Computer Networks
School of Computer Engineering
KIIT Bhubaneswar
1.1
McGraw-Hill ©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2000
1-1 DATA
COMMUNICATIONS
Telecommunication:
•Telecommunication means communication at a distance.
Data:
•Data refers to facts/information presented in whatever form is agreed
upon by the parties creating and using the data.
Data Communication:
• Data communications are the exchange of data between two devices
via some form of transmission medium such as a wire cable. It
depends on four characteristics:
1. Delivery (Data must be delivered to the correct destination)
2. Accuracy (The data must be delivered accurately, without any alteration)
3. Timeliness (Data must be delivered in a timely manner)
4. Jitter (Jitter refers to the variation in packet arrival time)
1.2
Components of Data Commnication
•Sender
•Receiver
•Message
•Communication medium
•Protocols(set of rules used for data
communication in a network)
Figure 1.1 Five components of data communication
1.3
Data Representation
■ Text: Bit patterns (sequence of 0 and 1).
ASCII code used
■ Numbers: Represented in bit patterns
■ Images: Represented in bit patterns
■ Audio: Sound or music (Continuous signal)
■ Video: Picture of movie (Combination of
continuous and discrete entity)
1.4
Data flow
(Transfer of data/information)
Communication between two devices can be simplex,
half-duplex, and duplex
1.5
NETWORK
✔ A network is the interconnection of a set of devices
capable of communication.
✔ A device can be a host such as a large computer,
desktop, laptop, workstation, cellular phone, or
security system.
✔ A device can also be a connecting device such as a
router a switch, a modem that changes the form of
data, and so on.
❑Each device in the network has a unique address.
Example: [Link]
[Link]
1.6
Network Criteria
■ Performance
✔ Transit time
✔ Response time
✔ Throughput
✔ Delay
■ Reliability: Frequency of failure and time
to recover from it
■ Security :Authentication, Authorization and
Integrity
1.7
Distributed Processing
■ Task divided among multiple computers
Example: Peer to peer system
1.8
Physical Structure of Network
■ Types of Connection
Point to Point: Link shared dedicatedly
between two devices.
Multipoint: Link shared among multiple
devices.
1.9
Figure 1.3 Types of connections: point-to-point and multipoint
In a network two or more devices connected through links. A link is a communications
pathway that transfers data from one device to another. There are two possible types of
connections: point-to-point and multipoint
1.10
Topology
■ Topology defines the arrangement/structure of the
network comprising of nodes/devices.
■ Defines how all the components are interconnected to
each other
■ The topology of a network is the geometric
representation of the relationship of all the links and
linking devices (usually called nodes) to one another
Types
■ Physical topology: Defines how nodes are actually interconnected
with wires and cables
■ Logical topology: How they appear.
1.11
Figure 1.4 Categories of topology
1.12
Figure 1.5 A fully connected mesh topology (five devices)
✔In a mesh topology, every device is
connected to another device via a
particular channel.
✔Total number of dedicated links
required to connect N devices in a
mesh topology is NC2 i.e. N(N-1)/2.
Advantages of this topology Disadvantages this topology
✔It is robust. ✔Installation and configuration are difficult.
✔The fault is diagnosed easily. Data is ✔The cost of cables is high as bulk wiring
reliable because data is transferred is required, hence suitable for less
among the devices through dedicated number of devices.
channels or links. ✔The cost of maintenance is high.
✔Provides security and privacy.
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Figure 1.6 A star topology connecting four stations
All the devices are connected to a
central hub
Advantages
✔If N devices are connected to each other Disadvantages
in a star topology, then the number of ✔If the hub on which the whole topology
cables required to connect them is N. relies fails, the whole system will crash
✔It is easy to set up. down.
✔Each device requires only 1 port i.e. to ✔The cost of installation is high.
connect to the hub, therefore the total ✔Performance is based on the hub.
number of ports required is N.
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Figure 1.7 A bus topology connecting three stations
The nodes/stations are connected to the shared backbone
channel via drop lines
Advantages: Disadvantages:
✔If N devices are connected, then the number ✔If the common cable fails, then the whole
of cables required to connect them is 1, which system will crash down.
is known as backbone cable, and N drop lines ✔If the network traffic is heavy, it increases
are required. collisions in the network.
✔The cost is less as compared to other ✔Security is very low.
topologies,
✔It is used to build small networks.
1.15
Figure 1.8 A ring topology connecting six stations
It forms a ring connecting devices with its
exactly two neighboring devices.
Disadvantages
Advantages ✔Troubleshooting is difficult in this
✔The possibility of collision is minimum topology.
in this type of topology. ✔The addition of stations in between
✔Cheap to install and expand. or removal of stations can disturb the
whole topology.
✔Less secure.
1.16
Figure 1.9 A hybrid topology: a star backbone with three bus networks
1.17
Network Models
Network model describes the architecture,
components, and design used to establish
communication between the source and destination
systems.
Types of Network Models
■ OSI(Open Systems Interconnection): Seven
Layers
■ Internet Model(TCP/IP): Five Layers
1.18
Categories of Networks
■ PAN(Personal Area Network)
■ LAN(Local Area Network)
■ MAN(Metropolitan Network)
■ WAN(Wide Area Network)
1.19
Categories of Networks
■ PAN(Personal Area Network):
Smallest network which is very personal to a user.
1-10m range
This may include Bluetooth enabled devices or infra-red enabled
devices.
PAN may include wireless computer keyboard and mouse, Bluetooth
enabled headphones, wireless printers and TV remotes.
■ LAN(Local Area Network):
A LAN is a data communication system within a building, plant, or
campus, or between nearby buildings.
10m-1km range
LAN uses either Ethernet or Token-ring technology.
Ethernet is most widely employed LAN technology and uses Star
topology, while Token-ring is rarely seen.
LAN can be wired, wireless, or in both forms at once.
1.20
■ MAN(Metropolitan Network):
A MAN is a data communication system covering an area
the size of a town or city.
10-100km
It can be in the form of Ethernet ,Token-ring, ATM, or
Fiber Distributed Data Interface (FDDI).
■ WAN(Wide Area Network):
A WAN is a data communication system spanning states,
countries, or the whole world.
Types of WAN: Point to Point WAN and Switched WAN
1.21
Types of WAN
■ Switched WAN: Uses router and switches
to connect two or more
networks(LAN,MAN,WAN) and end
systems
■ Point to Point WAN: Uses leased line from
telephone line or cable TV provider that
connects home computer or small LAN to
ISP
1.22
Figure 1.10 An isolated LAN connecting 12 computers to a hub in a closet
1.23
Figure 1.11 WANs: a switched WAN and a point-to-point WAN
1.24
Figure 1.12 A heterogeneous network made of four WANs and two LANs
1.25
1-3 THE INTERNET
•An internet is a network of networks.
The Internet is a collection of many separate
networks.
•TCP/IP is the protocol suite for the Internet.
•The Internet has revolutionized many aspects of our
daily lives.
•It has affected the way we do business as well as the
way we spend our leisure time.
•The Internet is a communication system that has
brought a wealth of information to our fingertips and
organized it for our use.
1.26
Internet service providers (ISPs)
Organization that provides using the Internet
and Internet services .
Types
■ Local (ISPs)
■ Regional (ISPs)
■ National (ISPs)
■ International (ISPs)
1.27
Figure 1.13 Hierarchical organization of the Internet
1.28
Protocol
■ A protocol is a set of rules that governs
data communication; the key elements of
a protocol are syntax, semantics, and
timing.
Examples
http,tcp,ftp
1.29
Standards
■ Standards are necessary to ensure that
products from different manufacturers can
work together as expected.
Defacto: By Fact
Dejure: By Law
1.30
Standards Organizations
■ The ISO, ITU-T, ANSI, IEEE, and EIA are
some of the organizations involved in
standards creation.
■ Regulatory Agencies: Govt agencies such
as FCC(Federal Communications
Commision) in US
1.31
Internet Standards
■ Internet Draft(Working Documents)
■ RFC(Request For Comment): A number
assigned to the draft and made available
for stake holders.
1.32
