Bio 20
Cellular Respiration: Harvesting Chemical Energy
1
2
Light
energy
ECOSYSTEM
Photosynthesi
s
CO2 + in Organic +
H2O chloroplasts molecule O
Cellular s 2
respiration
in mitochondria
ATP
powers most cellular work
Heat
energy
3
A. Catabolic Pathways and Production of
ATP
•The breakdown of organic molecules is exergonic/exothermic.
•Fermentation is a partial degradation of sugars in anaerobic
environment.
•Cellular respiration consumes oxygen and organic molecules
and yields ATP
4
Redox Reactions (LEO-GER)
Transfer of one or more electrons from one reactant to
another.
-In biological systems energy is associated with the
movement of electrons.
Two Processes:
1. Oxidation
2. Reduction
5
Oxidation Reaction
•The loss of electrons (LEO) from a substance.
• Or the gain of oxygen.
Oxidation
C6H12O6 + 6O2 →6CO2 + 6H2O + energy
glucose
ATP
6
Reduction Reaction
•The gain of electrons (GER) to a substance (gaining
negative charge). Electron donor is the reducing agent.
The e- receptor is the oxidizing agent.
• Or the loss of oxygen.
Reduction
C6H12O6 + 6O2 → 6CO2 + 6H2O + energy
glucose
AT
P
7
In the combustion of methane identify who gets oxidized and who
STOP & THINK! gets reduced:
8
Formation of ATP
+ ENERGY - 9
Other contributors: NADH & FADH2
• Important electron carriers (besides ATP)
• Ionic (oxidized) NAD+ (co-enzyme) & FAD+ can attract electrons
NAD+ + 2e- + H+ 🡪 NADH
FAD+ + 2e- + H+ 🡪 FADH2
OXIDIZED REDUCED
(Less energy) (More energy)
(Less stable) (More stable)
(More potential) (Less potential)
10
B. Types of Cellular Respiration
With O2: Aerobic- complete oxidation of glucose
- produces: CO2, H20 & 36 ATP
- 3 stages: 1. Glycolysis
2. Krebs Cycle
3. ETC & Chemiosmosis (oxidative phosphorylation)
Without O2: Anaerobic- incomplete oxidation of glucose
2 stages: 1. Glycolysis produces: 2 pyruvate, 2 ATP, 2 NADH, 2 H+
2. a. Fermentation in yeast+bacteria produces: CO2, 2 ATP & Ethanol
b. Fermentation in animals+bacteria produces: 2 ATP & Lactic acid
STOP & THINK
Is aerobic respiration efficient?
11
The Stages of Cellular Respiration: A
Preview
•Cellular respiration has three stages and takes place in three
different places:
Process: Objective: Location:
Glycolysis breaks down glucose into two cytoplasm
molecules of pyruvate
Citric acid cycle completes the breakdown of glucose Mitochondria matrix (cristae)
(Kreb’s cycle)
(TCA cycle)
Oxidative accounts for most of the ATP Inner membrane of
phosphorylation synthesis mitochondria
(ETS)
12
Glycolysis
Glucose Pyruvate
Cytosol Mitochondrion
ATP
Substrate-level
phosphorylation
13
Glycolysis Citric
acid
Glucose Pyruvate cycle
Cytosol Mitochondrion
ATP ATP
Substrate-level Substrate-level
phosphorylation phosphorylation
14
Electron Electrons
s carried
carried via NADH and
via FADH2
NADH
Oxidative
Glycolysi Citri phosphorylation:
s c electron
Glucose Pyruvate acid transport
cycle and
chemiosmosis
Cytoso Mitochondrion
l
ATP ATP ATP
Substrate-level Substrate-level Oxidative
phosphorylatio phosphorylatio phosphorylatio
n n n
Cell resp. overview: [Link] 1
[Link] 5
1. Glycolysis harvests energy by oxidizing
glucose to pyruvate
Glycolysis: breaks down glucose into two molecules of pyruvate
•Glycolysis occurs in the cytoplasm and has two major
phases:
-Energy investment phase
(2 ATP)
-Energy payoff phase
(4 ATP & 2 NADH)
16
2 phases of glycolysis: Energy investment phase
Glucose
2 ADP + 2 P 2 ATP used
Glycolysis Citric Oxidative
acid
cycle phosphorylation
Energy payoff phase
ATP ATP ATP 4 ADP + 4 P 4 ATP formed
*glycolysis 2 NAD+ + 4 e– + 4 H+ 2 NADH + 2 H+
occurs in the 2 Pyruvate + 2 H2O
cytoplasm* Net
Glucose 2 Pyruvate + 2 H2O
4 ATP formed – 2 ATP used 2 ATP
2 NAD+ + 4 e– + 4 H+ 2 NADH + 2 H+
17
2. Citric Acid cycle (Krebs)
• Before the citric acid cycle can begin, pyruvate must be converted to acetyl
CoA,
• pyruvate is actively transported into the mitochondrion where it loses a
carboxyl group (CO2) & combines with coenzyme A forming acetyl-CoA
• this is a redox reaction 🡪 1 NADH is formed for each pyruvate that is converted
to acetyl-CoA
CYTOSO MITOCHONDRI
L ON
NAD NAD +
+
H H+
Acetyl Co
Pyruvate CO2 Coenzyme A
A
Transport 18
protein
•The citric acid cycle, (Krebs cycle), takes place within the
mitochondrial matrix
Pyruvate
(from glycolysis,
2 molecules per Glycolysi Citric
CO acid
Oxidation
glucose) NAD + s
cycle
phosphorylati
2 on
CoA
NAD
H+ H+ ATP ATP ATP
Acetyl
CoA CoA
CoA
Citric
acid 2 CO2
cycle
FADH2 3
NAD+
FA 3 NADH
D + 3 H+
ADP + P i
ATP
[Link] 19
*the citric acid cycle
Glycolysis Citric
acid
Oxidation
phosphorylation
occurs in the matrix of
cycle
the mitochondrion*
ATP ATP ATP
Acetyl CoA
NADH
+ H+ H2O
NAD+
Oxaloacetate
Reactancts: Malate
Citr
Isocitrate
-Acetyl CoA Citric
ate
CO2
-H2O H2O
acid
cycle NAD+
-3 NAD + H+ Fumarate
NADH
+ H+ Products:
-1 FAD + α-Ketoglutarate
-2 CO2
-1 ADP + Pi
FADH2
NAD+
CO2
-3 NADH
FAD
Succinate Pi NADH -1 FADH2
Succinyl + H+
ADP
GTP GD
P CoA
-1 ATP
ATP
the cycle turns twice for each glucose broken down because 2 pyruvate are converted to 2 acetyl-CoA 20
3. Oxidative Phosphorylation, (Electron transport chain &
chemiosmosis)
• The inner membrane of the mitochondria (cristae) contain proteins
(cytochromes) that can carry electrons
• They take electrons from NADH and FADH2 that are produced in
glycolysis and the Kreb’s cycle, give it from one electron acceptor to
the next stronger acceptor, finally to O2 (making H20)
• NAD+ and FAD are recycled and can be used in glycolysis and
Kreb’s cycle again.
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NADH
50
FADH2
Multiprotein
I FAD complexes
40 FMN
Free energy (G) relative to O2 (kcal/mol)
Fe•S Fe•S II
Q
III
Cyt b Oxidative
Glycolysis Citric phosphorylation:
30 Fe•S acid
cycle
electron transport
and chemiosmosis
Cyt c1 IV
Cyt c
ATP ATP ATP
Cyt a
Cyt a3
20
*ETC is located in the
10
inner membrane of the
mitochondrion*
0 2 H+ + 1/2 O2
H2O
22
Chemiosmosis: The Energy-Coupling Mechanism
•Electron transfer in the ETC (inner membrane) causes
proteins to draw in H+ from the mitochondrial matrix to
the intermembrane space. It becomes acidic.
•Chemiosmosis: H+ then moves back across the
membrane, passing through channels in ATP synthase
(like a turn-style), causing phosphorylation.
Intermembrane space
Cristae
Matrix
23
Inner
mitochondrial
membrane
Oxidative
Glycolysis Citric
acid phosphorylation:
cycle electron transport
and chemiosmosis
ATP ATP ATP
H+
H+
H+
H+
Protein complex Cyt c
Intermembrane of electron
space carriers
Q IV
I III
ATP
II synthase
Inner 2H+ + 1/2 O2 H2O
mitochondrial FADH2
FAD
membrane
NADH + H+ NAD+
ADP + P i ATP
(carrying electrons
from food)
H+
Mitochondrial Electron transport chain Chemiosmosis
matrix Electron transport and pumping of protons (H+), ATP synthesis powered by the flow
Which create an H+ gradient across the membrane of H+ back across the membrane
Oxidative
phosphorylation
INTERMEMBRANE
SPACE H+ A rotor within
H+ H+ the membrane
spins as shown
H+ when H+ flows
H+
past
it down the H+
H+ gradient.
H+
A stator
anchored in the
membrane
holds the knob
stationary.
A rod (or
The H+ gradient
“stalk”)
extending into
is referred to as a
the knob also
spins, proton-motive
activating
H+ catalytic sites in
the knob.
force,
Three catalytic
sites in the
emphasizing its
AD stationary knob
P+
join inorganic capacity to do
Pi ATP phosphate to
MITOCHONDRAL
ADP to make
ATP.
work
MATRIX
25
ETC- [Link]
CYTOSOL Electron shuttles MITOCHONDRION
span membrane 2 NADH
or
2 FADH2
2 NADH 2 NADH 6 NADH 2 FADH2
Glycolysis Oxidative
2 2 Citric phosphorylation:
Glucose Pyruvate Acetyl acid electron transport
CoA cycle and
chemiosmosis
+ 2 ATP + 2 ATP + about 32 or 34 ATP
by substrate-level by substrate-level by oxidation phosphorylation, depending
phosphorylation phosphorylation on which shuttle transports electrons
form NADH in cytosol
About
Maximum per glucose: 36 or 38
ATP
ENERGY TALLY: 1. Glycolysis: 2 ATP
2. Krebs: 2 ATP
3. ETC & Chemiosmosis: 32 ATP
26
Total: ~36 ATP
27
C. Anaerobic Respiration: Fermentation
• Glycolysis is the only energy yielding step in Fermentation, plus reactions that
regenerate NAD+ (no O2 to accept electrons, NAD+ regeneration is priority)
1. Alcohol fermentation (in yeast + bacteria)
produces CO2, 2 ATP & Ethanol
2. Lactic acid fermentation (in animals + bacteria)
produces 2 ATP & Lactic acid
facultative anaerobes – organisms that can do either aerobic or anaerobic respiration
[Link] 28
ALCOHOL FERMENTATION:
•occurs in bacteria & yeast
•products are ethanol & CO2
•is used by humans for making bread
dough rise & alcoholic beverages
LACTIC ACID FERMENTATION:
•occurs in fungi and bacteria used to
make cheese & yogurt
•occurs in human muscle cells during
strenuous exercise
•product is lactic acid (stiffness &
soreness), no CO2 produced!
•lactic acid is eventually removed by the
blood & taken to the liver
30
•Anaerobic respiration is useful because it provides a short
burst of energy when oxygen is not available.
•However, it can only produce a small amount of ATP compared
with aerobic respiration (2 ATP).
Metabolic Poisons
•Some poisons interfere with the electron transport chain
•Causes death quickly because electron flow stops, which stops
all stages of cellular respiration
•Examples:
• Cyanide
• Hydrogen sulfide
31
32
The Versatility of Catabolism
• Glycolysis common to all
organisms (no O2 required &
no membranes required –
evolutionary significant)
• glycolysis & the citric acid cycle
are major intersections of various
catabolic pathways (see
diagram)
• monomers obtained by the
digestion of food are used in
anabolic pathways that create
molecules needed by cells that
can’t be obtained directly from
food 33
Cellular Respiration 🡪 maintained by feedback inhibition
• a decrease in ATP will speed
up C.R. whereas an excess
of ATP will slow it down.
• one enzyme that is
controlled this way is
phosphofructokinase.
• this enzyme is controlled by
allosteric regulation: AMP
stimulates & ATP inhibits
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Review: Photosynthesis + C.R.
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