49.7 62 41 44.4 49 37
Breadth of nose .39. 31 34.9 40 .30
Ear length 62.2 50 60.6 73 49

Arm inde.x 44.6 48.7 40.6 44.7 46.6 42.4

Finger-reach index . 103.3 108.6 99.9 101.3 105.9 97.1
Sitting-height index 52.1 54.8 48.3 .53.0 .55.6 49.8
Shoulder index 22.6 25.8 20.7 22.1 24.4 20.6
Ceiihalic index 81.8 97.5 71.7 80.1 87.2 74.1
Facial index (a) 80.8 94.1 70.1 79.9 88.1 71.8
Facial index (b) .... 122.9 1.38.4 110.5 126.4 144.0 111.9
Nasal index 78.8 102.3 56.4 79.0 100.0

80
 Frederick Starr 31

FKi. 11. TKIII \\Ti:i'i;( /.M'OTEC: S\N HLAS, STATK OK OAXACA

THE ZAPOTECS OF TEHUANTEPEC

The Zapotets of Tehuantei>ec probably present the fiqest Zajxjtec type, nlthou<jh
they probably have some admixture of Spanish blood. They are the tallest tribe
visited, having a mean stature of 1()0.); in cephalic intlex they are close to the Mixtec-
Zapotecs of Mitla; they are mesorhinian. The hair was gray, or turning to gray, in
seventeen cases, and was brown in three ; the usual formula —
" black, straight " —
fails iniS per cent, of cases. The distribution of beard is much as usual: less than
half had any beard on the upper cheeks, three-fourths had none on the lower cheeks,
forty-six had a medium, and thirty-six a scanty, growth on the chin, while three-
fourths had a medium moustache growth 87 jier cent, of the subjects have light or
:

gray beard. Eyes are usually dark brown. l)ut tliere were seventeen eases of brown.
light brown, or gray; few are oblique in any degree. The line of union between the
nose and forehead is from high to medium and rather narrow; though the nose is
long and high, it is often flat and thick at the i-nd. The lips vary from medium to
thick and project somewhat. The ears are, rather freijuently, irregular, and project
from the head; the edge of the helix is thin and rolled in above, thick (or thin) and
flat below: the lobe is large, attached, and variable in form. A certain narrow, large-
featured, liatcliet face is rather coniuion. and is repn'sented in the cut. The skin color
81
32 Physical Characters of Indians of Southern Mexico

TABLE XVIII. ZAPOTECS (tEHUANTEPECANOS)

 Fkddkkick St.\kk 33

THE JUAVES
These sea-side, lagoon-frequenting Indians present a wt-ll-niarked type. Their
"'
average stature fails just short of '"
below mean: the ei'phalic index is just shoit of
supra-hrachycephaly ; their nasal index, while the least observed, is still niesorhinian.
The hair is and black; there were nine cases of gray hair, and twenty-eight
straight
that were more or less wavy or eurU'. The beard ])resents greater variation: there
were fifteen ca.ses whicli were somewhat gray ami tliirty-twn wliicli wei-e brown or
black-brown. There was total lack of beard on the upper cheeks in si.\ty-nine cases,
and straggling hairs in twenty-two; there was no beard on the lower cheeks; on the
chin the growth varied from medium to scanty, but was confined to tln> tip and a
vertical median line. )ut of nine cases that j)resent a medium growth on tiie u[)[)er
(

cheeks, eight were gray or brown; in the few cases where there was a scanty growth
on the lower cheeks, all were gray or brown. These facts raise the 8uspici(jn of
mixture of bloods in cases of notable beard growth. The eyes are dark brown; in the

eight cases where brown eyes were observed, the hair or beard was gray, brown, or
black-brown, straight-wavy, or straight-curly; the eyes show no tendency to obliquity.
The nose is enormous, prominent and a<|uiline; this is true even in women and Ixjys;
among the latter, however, it is lower and somewhat flat. The line at the junction of
nose and forehead is high and from narrow to medium; the l)ridge is often narrow; the
tip is rarely thick and is, sometimes, even hookiMl. The mouth is large, the lips thick,

TABLE XIX. .JUAVES

 Physical Characters of Indians of Southern Mexico

FKi. i:.. .H'AVE: SAN" MATEO DEL MAR. ST \TE OF OAXACA

and till' u|i|»T li|i often projects. The eheek-l)oiies are high; the hiwer faee varies and
may ])e l)road or narrow. Ears vary little and are not lai-ge; the upper ])art of the
car frequently stands well off from the head — the lower part rarely does; the upper
part of the border of the helix folds over, sometimes closely and flattened; the lower
part is flat and thin, though the very edge may be thickened and slightly raised; the
lobe is large, attached, and triangular. The skin color is commonest at (10), then
at (13).
The women show rather more variation than the men; they are lighter in
color, there being twice as many at (13) as there are at (IB). As regards fecundity,
twenty-four women had borne one hundred and fifty-seven children, of whom more
than half (eighty-six) were dead. Two women out of twenty-five had cataract of
the eyes.
Especial interest triV)e of Indians. Their manner of life is
attaches to this
peculiar; language whose affinity with other Mexican languages is
they have a
unknown, and they are believed to have come from somewhere farther south from —
Central America or South America.
Francisco Belmar has recently published a study of the language of the Juave
tribe, and Nicolas Leon has prepared a summary of what has heretofore been written
about them.
 Fbedekick Sta rr 35

FIG. li;. Jl'AVK WOMAN: S\\ M\TK() IIKI. M\H, S'l'ATK OK OAXACA

TUK CHOXTALS
A first trlMnco gives the impression that the Clioiitals are sadly mixed. Tlieir
frequently curly hair, light skin, and light eyes suggest blood mixture. As their
chief town upon a much traveled high-road, the possibility of such a mixture is
lies

admitted. But if it has taken place the work has been thorough, and the resulting
type is quite as uniform as many of those in southern Mexico. I'sually the range
in character and indices is considered indicative of purity or mixture. la our nine
general tables the range in stature is the only tiKU'itiiKin shown by the Chontals; in
four indices the range is considerable, though not a maximum; in four the range is

less than that of one-half of the tribes, and in two of these (one of th(>m the nasal
index) it is relatively small. The type, then, is iiol a bad one. Tf there is nutal)le

mixture, probably uegi-o blood, as well as white, is present. The Chontals, with
a stature of 1,598.0 mm., are near near the taller enil of our tribes; they are sub-brachy-
cephalic; the nasal index is low. The hair is black and straight, but in thirty-tive
cases out of eighty it showed variation in fdriii and in sixteen out of eighty cases
showed variation in color. Ten cases were distinctly curly, while three were brown or
dark brown. The beard was gray, or sprinkled with gray, in thirty subjects; it was
curlv in several. .Many subjects had no Iward on the upper cheeks, but thirty-one
85
36 Physical Characters of Indians of Southern Mexico

U \
FIO. 17. CHONTAL: TEQUIXISTLAN, STATE OF OAXACA

TABLE XX. CHONTALS

Stature
Height of shoulder .

Tip of second finger.

Finger-reach
Height, .sitting
Widtli of .shoulders .

Len^'th of head
Breadth of head. . .

Height of face (a). .

Height of face (6)...

Breadth of face
Height of nose
Breadth of nose : . . .

Length of ear

Arm index
Finger-reach index .

Sitting height index

Shciiildcr index
Cejihalir index
Facial index (a)
Facial index (b) ...
Nasal index
 Fkedekick Stark 37

FKi. IS. CHONTAL WOMAN: TEQUIXISTLAN. STATE OF OAXAi \

subjects showed a scanty t<j medium j^njwth only a third had any at all <in the lower
:

cheeks; more than half had a medium gnjwth upon the chin; tive-eighths had a
medium and almost all the others a full moustache. This remarkable ])redominance
of the moustache over the rest of the beard appears real, and not the result of shaving.
The eyes are dark brown; oidy seven varied (one of these was blue-gray); they are
widely spaced and are horizontal. The nose is large and rather long, often somewhat
convex along the ridge the root is high and narrow, and often presents a broad
;

plateau, pinched up into a narrow ridge just where it joins the; forehead. The lips
are thin to medium; the upper lip is vertical or slightly projecting. The ear is round,
stands off from the head, and is thin and rather open the upper border of the helix
;

is thin and rolled inward, the lower border is thick to thin and iiat the lobe varies in
;

size and attachment, but is usually round. The color of the skin varies somewhat
in individuals, but the counn(jner shades are represented by (13), (23), and (Ki) in
our color-plate.
Women same type. More than one-half of them gave skin
fairly present the
color at (13j. Their more frequently thick and they are sometimes prog-
lips are

nathic. Two of t\w women whom we exannned had never l)orne children; but
twenty-two mothers had given birth to one hundred and thirteen children, of whom
sixty-seven had died.
87
38 Physical Characters of Indians of Southern Mexico

FIG. 111. I'l'ICATEC: I'AI'MJi, STATE OF OAXACA

THE CUICATECS
The Cuicatecs present less uuiformity of type than any other tribe examined.
After having examined the whole series of subjects there was no satisfactory type-
picture in mind. They are of little stature, sub-brachycephalic (with many mesati-
cephalic individuals), and mesorhinian. The hair is black and straight twelve :

subjects were somewhat gray, one was brown, and one blackish red some degree of ;

waviness or curliness was observed in fourteen cases. The common beard formula
was: none (or scanty), none, scanty to medium; medium to full: where beard
occurred on the cheeks it was well forward. The eyes are dark-brown, widely spaced,
and horizontal. Two nose forms were rather common these, notwithstanding their;

differences,might be combined in one person («) long, not aquiline, sinuous, with
:

the bridge often curiously broadened in the upper third of its length {Ji) crest or ;

ridge concave, wide and fat at bottom, with round, quite widely separated, nostrils.
With the latter type of nose there was usually associated a fat and broad lower face.
Not infrequently, at the root, the nose is pinched up into a narrow ridge upon a wider
plateau, which widely separates the eyes. The lips are thick and often project. The
ears are rather close to the head ; the upper border of the helix is rolled in and thin
;

the lower border is thicker and flat : the lobe is large, attached, and round (triangular).
88
 Fkedebick Stakb 39

The color of the skin is uiost frequently at (2;}); after tliis come (13) and (23-13).

Of allMexican Indians visited by us these were the least agreeable, the least
intelligent, and the most stubborn. We had hoped this bad impression was peculiar
to ourselves, but find that they bear much the same re|)utation among others who have
come into contact with them.
In four cases there was some degree of baldness. One cataract was noticed. One
subject presented a curious disease affecting the finger nails: these were enormous,
thick, and smooth. The subject attributed the condition to his W(»rking constantly in
cold water. Two other cases were observed, but they were not developed in anything
like the same degi-ee.
Eight women were more or less gray, and two presented some curliness of hair;
four had brown eyes. The long sinuous nose above described is rather common among
them. Twenty-four mothers had borne one hundred and fourteen children, of whom
seventy still lived : one woman was unmarried.

T.\BLE XXI. CUICATECS

Physical Ch.\uacters of Indians of Solthekn Mexico
 Frederick Starr 41

the face is flat, and wide at the cheek-bones; the skin is dark (Ifi). With age this
changes to the mature type. The nose becomes finely aquiline and moderately wide,
or narrow, at the root; the upper lip becomes less projecting; the skin lightens up to
a certain age, after which
again darkens, becoming finally fixed at •28-4).
it I

The hair is and black; in three cases it was gray, in nine somewhat
straight
sprinkled with gray, and in two somewhat brown; seven cases were slightly wavy or
curly. The beard was gray, or gray sprinkled, in fourteen, and brownish in seven,
cases. The commonest beard formula was: medium (or none), none, .scanty; medium.
The scanty chin beard is almost confined to the point and a middle vertical line.
Several subjects, [)articularly among the youthful type, shdwtil a fine, black, downy
growth upon the forehead. Eyes are dark brown, often wiilely separated, and rather
fre(juently (there were nineteen cases) oblique. Eyebrows are frequently continuous.
While the nose in the mature type is finely acjuiline, it is not large and is often low.
The lips are moderately thick and somewhat ])rojecting. The ear is round and close
to the head; the border of the upper part of the helix is rolled inward and thin; tiiat
of the lower part is flat and thick (thin) the lobe is large, attached and round.
;

Fifty years appears to hi' a considerable age, and those claiming to be so old
usually were wrinkled and had prominent lower, and shrunken upper, jaws. Several
were pock-marked; two had cataract. The fourth and fifth toes are frequently of the
same length: tliis peculiarity is also common among Triquis and Mixtecs. At San
Juan Zautla. where then' are but eighty coiifrihiiciiics (thei-e were formerly one
hundred and nine), imbecility is conmuju and we saw one (U'af-mute. At San Pedro
Zoochiapa conditions appear better.
Women present no noteworthy features. In our series, two women were barren;
the other twenty-three had borne one hundred and nine children, of whom thirty -six

hail died.

THE CHOCHOS
The Chochos are of little stature. sul)-brachycephalic. and mesorhinian. Their arms
are moderately long and their shoulder-width surpasses that of all the other tribes.
The face tends to become low and round, with the maximum breadth, at the cheek-
bones, larger than the uiaxiinuni cranial breadth. The iiair is black and straiglit:

there were twelve cases gray, nine sprinkled with gray, and one brown; a tendency to
curling, especially on top of the head, is noticeable; thinning of the hair on top of
the head is common. The Vieard commonly follows the formula: medium (or
rather
none), none |or medium medium; medium. Fully one-half the subjects conformed
i.

to this formula, showing that the tribe is, relatively, heavily bearded. The beard was
gray in seventeen, gray sprinkled in thirteen, and brown in seven, cases. The eyes
are dark brown and well separated; in thirty -eight subjects they were oblique. The
nose is broad, with a fat, flattened tij); it tends, however, to become longer, and even
aquiline, with age. The iii)S are thick and projecting. Ears are round and close to
yi
42 Physical Characters of Indians of Southern Mexico

FIG. -Jl. CHOCHO: COIXTL.VHrACA, STATE OF O.VX.VCA

TABLE XXIII. CHOCHOS

 Fbedebick Starr 43

tlie head; the helix border is rolled in and thick above and tlat below; the lolje is

large, slightly attached, and round. The lower face is often heavy and projecting.
The color of the skin is quite constant at I '2H ). Overgrown examples of the youthful
tyi)e occur; big, babyish fellows. A coarse, light tyj)e is also found.
The Chochos gave us the impression of being extremely cowardly.
Womeu present the same tendency to «jbliquity of the eyes, broadness of nose,
and thickness and projection of lips that the men do; they present the same
uniformity in color, at the same shade. Twenty mothers in our series had borne
ninetv-oue children, of whom forty-six had died; one woman was unmarried.

THE MAZATIX'S
The Mazatecs, with a stature of 1551. mm., are the shortest of the tribes
;3

examined. They are sub-brachycephalic and mesorhinian. The head is frequently

flattened behind, giving great apparent height. The hair is black and straight; only
three cases were gray and live sprinkled with gray ; thirteen subjects presented slight
degrees of waviness or curliuess; the hair was occasionally thin on top of the head.
The beard was gray in four, sprinkled with gray in six, and brownish in seven, cases.
The beard growth on the upper cheeks was medium, on the lower cheeks none, on the
chin medium to scanty; the moustache was medium. The beard appears late, and
subjects from twenty-six to twenty-eight years of age often have none at all, or a
scanty growth upon the chin point and the upper lip. The face, at the cheek-bones,
iswide, often as wide as the maximum cranial width. The nose is generally aquiline,
though neither large nor prominent th^ line of junction of the nose and forehead is
;

high to medium and of medium width; the tip of the nose is often broad and ilat.
The eyes are dark brown and widely separated; in twenty-eight subjects they were
more or less oblique. The lips range from medium to thick and there is some progna-
thism. The lower jaw is frequently wide and heavy-angled. The ear is round, and
stands well off from the head the border of the upper part of the helix is thin and
;

rolled in, while that of the lower part is thick ( -thin and flat the lobe
) ; is large,

attached, and round-triangular. The skin color is most frequently at 23 ( | ; next in

frequency is (13-23); seventy-five of the cases fall within these two shades.
Womeu present much the same type, but are more frequently prognathic. They
tend to stoutness, and middle-aged women are sometimes fat. In our series were three
barren womeu and one unmarried woman; seventeen mothei-s had borne ninety
children, of whom forty-seven still survived.
Three or four cases were pock-marked. About the same number of persons were
affectedby pur[)le pinto. The di.sease of jn'iifo is little significant at Huauhtla, but
we were told that at Chichotla, wliich is at a considerable lower altitude, "almost
everyone" had it. In disposition Mazatec men are timid; women are less so and far
more frank.
93
44: Physical Chakaoters of Indians of Southern Mexico

M.VZ.iTEC: HU.VUHTLA, ST.\TE OF OASACA

TABLE XXIV. MAZATECS

 Fkedebick Stark 45

Ml. j: TKI'LIM \ 1111:1111

THE TEPEHUAS
The Tt'jH'lmas arc of little sfatiin*, snt)-hrachycf|)halic'. ami inesorhinian. Their
arms are long and their finger-reach index nears the upper limit in our list. The hair
is straight and black; only four cases of the least sprinkling of gray were ol)served.

There were twenty cases where the heard was more or less graved. The formula of
beard growth is: medium, none. scanty to medium; medium. The eyes are moderately
separated, dark lirown and, in a dozen cases only, slightly oblique. The nose is

usually aquiline, but is neither large nor high ; the line of union between nose and
forehead is uf niediiini height and breadth; the ridge of the nose is occasionally
sinuous; the tip is thick. The ujjper lij) is often notably thick and projecting. The
ear is variable in respect of standing off from the head; the border of the upper
section of the helix is rolled in and thick, that of th(> lower section flat and thick; th(>

lobe is largi\ mostlv attached, and round. The coloi- is constant at (21) in titty per
cent, of cases.
Women present much the same Twenty-one women had borne one hundred
fy[)e.

and nine children, of whom fifty-two had died; one woman was childless. Almost
everyone of this tribe had lost one or more incisor te(4h this loss was generally
;

atti'ltmli'il to the eating of i>(iiirl<i. brown cake sugar, of which they arc inordinately fond.
95
46 Physical Characters of Indians of Southern Mexico

TABLE XXV. TEPEHUAS

Fkederick St.akk

i.NTKPEr, .STATE OK Pl-EHEA

48 Physical Chakacteks of Indians of Southern Mexico

among the Totonacs. The color of the skin is at (24) in men' tlian two-thirds of the

subjects.
Women are notably small ; many are [)n)irnatliie. Tlie hair of women, wlio
all

have reached the a^^'e of thirty years, is tipped with brown or reddish-brown. Twenty-
three mothers had borne one hundred and thirty-one children, of whom sixty-five had
survived; two women were barren.

THE HUAXTECS
The Huaxtecs, of Tancoco, Vera Cruz, present a well marked type presumably —
that of the tribe as a whole. They are of little stature, and truly braehycephalic.
The head is short and broad, but it is also notably fiat behind. The hair is straight and
black, but subjects, from thirty years of age upward, often show a sprinkling of gray.
There is often no beard upon the lower cheeks, and that of the upper cheeks is sparse
and straggling until middle life; the chin beard is usually confined to the tip and central
line, but grows to a considerable length the moustache is permitted to grow long,
;

but is rarely heavy. The eyes are dark brown, rather widely spaced, and often
mongoloid; occasionally they are oblique, but dipping slightly at the outer instead of
the inner coi-ners; the eye-slit is often narrow. The nose, in younger subjects, is flat,
wide, and with broad nostrils; beyond forty years of age it may become aquiline.
The mouth is large, and the lips are thick ; this thickness is in a vertical direction,

and the lips project little, if at all. The face, as a whole, is flat, broad, and even
square. The ear is well shaped, but usually stands quite off from the head; the
helix border is thick, and the rather large lobe is round and attached. The skin color
is light; the ground tint is (23), or (23) to (24), but there is always a mixture of gray
— (7) or (8j — with it.

Women present much the same type, but tlieir color lacks the gray tint so notice-
able in the men, and is constant at (23) to (24). Fifteen women had borne fifty-five
children, of whom twenty-two were dead. This series of women was unusually young,
and this number is probably too small; we doubt, however, whether the fertility is

great, as the Huaxtecs are clearly losing ground.

The Huaxtec language belongs to the Maya family, and the tribe is considered a
northward migrant from that great group. We here place the indices and stature of
the Huaxtecs and Mayas side by side:

Arm Finger-reach Sitting-height Shoulder Cephalic

Huaxtecs 4.5.3 103.7 52.8 22.8

Mayas 46. 105.6 51.7 23.1

The differences are notable: in one or two indices only do the two tribes come some-
what near together; they are frequently far apart. Comparison with some other
tribe than the Mayas, of the same family, might prove suggestive.
98
 FKEDER 1 CK STA KR

FIG. i".. lUWXTEC: TANCOCO, STATE OK VERA C'RIZ

TABLE XXVII. HCAXTECS

50 Physical Characters of Indians of Southern Mexico

FIG. 26. MAYA; TEKAX, STATE OF YUCATAN

THE MAYAS
The Mayas are of little stature, with not one tall subject in the series. Their
arms are the longest observed, and the finger-reach is the maximum, at 105. (i. They
are next to the maximum in shoulder-breadth index. Their facial indices are the
largest of our and their cephalic index next to the maximum. They have been
list,

characterized elsewhere as "short, dark, and brachycephalie." Short and brachy-

cephalic they certainly are, but hardly dark. There are no cases at (16), so com-
monly reached by some of our tribes; the most frequent color is (23) or (23) to (24).
The hair is black and straight in six cases the color was lighter or gray, and in fifteen
;

cases it showed a tendency toward wavy or curly. The beard was lighter in nineteen
cases. The growth of the beard is moderately strong, and its distribution much as
usual— scanty to medium on the upper cheeks, absent from the lower cheeks, scanty
or medium upon the chin, and medium to full in the moustache. The eyes are dark-
brown and widely separated; one-half the subjects presented a notable obliquity,
though the character tends to disappear with age; in children it is almost universal
and well marked. The nose is aquiline, though low, flat, and wide; the bridge is
long, sometimes sinuous, and often projects as a central beak beyond the alse. Lips
are of moderate thickness and do not project much. The ear is well shaped and
100
 Frederick St.\rk 51

stands well off from the head ; the helix border is thick, and is rolled in above and flat
l)elow; the lobe is of fair size, and is attached in about one-half the cases. While the
heads are brachycephalic, they are rarely flat behind.
The subject represented in the cut on the preceding page (Fig. 20) presents a
well marked sub-type which is rather common. In this type the large round eyes are
w-idely spaced, and almost stand off from the sides of the face; the nose projects but
little, and the chin still less, so that the jirofile presents an almost continuous simple

curve.
It is claimed that pure Mayas have a purple spot in the sacral region, on the
back, which is called by the native name iiitx. If such a spot exists it is probably an
infantile character like the similar spots which have been described among Japanese,
Eskimo, and other mongoloid peoples. We examined three subjects expressly to find
and found no trace of it the youngest of our subjects, however, was ten years
this six)t ;

old,and it is not unlikely that l)abios may be marked in this fashion. Among the
hundred subjects examined by us we noticed that the little toe is often extremely
short.
The women of this trite present no features which call for special comment.
Twenty-three mothei-s out of the twenty-five of our list had Iwrne a total of one
hundred and thirty-three children, of whom fifty-five had died; one woman was
unmarried.

TABLE XXVIII. M.\YAS

52 Physical Characters of Indians of Sotthern Mexico

FIG. 27. ZOQUE: TUXTLA (U'TIERR?:/., STATE OF CHIAPAS

THE ZOQUES
The type of the Z(iques is not clearly detiiied. They are amonii; the taller tribes,
having a mean stature of 1,000 mm.. and only forty-nine of the hundred subjects fall-
ing within the group of little statures. In regard to all other measurements they
occupy an intermediate position. The skin color is light; (23j is the most common
tint, and (23-13) is next in frequency; women are a little lighter than men. The
hair grays rather readily, and cases where it is slightly wavy or curly are not rare.
The beard is scanty and straggling, or is entirely absent, although the moustache is
fairly abundant. The eyes are dark brown and widely spaced: even a slight amount
of obliquity is uncommon, and when it occurs is mostly in j^oung subjects. The root
of the nose is seldom depressed, but it is never really high ; the bridge is straight,

with a suggestion of concavity in young subjects, but becomes boldly aquiline and
prominent in old persons. The upper lip is often notably, the lower feebly, developed;
the lips project little, and when they are thick the thickness is vertical. The chin is
often weak. The lower face is frequently broad, even as much so as the face at the
level of the cheek-bones. The rather low forehead is frequently retreating, and, when
this character is combined with wide cheek-bones and a slight occipital flatness, gives
an im[)ression of acrocephaly. This combination is not rare. The ear staiuls well otf
102
 Frederick Starr 53

TABLE XXIX. ZOQIES

Mean Max. Miu. Mean Max. MiD.

Stature 1,600 1,766 1,442 1.474.8 1,586 1..372

Height of shoulder . 1,316 1,420 1,182 1,210.5 1,.300 1.120
Hip of second Hnger 591 646 501 564.0 618 498
Fintrer-reaeh 1,651 l,7a5 1,469 1,497.5 1,619 1,;»8
Height, silting 841 908 721 791.0 845 717
Width of shoulders. 356 393 .318 331.1 .367 298
Length of head 182, 196 171 175.7 185 1&3
Breadth of head. . . 146, 161 1.32 143.1 151 1.35
Height of face (a). . 175, 194 1.55 172.0 las 154
Height of face tb). .. 113. 127 102 106.5 113 97
Breadth of face 139 154 127 138.0 141 125
Height of nose 62, 76 54 46.0 51 40
Breadth of nose . . . 37. 44 .32 .35.2 .39 31
Ear length 62. 54 58.5 64 53

Arm inde.v 45.4 52.6 43.3 43.8 47.5 42.0

Finger-reach index . ia3.2 108.6 96.6 100.9 106.2 94.0
Sitting-height inde-if 52.5 .56.2 48.2 53.7 56.4 50.5
Shoulder index 22 2 25.4 19.7 22.4 23.8 20.1
Cephalic index 80^2 89.5 69. 81.4 86.3 76.7
Facial index (o) . . . 79.9 92.2 69.5 77.9 84.8 70.7
Facial index (fc) 123.2 1.37.5 109.0 126.1 140.2 116.3
Nasal index 77.4 95.3 61.1 92.5 64.0

from the head; the upper section of the helix horcK-r is thin ami rolled in. while the
lower section is thick and tlat the lobe is larj^e, attached, and round (-square); it is
:

not unfrequently free.

Women present few |)eculiar features for consideration. Their nose is largo and
aquiline in a degree unusual in the sex: they are somewhat prognathic, though the
lips protrude little, l)eing thick vertically. Large families —
ten, twelve, thirteen

children — are not rare. Among our sul)jects were five unmarried women; the remain-

ing twenty had iionie erne hutidrfd and fcirly-thfee children, of whom fifty-six had
died. The number of unmai-ried women is the largest we have observed. Women
generally show great asymmetry of shoulders, one being much higher than the other;
a woman not thus affected is the exception. We attril)ute the condition to the peculiar

mode in which these women carry babies. The child is slung at one side, hung in a

cloth band, which passes over the opposite shoulder.

Pinto is a common disease among Zoques, occurring in Imth men and women.
No cases of the red form were seen, but the white and the l)lue were frequent, and
frequently occur in the same individual. The blue is most noticeable u|)on the face,

where it forms connected jjatches, confluent reticulations, and "powder-dotting."

Where blue pinto affects the face, the hands and feet are quite likely to be blotched
with white. In a ffW cases both kinds atfecti'd the extremities, which were sometimes
a mass of distinct or indistinct color-blotching. Thirteen cases were noted among (he
humhfd mm. and six among the tweiity-Hvc women.
10.3
u Physical Chabaoters of Indians of Southehn Mexico

( )ii acccmiit lit' tlicii' liiijruistic i't'latii)iishi|) a comjjarisou of the iiidici's oi tlie

Zoqufs anil Mixes becomes interesting. Wlien we place the indices side l)y side we
find a fair auioniit of ajjreement.

.Vnn Kiiife'cr-roacli SittinK-hpicht Shoulder Cephalic

Zoque 45.4 108.2 52.5 22.2

Mixe 44.(5 104.3 52.1 22.6
 Fbedekick Stakb 55

FIG. 2.S. TZOTZIL: THAMrLA, ST\TK i>l-^ i HIM'VS

and widtli, Imt clearly tends to high and medium nv even liigh and iinn-dw; the nose
itself is low and tlat. with a short and thick
tip. Tlie lips are thick, and the upper lip
often projects notably. There is little prognathism. The ear, which lies close to the
head, is little and well shaped; the border of the helix is thick, and is rolled inward
above, flat below; the lobe is lai'ge, attached, and round.
Women show few points which need consideration. Their ncjse is lower and
thicker at the tip; their lips are more j)rojecting; they present greater prognathism:
and their ears stand off more. The answers secured regarding families are entitled to
no consideration.

THE TZEXDALS
In stature at 1557.1 the Tzeiidals are among the shorter of our tribes; only one
case in the hundred was tall, while 75 per cent, were of "little stature." Their
sitting-height is ordy sur[)assed by that of the Chinantecs. The arms are long and
the finger-reach is great. The color is a tine dark-brown; it is mori- uniform than in

most more than one-half the subjects were at (IC)) and a considerable part of
tribes;
the others were at (13). The hair is straight and black; in ten cases it was slightly
wavy or curly and in si.K of these it was gray or sprinkled with gray. Little or no
beard appears l)efore twenty-five years; at its first a])pearance it is scanty and otdy o!i

105
56 Physical Characters of Indians of Southern Mexico

TZENDAL: TENEJAPA, STATE OF CHIAPAS

the upper cheeks and un Ihc ujiper lip; at from thirty to thirty-five, there is a incdiuin
"growth on the upper cheeks, ii(.)iie on thi.' hnver, scanty anil short on the chin, while
the moustache is from scanty to medium and short. The beard grays earlier than
the hair of the head; a single subject only approached baldness. The head is actually
long, but the cephalic index, 76.8, is the minimum observed; oidy 1-1 per cent, reach
brachycephaly. The maximum face-breadth and head-breadth are much the same and
were, in many cases, identical. The face is generally prognathic and the lips are
thick and protruding. The nose is medium or short, and thick at the tip; the line at
the junction of the nose and forehead is moderately high and the nose is there of
medium width. The eyes and about one-fifth of the subjects
are widely separated
showed a slight degree of obliquity. Out of one hundred subjects three had lost one
eye by inflammations. The ear is round, of medium size, and close to the head; the
border of the upper portion of the helix is roUed-in and thick: that of the lower part
is thick and flat; the lobe is from large to medium, attached and round.

In women the color runs close to (23) with some cases tending to (13) or (15),
Out of twenty-five women three were unmarried and four were barren, the remaining
eighteen had borne seventy-four children, of whom thirty-two had died. The eyes of
women were notably spaced and in four cases were slightly oblique. The nose is
rather wide, and of medium height between the eyes, with short and thick ti|). The
106
 Frederick Starr 57

li])S are rather thick and the u[)[)er i>rojects. The ears are njund, of inedium size and
well-shaped; the border of the helix is thick and its upiwr part r<>lled-in, the lower
part flat; the lobe is medium or large, attached, and — generally — round.
The type of the Tzendals. on the whole, ]>reseiits considerable resemblance to
that of the Tzotzils, their close neighbors, geographically and linguistically. Their
heads, though large, are slightly smaller than those of the Tzotzils; the impression
made to the eye is considerably in favor of the latter. A greater variatiijn in the
Tzendals, in ten out of fourteen measurements, suggests that the Tzendals have mixed
more with other tribes than the Tzotzils have — or. at least, that the people of Tene-
japa have mixed more than those of Chamula. In both of the facial indices the
Tzendals are superior; this greater face-breadth, associated with a slightly less cephalic
index, is curious. The tribes are quite close together in sitting-height, which is rather
large. Though the Tzendals are a little shorter, they have longer arms and a greater

finger-reach than the Tzotzils. There is a greater diiference in .shoulder-width than

we should expect.
TABLE XXX!. TZENDALS
58 Physical Characters of Indians of Southern Mexico

CHOL: TUMHALA, STATE OF CHIAPAS

TABLE XXXII. CHOLS

Me Min. Mean Max. Mil

Stature 1,557.9 1,686 1,436 1,413.2 1,485 1,305

Height of shoulder . 1,288.4 1,423 1,184 1,165.6 1,247 1,067
Tip of second finger. 580.7 506 523.1 605 449
Finger-reach l,61i.O 1,289 1,438.1 1,538 1,356
Height, sitting 817.8 725 748.1 854 680
Width of shnulders. 346.7 391 289 310.5 343 289
Length of head 182.5 202 165 177.1 188 167
Breadth (jf head . . . . 147.5 159 134 141.6 153 128
Height of face Ui). 175.8 195 155 166.2 181 150
Height of face (b). . 113.2 128 101 103.2 114 92
Breadth of face 141.2 157 128 130.2 139 122
Height of nose 48.8 58 41 45.0 50 40
Breadth of nose 37.1 48 31 34.2 41 29
Ear length 60.4 70 53 58.4 51

Arm index 45.3 48.4 40.8 45.4 53.5 41.7

Finger-reach index . 103.8 109.4 98.2 101.7 106.7 94.9
Sitting-height index 52.4 55.9 48.6 52.8 64.1 46.4
Shoulder index 22.1 25.1 19.7 21.9 23.9 20.5
Cephalic index 80.8 95.7 72.4 80.0 90.0 73.5
Facial index (o) 80.4 90.7 71.2 78.5 84.6 70.7
Facial index (b) 124.9 140.5 108.8 126.5 139.5 111.5
Nasal index 76.4 106.9 58.6 76.1 89.1 61.7

108
 Fbedebick Stabb 59

tives. Tlu' fundamental coloring is (23), darkening in individual c-ases to (23-13j.

These two shades occur in two-thirds of the subjects, and no case varied far from them.
There were but three cases in which the hair showed any tendency to wavy or curly;
there was no baldness, and only one case of gray and one of gray-sprinkled hair. The
beard on the upper cheeks is medium, on the lower cheeks none, on the chin scanty
the moustache is of medium quantity and rarely attains to any length shaving is ;

quite general; five beards were more or less gray, and two were of a brownish color.
The eyes are dark brown and widely separated; while twenty-five cases showed a slight
obliquity, not one was truly mongoloid. There was one case of strabismus. The nose
is quite large and prominent; it is aquiline, sometimes extremely so; its index is the

lowest but one in the list; the line at the junction of the nose and the forelu'ad varies
from high to medium and from narrow to medium; when it becomes lower it also
becomes wider; but there is no tendency to low, wide forms. The lips are of medium
thickness or even thin, and [)roject little or not at all. The ears are round and well
formed, and stand fairly off from the head; the upper border of the helix is rolled
inward, but opens downward and is flat in the lower part —
it is everywhere thick;

the lobe is of niediuui size and attaclied— varying in fcjrm from triangular to round-
triangular.
The stature of the females is about ilO per cent, of that of tlie males; their arm
index is the same, but their finger-reach index is less. Their color is a little lighter
at(23) and (23) to (15); it has more of a reddish tinge. Among our twenty-five
—
women was an undue proportion of old women showing three cases of gray hair.
There were no unmarried wcjuuni in our series. Twenty-four mothers had borne one
hundred and two children, of whom tiftv-nine had tlied.

109