Max Planck Society

The Max Planck Society for the Advancement of

Max Planck Society for the
Science (German: Max-Planck-Gesellschaft zur
Advancement of Science
Förderung der Wissenschaften e. V.; abbreviated
MPG) is a formally independent non-governmental Max-Planck-Gesellschaft zur Förderung der
and non-profit association of German research Wissenschaften
institutes. Founded in 1911 as the Kaiser Wilhelm
Society,[1][3] it was renamed to the Max Planck Society
in 1948 in honor of its former president, theoretical Logo
physicist Max Planck. The society is funded by the Abbreviation MPG
federal and state governments of Germany.[2][1] Predecessor Kaiser Wilhelm Society[1]
Formation 1911[1]

Mission Type Non-profit research

organization[1]
According to its primary goal, the Max Planck Society Legal status eingetragener Verein (e. V.)
supports fundamental research in the natural, life and Headquarters Munich, Germany[1]
social sciences, the arts and humanities in its 84 (as of
Coordinates 48.14115510°N
January 2024)[2] Max Planck Institutes.[1][3] The
11.58207790°E
society has a total staff of approximately 17,000
President Patrick Cramer
permanent employees, including 5,470 scientists, plus
around 4,600 non-tenured scientists and guests.[2] The Main organ Senate[2]
society's budget for 2018 was about €1.8 billion.[2] As Budget €1.8 billion (2018)[2]
of 31 December 2018, the Max Planck Society Staff 23,767 (2018)[2]
employed a total of 23,767 staff, of whom 15,650 were
Website www.mpg.de/en (https://www.
scientists. 44.4% were female employees and 31.5% of
mpg.de/en)
all of the employees were foreign nationals.[4]

The Max Planck Society has a world-leading reputation as a science and technology research
organization, with 39 Nobel Prizes awarded to their scientists, and is widely regarded as one of the
foremost basic research organizations in the world. In 2020, the Nature Index placed the Max Planck
Institutes third worldwide in terms of research published in Nature journals (after the Chinese Academy
of Sciences and Harvard University).[5] In terms of total research volume (unweighted by citations or
impact), the Max Planck Society is only outranked by the Chinese Academy of Sciences, the Russian
Academy of Sciences and Harvard University in the Times Higher Education institutional rankings.[6]
The Thomson Reuters-Science Watch website placed the Max Planck Society as the second leading
research organization worldwide following Harvard University in terms of the impact of the produced
research over science fields.[7]

The Max Planck Society and its predecessor Kaiser Wilhelm Society hosted several renowned scientists
in their fields, including Otto Hahn, Werner Heisenberg, and Albert Einstein.
The Max Planck Society also hosts the Cornell, Maryland, and
Max Planck Pre-Doctoral Research School, an intense week of
lectures, informal conversations with guest faculty and fellow
students from all over the world, professional development panels
with academic and industrial speakers, research poster sessions,
and social events.

History
The organization was established in 1911 as the Kaiser Wilhelm
Society, or Kaiser-Wilhelm-Gesellschaft (KWG), a non-
governmental research organization named for the then German
emperor. The KWG was one of the world's leading research
organizations; its board of directors included scientists like
Walther Bothe, Peter Debye, Albert Einstein, and Fritz Haber. In Max Planck, after whom the society
1946, Otto Hahn assumed the position of president of KWG, and is named
in 1948, the society was renamed the Max Planck Society (MPG)
after its former president (1930–37) Max Planck, who
died in 1947.[8]

The Max Planck Society has a world-leading

reputation as a science and technology research
organization. In 2006, the Times Higher Education
Supplement rankings[9] of non-university research
The society's logo features Minerva, the Roman
institutions (based on international peer review by goddess of wisdom.
academics) placed the Max Planck Society as No.1 in
the world for science research, and No.3 in
technology research (behind AT&T Corporation and the Argonne National Laboratory in the United
States).

The domain mpg.de attracted at least 1.7 million visitors annually by 2008 according to a Compete.com
study.[10]

List of presidents of the KWG and the MPG

Adolf von Harnack (1911–1930)
Max Planck (1930–1937)
Carl Bosch (1937–1940)
Albert Vögler (1941–1945)
Max Planck (16 May 1945 – 31 March 1946)
Otto Hahn (as President of the KWG 1946 and then as Founder and President of the MPG
1948–1960)
Adolf Butenandt (1960–1972)
Reimar Lüst (1972–1984)
Heinz Staab (1984–1990)
Hans F. Zacher (1990–1996)
 Hubert Markl (1996–2002)
Peter Gruss (2002–2014)
Martin Stratmann (2014–2023)
Patrick Cramer (2023–present)

Max Planck Research Award

From 1990 to 2004, the "Max Planck Research Award for International Cooperation" was presented to
several researchers from a wide range of disciplines each year.

From 2004 to 2017, the "Max Planck Research Award" was conferred annually to two internationally
renowned scientists, one of whom was working in Germany and one in another country. Calls for
nominations for the award were invited on an annually rotating basis in specific sub-areas of the natural
sciences and engineering, the life sciences, and the human and social sciences. The objective of the Max
Planck Society and the Alexander von Humboldt Foundation in presenting this joint research award was
to give added momentum to specialist fields that were either not yet established in Germany or that
deserved to be expanded.[11]
Since 2018, the award has been succeeded by the "Max Planck-Humboldt Research Award", annually
awarded to an internationally renowned mid-career researcher with outstanding future potential from
outside Germany but having a strong interest in a research residency in Germany for limited time periods,
alternately in the fields of natural and engineering sciences, human sciences, and life sciences, as well as
the "Max Planck-Humboldt Medal" awarded to other two finalists.[12][13][14][15]

Max Planck-Humboldt Research Awards and Medals

Year Award Name Institution Field

Max Planck-
Geordie
Humboldt University of Sydney Mathematics
Williamson
Research Award

Artificial Intelligence and High-

2024 Max Planck-
Torsten Hoefler ETH Zurich Performance Computing with
Humboldt Medal
applications in Climate Sciences
Max Planck- University of California,
Laura Waller Computational microscopy
Humboldt Medal Berkeley

Max Planck-
Weizmann Institute of Bacterial defense mechanisms
Humboldt Rotem Sorek
Science against viruses
Research Award

Max Planck-
2023 Amy Buck University of Edinburgh Inter-species RNA communication
Humboldt Medal
National Cancer Institute,
Max Planck- Kandice Biophysics of the metastatic spread
National Institutes of
Humboldt Medal Tanner of cancer
Health in Bethesda

Max Planck-
Margaret
Humboldt UCSD Censorship and Disinformation
Roberts
Research Award

2022 Max Planck-

Vanessa Ogle Yale University Social Sciences
Humboldt Medal
Max Planck- Universities of Louvain-la-
Wim Decock Social Sciences
Humboldt Medal Neuve and Liége

Max Planck-
Pablo Jarillo-
Humboldt MIT Quantum Materials
Herrero
Research Award

2021 Max Planck- Anastassia

UCLA Theoretical Chemistry
Humboldt Medal Alexandrova
Max Planck-
Sumit Gulwani Microsoft AI-assisted Programming
Humboldt Medal

Max Planck-
Roberto
Humboldt University of Pennsylvania Life sciences
Bonasio
2020 Research Award
Max Planck- Luciano
Rockefeller University Life sciences
Humboldt Medal Marraffini

Max Planck-
Humboldt Ufuk Akcigit University of Chicago Macroeconomics
2019 Research Award

Max Planck- Elliot Tucker- University of Texas at Personality and developmental

Humboldt Medal Drob Austin psychology
 Max Planck-
Catherine
Humboldt University of Edinburgh Dark energy
Heymans
Research Award
2018 Max Planck-
Robert Wood Harvard University Soft robotics
Humboldt Medal

Max Planck- University of Texas at

Sam Payne Tropical geometry
Humboldt Medal Austin

Max Planck Research Award

Year Name Institution Field

Bonnie Bassler Princeton University
2016 Sensory perception of organisms
Martin Wikelski Max Planck Institute for Ornithology

Bryan Stanley
City University of New York Religion and modernity – secularisation,
2015 Turner
social and religious pluralism
Hans Joas Humboldt University of Berlin

Robert J.
Yale University
2014 Schoelkopf Quantum nanoscience
Jörg Wrachtrup University of Stuttgart
Carnegie Institution for Science &
Chris Field
Stanford University Influence of climate change on
2013
Markus Max Planck Institute for ecosystems
Reichstein Biogeochemistry

Katharina Pistor Columbia University Law School

Regulating international financial
2012 Max Planck Institute for Research on
Martin Hellwig markets
Collective Goods

Sebastian Thrun Stanford University

2011 Bernhard Max Planck Institute for Intelligent Intelligent systems
Schölkopf Systems
Timothy George New York University College of
Bromage Dentistry
2010 Evolution
Michael Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary
Tomasello Anthropology

Karl Galinsky University of Texas at Austin

2009 History of memory
Aleida Assmann University of Konstanz

Robert S. Langer Massachusetts Institute of Technology

2008 Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Biomaterials
Peter Fratzl
Interfaces
Raymond Joseph University College London & Wellcome
Dolan Trust Centre for Neuroimaging
2007 Neuromodulation and behaviour
Hans-Christian
University of Münster
Pape

Alina Payne Harvard University

2006 Art history
Horst Bredekamp Humboldt University of Berlin
 Christopher National Radio Astronomy Observatory,
2005 Carilli Socorro Astrophysics
Christof Wetterich Heidelberg University

Eugene W. Myers University of California, Berkeley

2004 Max Planck Institute for Molecular Bioinformatics
Martin Vingron
Genetics

Max Planck Research Award for International Cooperation

See Max-Planck-Forschungspreis

Organization
The Max Planck Society is formally an eingetragener
Verein, a registered association with the institute
directors as scientific members having equal voting
rights.[16] The society has its registered seat in Berlin,
while the administrative headquarters are located in
Munich. Since June 2014, materials scientist Martin
Stratmann has been the President of the Max Planck
Society.[17]

Funding is provided predominantly from federal and

state sources, but also from research and license fees
and donations. One of the larger donations was the
Entrance of the administrative headquarters of the
castle Schloss Ringberg near Kreuth in Bavaria, Max Planck Society in Munich
which was pledged by Luitpold Emanuel in Bayern
(Duke in Bavaria). It passed to the Society after the
duke died in 1973, and is now used for conferences.

Max Planck Institutes and research groups

The Max Planck Society consists of over 80 research institutes.[18] In addition, the society funds a
number of Max Planck Research Groups (MPRG) and International Max Planck Research Schools
(IMPRS). The purpose of establishing independent research groups at various universities is to strengthen
the required networking between universities and institutes of the Max Planck Society.

The research units are primarily located across Europe with a few in South Korea and the U.S. In 2007,
the Society established its first non-European centre, with an institute on the Jupiter campus of Florida
Atlantic University focusing on neuroscience.[19][20]

The Max Planck Institutes operate independently from, though in close cooperation with, the universities,
and focus on innovative research that does not fit into the university structure due to its interdisciplinary
or transdisciplinary nature or that require resources that cannot be met by the state universities.
Internally, Max Planck Institutes are organized into research departments headed by directors such that
each MPI has several directors, a position roughly comparable to anything from full professor to
department head at a university. Other core members include Junior and Senior Research Fellows.[21]

In addition, there are several associated institutes:[18]

Name City Country Section

Center of Advanced European Studies and Research Bonn Germany Biology & Medicine

Ernst Strüngmann Institute Frankfurt am Main Germany Biology & Medicine

Max Planck Society also has a collaborative center with Princeton University—Max Planck Princeton
Research Center for Plasma Physics—located in Princeton, New Jersey, in the U.S.[22] The latest Max
Planck Research Center has been established at Harvard University in 2016 as the Max Planck Harvard
Research Center for the Archaeoscience of the Ancient Mediterranean.

International Max Planck Research Schools

Together with the Association of Universities and other Education Institutions in Germany, the Max
Planck Society established numerous International Max Planck Research Schools (IMPRS) to promote
junior scientists:

Cologne Graduate School of Ageing Research, Cologne[23]

International Max Planck Research School for Intelligent Systems, at the Max Planck
Institute for Intelligent Systems located in Tübingen and Stuttgart[24]
International Max Planck Research School on Adapting Behavior in a Fundamentally
Uncertain World (Uncertainty School), at the Max Planck Institutes for Economics, for
Human Development, and/or Research on Collective Goods
International Max Planck Research School for Analysis, Design and Optimization in
Chemical and Biochemical Process Engineering, Magdeburg[25]
International Max Planck Research School for Astronomy and Cosmic Physics, Heidelberg
at the MPI for Astronomy
International Max Planck Research School for Astrophysics, Garching at the MPI for
Astrophysics
International Max Planck Research School for Complex Surfaces in Material Sciences,
Berlin[26]
International Max Planck Research School for Computer Science, Saarbrücken[27]
International Max Planck Research School for Earth System Modeling, Hamburg[28]
International Max Planck Research School for Elementary Particle Physics, Munich, at the
MPI for Physics[29]
International Max Planck Research School for Environmental, Cellular and Molecular
Microbiology, Marburg at the Max Planck Institute for Terrestrial Microbiology
International Max Planck Research School for Evolutionary Biology, Plön at the Max Planck
Institute for Evolutionary Biology[30]
International Max Planck Research School "From Molecules to Organisms", Tübingen at the
Max Planck Institute for Biology Tübingen[31]
International Max Planck Research School for Global Biogeochemical Cycles, Jena at the
Max Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry[32]
 International Max Planck Research School on Gravitational Wave Astronomy, Hannover and
Potsdam MPI for Gravitational Physics[33]
International Max Planck Research School for Heart and Lung Research, Bad Nauheim at
the Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research[34]
International Max Planck Research School for Infectious Diseases and Immunity, Berlin at
the Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology[35][36]
International Max Planck Research School for Language Sciences, Nijmegen[37]
International Max Planck Research School for Neurosciences, Göttingen[38]
International Max Planck Research School for Cognitive and Systems Neuroscience,
Tübingen[39]
International Max Planck Research School for Marine Microbiology (MarMic), joint program
of the Max Planck Institute for Marine Microbiology in Bremen, the University of Bremen, the
Alfred Wegener Institute for Polar and Marine Research in Bremerhaven, and the Jacobs
University Bremen[40]
International Max Planck Research School for Maritime Affairs, Hamburg[41]
International Max Planck Research School for Molecular and Cellular Biology, Freiburg
International Max Planck Research School for Molecular and Cellular Life Sciences,
Munich[42]
International Max Planck Research School for Molecular Biology, Göttingen[43]
International Max Planck Research School for Molecular Cell Biology and Bioengineering,
Dresden[44]
International Max Planck Research School Molecular Biomedicine, program combined with
the 'Graduate Programm Cell Dynamics And Disease' at the University of Münster and the
Max Planck Institute for Molecular Biomedicine[45]
International Max Planck Research School on Multiscale Bio-Systems, Potsdam[46]
International Max Planck Research School for Organismal Biology, at the University of
Konstanz and the Max Planck Institute for Ornithology[47][48]
International Max Planck Research School on Reactive Structure Analysis for Chemical
Reactions (IMPRS RECHARGE), Mülheim an der Ruhr, at the Max Planck Institute for
Chemical Energy Conversion[49]
International Max Planck Research School for Science and Technology of Nano-Systems (ht
tp://www.mpi-halle.mpg.de/imprs-stns), Halle at Max Planck Institute of Microstructure
Physics
International Max Planck Research School for Solar System Science[50] at the University of
Göttingen[51] hosted by MPI for Solar System Research[52]
International Max Planck Research School for Astronomy and Astrophysics, Bonn, at the
MPI for Radio Astronomy (formerly the International Max Planck Research School for Radio
and Infrared Astronomy)[53]
International Max Planck Research School for the Social and Political Constitution of the
Economy, Cologne[54]
International Max Planck Research School for Surface and Interface Engineering in
Advanced Materials, Düsseldorf at Max Planck Institute for Iron Research GmbH
International Max Planck Research School for Ultrafast Imaging and Structural Dynamics,
Hamburg[55]

Max Planck Schools

 Max Planck School of Cognition[56]
Max Planck School Matter to Life[57]
Max Planck School of Photonics[58]

Max Planck Center

The Max Planck Centre for Attosecond Science (MPC-AS), POSTECH Pohang
The Max Planck POSTECH Center for Complex Phase Materials, POSTECH Pohang

Max Planck Institutes

Among others:

Kunsthistorische Institut in Florenz – Max-Planck-Institut, Florence, Italy

Max Planck Florida Institute for Neuroscience
Max Planck Institute for Neurobiology of Behavior – caesar, Bonn
Max Planck Institute for Aeronomics in Katlenburg-Lindau was renamed to Max Planck
Institute for Solar System Research in 2004;
Max Planck Institute for Biology Tübingen in Tübingen;
Max Planck Institute for Cell Biology in Ladenburg b. Heidelberg was closed in 2003;
Max Planck Institute for Economics in Jena was renamed to the Max Planck Institute for the
Science of Human History in 2014;
Max Planck Institute for Ionospheric Research in Katlenburg-Lindau was renamed to Max
Planck Institute for Aeronomics in 1958;
Max Planck Institute for Metals Research, Stuttgart
Max Planck Institute of Oceanic Biology in Wilhelmshaven was renamed to Max Planck
Institute of Cell Biology in 1968 and moved to Ladenburg 1977;
Max Planck Institute for Psychological Research in Munich merged into the Max Planck
Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences in 2004;
Max Planck Institute for Protein and Leather Research in Regensburg moved to Munich
1957 and was united with the Max Planck Institute for Biochemistry in 1977;
Max Planck Institute for the Study of the Scientific-Technical World in Starnberg (from 1970
until 1981 (closed)) directed by Carl Friedrich von Weizsäcker and Jürgen Habermas.
Max Planck Institute for Behavioral Physiology
Max Planck Institute of Experimental Endocrinology
Max Planck Institute for Foreign and International Social Law
Max Planck Institute for Physics and Astrophysics
Max Planck Research Unit for Enzymology of Protein Folding
Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces in Potsdam
Max Planck Institute for Coal Research in Mülheim

Open access publishing

The Max Planck Society describes itself as "a co-founder of the international Open Access
movement".[59] Together with the European Cultural Heritage Online Project the Max Planck Society
organized the Berlin Open Access Conference in October 2003 to ratify the Bethesda Statement on Open
Access Publishing. At the Conference the Berlin Declaration on Open Access to Knowledge in the
Sciences and Humanities was passed. The Berlin Declaration built on previous open access declarations,
but widened the research field to be covered by open access to include humanities and called for new
activities to support open access such as “encouraging the holders of cultural heritage” to provide open
access to their resources.[60]

The Max Planck Society continues to support open access in Germany and mandates institutional self-
archiving of research outputs on the eDoc server and publications by its researchers in open access
journals within 12 months.[61] To finance open access the Max Planck Society established the Max
Planck Digital Library. The library also aims to improve the conditions for open access on behalf of all
Max Planck Institutes by negotiating contracts with open access publishers and developing infrastructure
projects, such as the Max Planck open access repository.[62]

Criticism

Pay for PhD students

In 2008, the European General Court ruled in a case brought by a PhD student against the Max Planck
Society that "a researcher preparing a doctoral thesis on the basis of a grant contract concluded with the
Max-Planck-Gesellschaft zur Förderung der Wissenschaften eV, must be regarded as a worker within the
meaning of Article 39 EC only if his activities are performed for a certain period of time under the
direction of an institute forming part of that association and if, in return for those activities, he receives
remuneration".[63]

In 2012, the Max Planck Society was at the centre of a controversy about some PhD students not being
given employment contracts. Of the 5,300 students who at the time wrote their PhD thesis at the 80 Max
Planck Institutes 2,000 had an employment contract. The remaining 3,300 received grants of between
1,000 and 1,365 Euro.[64] According to a 2011 statement by the Max Planck Society "As you embark on a
PhD, you are still anything but a proper scientist; it’s during the process itself that you become a proper
scientist... a PhD is an apprenticeship in the lab, and as such it is usually not paid like a proper job – and
this is, by and large, the practice at all research institutions and universities".[65] The allegation of wage
dumping for young scientists was discussed during the passing of the 2012 "Wissenschaftsfreiheitsgesetz"
(Scientific Freedom Law) in the German Parliament.[66]

Freedom of expression
In February 2024, the Max Planck Society faced widespread criticism for terminating the employment of
Lebanese-Australian professor Ghassan Hage from the Max Planck Institute for Social Anthropology,
citing his social media posts on the Israeli–Palestinian conflict as incompatible with the society's core
values.[67] This decision was publicly condemned by numerous scholars and academic organizations,
who argued it infringed on Hage's freedom of expression. German newspaper Welt am Sonntag initially
reported on Hage's posts.[68][69] Following the dismissal, global academic communities, including Israeli
scholars,[70] the German Association of Social and Cultural Anthropology,[71] the British Society for
Middle Eastern Studies,[72] the European Association of Social Anthropologists,[73] the American
Anthropological Association,[74] the Council for Humanities, Arts and Sciences and the Australian
Anthropological Society,[75] the Canadian Anthropology Society,[76] a Japanese group of scholars,[77] the
Australian Sociological Association,[78] rallied in support of Hage, extensively citing Hage's own
intellectual work, urging the society to reverse its decision. The Max Planck Society and the President
Patrick Cramer have not yet respond to these letters, as of July 2024. [79][80] The Max Planck Society's
has made public statements expressing support for the state of Israel in the Israel–Hamas war.[81][82]

Nobel Laureates

Max-Planck-Society (since 1948)

1. Ferenc Krausz, Nobel Prize, physics, 2023
2. Svante Pääbo, Nobel Prize, medicine 2022
3. Benjamin List, Nobel Prize, chemistry 2021
4. Klaus Hasselmann, Nobel Prize, physics 2021
5. Emmanuelle Charpentier, Nobel Prize, chemistry 2020
6. Reinhard Genzel, Nobel Prize, physics 2020
7. Stefan W. Hell, Nobel Prize, chemistry 2014
8. Gerhard Ertl, Nobel Prize, chemistry 2007
9. Theodor W. Hänsch, Nobel Prize, physics 2005
10. Christiane Nüsslein-Volhard, Nobel Prize, medicine 1995
11. Paul Crutzen, Nobel Prize, chemistry 1995
12. Erwin Neher, Nobel Prize, medicine 1991
13. Bert Sakmann, Nobel Prize, medicine 1991
14. Robert Huber, Nobel Prize, chemistry 1988
15. Hartmut Michel, Nobel Prize, chemistry 1988
16. Johann Deisenhofer, Nobel Prize, chemistry 1988
17. Ernst Ruska, Nobel Prize, physics 1986
18. Klaus von Klitzing, Nobel Prize, physics 1985
19. Georges Köhler, Nobel Prize, medicine 1984
20. Konrad Lorenz, Nobel Prize, medicine 1973
21. Manfred Eigen, Nobel Prize, chemistry 1967
22. Feodor Lynen, Nobel Prize, medicine 1964
23. Karl Ziegler, Nobel Prize, chemistry 1963
24. Walter Bothe, Nobel Prize, physics 1954

Kaiser-Wilhelm-Society (1914–1948)
1. Otto Hahn, Nobel Prize, chemistry 1944
2. Adolf Butenandt, Nobel Prize, chemistry 1939
3. Richard Kuhn, Nobel Prize, chemistry 1938
4. Peter J. W. Debye, Nobel Prize, chemistry 1936
5. Hans Spemann, Nobel Prize, medicine 1935
6. Werner Heisenberg, Nobel Prize, physics 1932
7. Otto Heinrich Warburg, Nobel Prize, medicine 1931
8. Carl Bosch, Nobel Prize, chemistry 1931
 9. James Franck, Nobel Prize, physics 1925
10. Otto Meyerhof, Nobel Prize, medicine 1922
11. Albert Einstein, Nobel Prize, physics 1921
12. Max Planck, Nobel Prize, physics 1918
13. Fritz Haber, Nobel Prize, chemistry 1918
14. Richard Willstätter, Nobel Prize, chemistry 1915
15. Max von Laue, Nobel Prize, physics 1914

See also
Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft
Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz Scientific Community
Harnack medal
Helmholtz Association of German Research Centres
Schloss Ringberg
Ultrabright electron

References

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 Gretchen Vogel: Aufbau Ost: Max Planck's East German Experiment, in: Science Vol. 326, 6
November 2009 (about the new institutes in the eastern part of Germany)

External links
Official website (https://www.mpg.de/en)

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