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Computerized Tomography
 COMPUTERIZED
TOMOGRAPHY
Proceedings of the Fourth
International Symposium
Novosibirsk, Russia

Editor-in-Chief: M.M. Lavrent'ev

///VSP///
Utrecht, The Netherlands, 1995
VSP BV
P.O. Box 346
3700 AH Zeist
The Netherlands

© VSP BV 1995

First published in 1995

ISBN 90-6764-187-1

All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval
system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopy-
ing, recording or otherwise, without the prior permission of the copyright owner.

CIP-DATA KONINKLIJKE BIBLIOTHEEK, DEN HAAG

Computerized

Computerized tomography : proceedings of the fourth

international symposium held in Novosibirsk (Russia) on
10-14 August, 1993 / ed.-in-chief M.M. Lavrent'ev. -
Utrecht: VSP
ISBN 906764-187-1 bound
NUGI812
Subject headings: computerized tomography.

Printed in The Netherlands by Koninklijke Wöhrmann BV, Zutphen.

C O N T E N T S

Agafonov M.I., Stankevich K.S.

Image reconstruction of celestial objects from a few strip-integrated projections
by lunar occultations 1
Alekseev G.V.
Numerical study of a non-linear sound radiating inverse problem of underwater
acoustics 7
A l p a t o v V . V . , Likhachov A . V . , Pickalov V . V . , R o m a n o v s k y Yu.A.
Optical tomography of natural and artificial optical disturbances in the near
terrestrial space 12
Anikonov D . S . , K o v t a n y u k A.E., Prokhorov I.V.
Some numerical experiments in tomography of scattering medium 25
Anikonov Yu.E.
Integral geometry 31
A p a r t s y n A.
Inversion formulae for one class of multidimensional integral Volterra equations
of the first kind 49
Arbuzov E. V . and B u k h g e i m A. L.
The Cauchy problem for /1-harmonic functions 54
A v d e e v A.
Simultaneous determination of sounding signal and wave propagation velocity
in a vertically-inhomogeneous medium 70
Balandin A., Fuchs G., Pikalov V . , Rapp J., Sostwisch H.
Vector tomography of plasmas using Faraday rotation 78
Baranov V . A .
A variational approach to non-linear backprojection 82
Boulfelfel D . , Rangayyan R . M . , Hahn L.J., Kloiber R.
Three-dimensional restoration of signal photon emission computed tomography
images using the Kalman-Metz filter 98
D a x A.
An extended Kaczmarz's method for l p minimum norm solutions 106
Denisjuk A.S.
On explicit formula« for inverting the X-ray transform 117
D e s b a t L.
Algebraic reconstructions from efficient sampling schemes in tomography 124
D i t m a r P.G.
An approach to 2-D ray tracing intended for non-linear seismic tomography 138
11

Falaleev M . V .
Asymptotic expansions of continuous solutions of system of Volterra integral
equations of the first kind 155
Fokin M . V . , Skazka V . V .
On new methods for determining static time corrections from phase
velocities of surface waves 158
Fuchs G . , M i u r a Y . , M o r i M .
Soft A'-ray tomography on Tokamaks using flux coordinates 165
Goldin V.A.
Ray reflection tomography: review and comments 169
Golov V.I.
Tomographic methods for information processing in seismilogy. Nonlinear
version 188
G r y a z i n a G . Y u . , K a b a n i k h i n S.I.
Penalty method with internal prox-regularization for an inverse source problem. . . . 194
G u l l b e r g G . T . , Z e n g G.L., Clack R .
Inverse problems in single photon emission computed tomography 201
H a t t o r i K . , Y a m a g u c h i M . , I w a m a N . , Hayakawa M .
Application of GCV-aided Phillips-Tikhonov regularization to direction finding
of magnetospheric V L F / E L F radio waves 218
Isanov R . S h .
A problem of emission tomography for a domain of small diameter 229
Isanov R . S h . , Y a k h n o V . G .
Direct and inverse problems of thermoelasticity 232
I w a m a N . , Y o s i d a H . , T a k i m o t o H . , Teranishi M .
GCV-Aided regularizations in sparse-data computed tomography with
an application to plasma imaging 235
Izen S . H .
Frames on the range of the Radon transform 240
K a b a n i k h i n S.I., B a k a n o v G . B .
On the stability estimation of finite-difference and differential-difference
analogues of a two-dimensional integral geometry problem 246
K a n e k o A . , Takiguchi T.
Hyperfunctions and Radon transform 259
Kazantsev I.G.
Inversion of some projection matrices 264
K a z a r o v a A . Y u . , L y u b a v i n L.Ya., N e c h a e v A . G .
Interference tomography of the ocean bottom 270
K e r g a k o v B . V . , Fokin V . N . , Fokina M . S .
Determination of sea bottom characteristics using acoustic field spatial
dependence 274
 iii

Klimenko O.A.
A n a l g o r i t h m for solving a p r o b l e m in e l a s t o - e l e c t r o d y n a m i c s 283

K u l a k o v I.Yu., K e s e l m a n S.I.
T h r e e - d i m e n s i o n a l s t r u c t u r e of l a t e r a l h e t e r o g e n e i t i e s in p-velocities in t h e u p p e r
m a n t l e of t h e s o u t h e r n m a r g i n of S i b e r i a f r o m teleseismic d a t a 288

Lavrent'ev M.M.(jr), Priimenko V.I.

S i m u l t a n e o u s d e t e r m i n a t i o n of elastic a n d e l e c t r o m a g n e t i c m e d i u m p a r a m e t e r s . . . . 302

Likhachov A.V., Pickalov V . V .

A m o d i f i c a t i o n of A R T m e t h o d for c o n e - b e a m t o m o g r a p h y of high s p a c e
resolution 309

Likhachov A.V., Pickalov V . V .

A new a p p r o a c h t o t h e p r o b l e m of 3D i n t e r p o l a t i o n f r o m an a r b i t r a r y set
of p o i n t s 318

Lyadina E.S., Tanzi C.P., D a Cruz D.F., Ingesson L.C., D o n n e A.J.H.

A s p a c e - t i m e t o m o g r a p h y a l g o r i t h m for t h e five-camera soft X - r a y d i a g n o s t i c a t
the RTP Tokamak 324

M e r a z h o v I.Z., Y a k h n o V . G .
Direct a n d inverse p r o b l e m s for s y s t e m of e l e c t r o m a g n e t o - e l a s t i c i t y e q u a t i o n s 332

Morozov A.K., Snegovoy A.A., Tishchenko S.A.

A M e t h o d of t h e n u m e r i c a l ray t r a c i n g for a 3 D - i n h o m o g e n e o u s isotropic m e d i u m . 336

N a t t e r e r F.
S a m p l i n g a n d r e s o l u t i o n in C T 343

Schwab A.A.
S o m e p r o b l e m s of c o m p u t e r i z e d t o m o g r a p h y in t h e s t a t i c p o t e n t i a l s fields 355

Selishchev S.V., Tereshchenko S.A., Masloboev Yu.P.

L u m i n e s c e n t t o m o g r a p h y of s e m i c o n d u c t o r m a t e r i a l s 360

T a n a b e S.
O n a r e c o n s t r u c t i o n f o r m u l a for ray t r a n s f o r m a f t e r d i s c r e t e i n c o m p l e t e d a t a
given on a line 363

Tushko T.A.
C o n s t r a c t i o n of a velocity m o d e l f r o m seismological d a t a 373

Voronin A.F.
Solution of c o n v o l u t i o n i n t e g r a l e q u a t i o n s of t h e first k i n d on a s e g m e n t 377

Zhao Shuang-Ren, Horst Hailing

I m a g e r e c o n s t r u c t i o n for f a n b e a m X - r a y t o m o g r a p h y using a n e w i n t e g r a l
transform pair 384
Preface

This volume contains the Proceedings of the Fourth International Symposium on Com-
puterized Tomography (CT-93) which was held in Novosibirsk (Russia) on 10-14 August,
1993. The CT-93 was managed and sponsored by

• Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences;

• Institute of Mathematics, Novosibirsk;

• Institute of Theoretical and Applied Mechanics, Novosibirsk;

• Institute of Automatics and Electrometry, Novosibirsk;

• Computing Center, Novosibirsk;

• Institute of Applied Physics, Novosibirsk;

• Novosibirsk State University.

The Ct-93 was held under protection and in cooperation with the following associations:

• Russian Society "Tomography Corporation", Moscow;

• Tomography Society, Novosibirsk;

• Russian Chapter of the International Society for Optical Engineering (SPIE/RUSS),

Moscow.

A great interest to theoretical and numerical analysis of tomography problems and their
applications leads to sufficiently large amount of participants from Australia, Belorussia,
Canada, Estonia, France, Germany, Israel, Italy, Japan, Kazakhstan, Kirgizstan, Russia,
The Netherlands, Ukraina, USA, Uzbekistan. The symposium had three plenary sessions
concerned with

• mathematical problems of computerized tomography;

• algorithms of computerized tomography;

• tomography applications in physics, geophysics, industry, and medicine.

Some lectures and talks presented to the CT-93 are included to this book. Regretfully
not all plenary lecturers prepared their lectures for publication and some limitations did
not allow all authors of communications to take part in this volume.
The Editorial Board refrained from changing the authors' terminology due to the wide
range of computerized tomography applications.
 V

Acknowledgement

We wish to acknowledge with thanks all contributors and participants, who made the
CT-93 a success.
It is our pleasure to express our gratitude to the group at Institute of Mathematics
that has prepared these proceedings for publication. Of those people whose contribution
to this work was of particular importance we would like to mention T . V . Bugueva,
I. G. Kabanikhina, S. V . Martakov, D. V. Nechaev.

Professor M. M. Lavrent 'ev,

Editor-in-Chief

Professor S. I. Kabanikhin,
Editor.
Image Reconstruction of Celestial Objects from
a Few Strip-Integrated Projections by Lunar
Occultations

M. I. AGAFONOV and K. S. STANKEVICH

Radiophysical Research Institute

B. Pecherskaya st. 25/14, Nizhny Novgorod 603600, Russia

ABSTRACT
In this paper we consider the technique of image reconstruction based on iterative algorithms and
perform a numerical analysis of the solution convergence. We represent the results of numerical
experiments.

The brightness images of celestial objects are very important for studying physical pro-
cesses in astrophysics. In certain cases, usually for low frequencies, the angular resolution
of up-to-date radiotelescopes is not enough to get sufficiently accurate images. Neverthe-
less, observations of the objects in their Lunar occultations allow us to obtain integral
brightness profiles with a high angular resolution. One-dimensional (1 — D) projections
of several occultations may be used for the 2 — D image reconstruction. The Lunar limb
is approximated by a plane screen moving at different position angles.
A similar problem of image reconstruction arises in observing radiosources with the
knife diagram. The stretched beam of the plane reflector of RATAN-600 radiotelescope
can change its position in a limited range of position angles. The irregular distribution
of position angles such that a sector of about 100 degrees is not filled is typical both for
the case of Lunar occultations of radiosources and for the observations by the knife-beam
radiotelescopes.
We present here:
1. the technique of image reconstruction from a limited number of projections using
iterative algorithms with nonlinear constrains (Agafonov and Podvoiskaya, 1989,
1990);

2. the results of numerical experiments using the known iterative algorithms such as the
standard CLEAN (Hogbom, 1974) and the Trim Contour CLEAN (TC-CLEAN)
(Steer et al., 1984); the study of the solution convergence by minimizing the error of
initial and control profiles with variations of the loop gain (g) and the trim contour
level (TC);

3. the experimental results of the Crab Nebula images reconstruction on frequencies of

178 and 750 MHz with a high angular resolution from four one-dimensional projec-
tions of Lunar occultations which were obtained using the 70-meter radiotelescope
(RT-70) (Agafonov et al., 1984).
2 M. I. Agafonov and K. S. Stankevich

The Deconvolution Problem

The problem is reduced to the classical deconvolution equation G = H * F(+noise),
where F(x, y) is the brightness distribution of the observed object on the celestial sphere,
H(x,y) is the fan beam (the instrument point response function or dirty beam), G(x,y)
is the dirty map or summary image. The functions G(x,y) and H(x,y) are calculated
by summing the corresponding values of one-dimensional profiles. The classical case by
Bracewell (Bracewell and Riddle, 1967) with the function H(x,y) filling completely the
region of spatial frequencies of UV-plane up to the radius with the boundary frequency /
needs the number of projections N to be not less than 3,14 D f , where D is the diameter
of the considered region. To achieve the desired angular resolution 1 / / from a limited
number of projections, it is required to extrapolate the solution and to use nonlinear
processing methods.
Iterative algorithms with nonlinear constraints (see, for example, Vasilenko and Tara-
torin, 1986) are the most effective in the image reconstruction from a few strip-integrated
projections.
The paper by Agafonov and Podvoiskaya (1989) is devoted to solving the reconstruc-
tion problems by the iterative algorithms used in radioastronomy. The study of recon-
struction possibilities was accomplished by the numerical experiments based on the fol-
lowing scheme of calculations. One-dimensional profiles and the dirty map were obtained
from a 2 — D object model. To clean the dirty map, we applied independently both of the
iterative algorithms CLEAN (Hogbom, 1974) and TC-CLEAN (Steer et al., 1984), with
the use of a fan beam. After the scanning of the obtained images, the error of control and
initial projections (ERROR) was calculated. The solution convergence was investigated
by the ERROR minimization over the variable parameters g and TC.
The stand CLEAN algorithm (Hogbom, 1974) is the realization iterative algorithm
which has been used extensively in radioastronomy since 1974. It needs only one compo-
nent of the image net at every iterative step. The low computational rate and probable
distortions - stripes and ridges which may appear in the case of extended areas - are the
shortages of the method. The algorithm does not provide with a clear criterion for the
choice of the parameter g (loop gain), but this choice was found to influence the result in
a complicated manner. The Trim Contour CLEAN algorithm (Steer et al., 1984) differs
essentially from the former. The Trim contour method is used here for selecting compo-
nents at each iteration. Its advantage is particularly seen when processing extended areas.
A great number of components exceeding the fixed TC level are considered simultaneous-
ly at each iteration thus preventing from the appearance of defects. The Trim Contour
CLEAN inspired a hope for improving the image quality on extended areas, but it needs
a study in different practical cases (Cornwell, 1988).
We studied the solution convergence by the ERROR minimization over the variable
parameters g (loop gain) and TC (trim contour level). The known maps of radioastro-
nomical objects were taken as initial models. The numerical experiments were carried out
on the net of 64 x 64 pixels. The BESM-6 computer was used .
It was shown (Agafonov and Podvoiskaya, 1989) that the search for the solution
Fopt{x, y) using the above algorithms is to be made by the optimization of the parameters
of iterative processes: the loop gain g (in both of the algorithms) and the TC level (in the
TC-CLEAN case only). The parameters are chosen in such a way to minimize the error
of initial and control profiles. This corresponds to a discrepancy solution. The process
was illustrated in details in the paper by Agafonov and Podvoiskaya (1989). It was shown
also that the T C - C L E A N is more effective than the former algorithm and, moreover, it
 Image Reconstruction of Celestial Objects 3

is stable and prevents from image defects in the case of extended areas. The TC-CLEAN
gains an advantage in computational time. The reconstruction of a complicated object is
performed by the TC-CLEAN in 13-18 iterations but needs 400-600 iterations using the
standard CLEAN. Moreover, the parameters are chosen more easily in the TC-CLEAN
algorithm.
The minimum error of initial and control one-dimensional profiles for stable solutions
(in the CLEAN case it needs sometimes additional efforts (Agafonov and Podvoiskaya,
1989)) may be approximately the same for both of the algorithms. Then we prefer the
result reflecting the physical peculiarities of the object to a great extend or assume the
existence of the class of probable solutions ranged from "obtuse" (TC-CLEAN) to "sharp"
(CLEAN) variants. As is known, the CLEAN summarizes peaks in the solution, which
explains the result trend towards the sharpest variant (as far as it is possible for the fixed
constraints). The TC-CLEAN, on the contrary, accumulates the result by involving the
whole areas into the domain of the given constraints and beginning, as a rule, with the
most extended components. It is natural that in this case a more smoothed solution
should be expected.
Thus, the two methods are proposed to study the solution existence in complicated
cases and, in particular, for insufficient preliminary information. For simple objects,
the domain of the solution uncertainty narrows. The results obtained by both of the
algorithms coincide.
In the paper by Agafonov and Podvoiskaya (1990), the examples of typical different
structures are considered. The trivial object consisting of peaks may be successfully
restored by the standard CLEAN. The results obtained by the two methods practically
coincide for the simple object consisting of independent components of finite dimensions.
But the TC-CLEAN is more effective. A difference of the results is observed when
considering a more complicated object having strong components on an extended area.
The image reconstructed by the standard CLEAN has a grooved structure on extended
areas. For smoothed 1 — D profiles with small hillocks it was possible to get a solution
both from isolated, contrasting components (the CLEAN under stability conditions) and
from more smoothed components (the TC-CLEAN). Since the errors of initial and control
profiles had the same value, the preference was not given to one of these variants. The
standard CLEAN increased the contrast of small components, but the quality of the
extended background deteriorated considerably because of grooves. Thus, the pair of
solutions obtained in the complicated case by the two methods allows us to estimate
the range of possible change of the structure. As a result, the conclusions about the
components may be drawn. At the same time, the availability of preliminary information
on the object may indicate the solution in accordance to the physical peculiarities of the
object.
The questions as how to improve the reconstruction quality from a limited number of
projections are of great importance both in radioastronomy and tomography (Vishnyakov
et al., 1985). We hope that the presented technique based on the two above algorithms
will be useful for researchers.

Images Reconstruction
A detailed study of the Crab Nebula structure on the frequencies less than 1 GHz is
of great interest since good synthesis telescope maps are absent. The brightness profiles
of the Lunar occultations were obtained by means of the radiotelescope RT-70 (West
4 M. I. Agafonov and K. S. Stankevich

Crimea). Two images with a high angular resolution in this range were obtained on the
basis of these observations.
Maloney and Gottesman (1979) succeeded in restoring the Crab Nebula image on a
frequency of 114 MHz from four projections by the standard algorithm CLEAN. The
reconstruction of the structure on a frequency of 750 MHz with the angular resolution
of 20 x 35 arcsec was also made using the standard CLEAN in Agafonov et al. (1986).
It should be noted that the Nebula diameter is equal to about 6 arcmin. The images
presented in Maloney and Gottesman (1979) and Agafonov et al. (1986) have some defects
on extended areas which are typical for the standard CLEAN.
The results of numerical experiments (Agafonov and Podvoiskaya, 1989, 1990) which
have been briefly described above clearly demonstrate the effectiveness of the T C - C L E A N
(Steer et al., 1984) as compared with the CLEAN. Using the T C - C L E A N yields high-
quality images of extended areas which are typical for the Nebula. Images on frequencies
of 178 and 750 MHz were reconstructed with the angular resolutions of 20 x 35 and
45 x 65 arcsec, respectively (Agafonov et al., 1984). Four profiles obtained in the Lunar
occultations of 1982 and 1983 years were used on every frequency. The numerical experi-
ments using the well-known image of the Nebula on a frequency of 1,4 GHz (Agafonov and
Podvoiskaya, 1989) allowed us to estimate beforehand possibilities of the object structure
restoration by a low UV-plane filling. The earlier restoration (Agafonov et al., 1986) by
the standard CLEAN sharpened the contrast of small components. This was useful for
establishing the correlation with the position of filaments in optics. However, the numeri-
cal experiments (Agafonov and Podvoiskaya, 1989, 1990) showed that the image obtained
by the T C - C L E A N reflect the physical features of the Nebula to a large extend.
The described technique may be used for the image reconstruction from the Lunar
occultations profiles and may be adapted for observations by the radiotelescope RATAN-
600 and for solution of tomographic problems.

REFERENCES

Agafonov M. I., Aslanyan A. M., Gulyan A. G., Ivanov V. P., et al.(1986), Pis'ma v
Astronom. zhurnal, vol. 12, 275.
Agafonov M. I., Ivanov V. P., Podvoiskaya 0 . A. (1984), Astronomicheskil zhurnal,
vol. 137, 159.
Agafonov M. I., Podvoiskaya 0 . A. (1989), Izvestiya Vyssh. Uchebn. Zaved., Radiofizika,
vol. 32, 742.
Agafonov M. I., Podvoiskaya 0 . A. (1990), Izvestiya Vyssh. Uchebn. Zaved., Radiofizika,
vol. 33, 1185.
Bracewell R. N., Riddle A. C. (1967), Astrophys. J., vol. 150, 427.
Cornwell T. J. (1988), Astron. Astrophys., vol. 202, 316.
Hogbom J. A. (1964), Astron. Astrophys. Suppl. Ser., vol. 15, 417.
Maloney F. P., Gottesman S. T. (1979), Astrophys. J., vol. 234, 485.
Steer D. G, Dewdney P. E, Ito M. R. (1984), Astron. Astrophys., vol. 137, 159.
Vasilenko G. I., Taratorin A. M. (1986), Image Restoration, "Radio i svyaz", Moscow,
(in Russian)
Vishnyakov G. N., Gil'man G. A., Levin G. G. (1985), Opt. Spectroscopy, vol. 58, 406.
 Image Reconstruction of Celestial Objects 5

FIGURE 1. The example of numerical modeling: a) TEST OBJECT (Crab Nebula map 1 . 4 GHz,
VLA); b) DIRTY MAP; c) standard CLEAN reconstruction; d) TC-CLEAN reconstruction
(TC-0.79, g-0.26, 16 iterations).
 -2* O' 2'

b)

F I G U R E 2. The obtained results of the Crab Nebula reconstruction on a frequency of 750 MHz
from four profiles of Lunar occultations: a) CLEAN and optic image; b) TC-CLEAN.
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