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Ecotoxicology and Genotoxicology Non Traditional Aquatic Models Marcelo L Larramendy Available All Format

Educational resource: Ecotoxicology and Genotoxicology Non traditional Aquatic Models Marcelo L Larramendy Instantly downloadable. Designed to support curriculum goals with clear analysis and educational value.

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Non-traditional Aquatic Models


Ecotoxicology and Genotoxicology
View Online

Issues in Toxicology

Series Editors:
Diana Anderson, University of Bradford, UK
Michael D. Waters, Michael Waters Consulting, USA
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Timothy C. Marrs, Edentox Associates, UK

Editorial Advisor:
Alok Dhawan, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research, Lucknow, India

Titles in the Series:


1: Hair in Toxicology: An Important Bio-Monitor
2: Male-mediated Developmental Toxicity
3: Cytochrome P450: Role in the Metabolism and Toxicity of
Drugs and other Xenobiotics
4: Bile Acids: Toxicology and Bioactivity
5: The Comet Assay in Toxicology
6: Silver in Healthcare
7: In Silico Toxicology: Principles and Applications
8: Environmental Cardiology
9: Biomarkers and Human Biomonitoring, Volume 1: Ongoing Programs
and Exposures
10: Biomarkers and Human Biomonitoring, Volume 2: Selected
Biomarkers of Current Interest
11: Hormone-Disruptive Chemical Contaminants in Food
12: Mammalian Toxicology of Insecticides
13: The Cellular Response to the Genotoxic Insult: The Question of
Threshold for Genotoxic Carcinogens
14: Toxicological Effects of Veterinary Medicinal Products in
Humans: Volume 1
15: Toxicological Effects of Veterinary Medicinal Products in
Humans: Volume 2
16: Aging and Vulnerability to Environmental Chemicals: Age-related
Disorders and their Origins in Environmental Exposures
17: Chemical Toxicity Prediction: Category Formation and Read-Across
18: The Carcinogenicity of Metals: Human Risk Through Occupational
and Environmental Exposure
19: Reducing, Refining and Replacing the Use of Animals in
Toxicity Testing
20: Advances in Dermatological Sciences
21: Metabolic Profiling: Disease and Xenobiotics
22: Manganese in Health and Disease
23: Toxicology, Survival and Health Hazards of Combustion Products
24: Masked Mycotoxins in Food: Formation, Occurrence and
Toxicological Relevance
View Online

25: Aerobiology: The Toxicology of Airborne Pathogens and Toxins


26: Chemical Warfare Toxicology, Volume 1: Fundamental Aspects
27: Chemical Warfare Toxicology, Volume 2: Management of Poisoning
28: Toxicogenomics in Predictive Carcinogenicity
29: Human Stem Cell Toxicology
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30: The Comet Assay in Toxicology, 2nd edition


31: Computational Systems Pharmacology and Toxicology
32: Ecotoxicology and Genotoxicology: Non-traditional Terrestrial Models
33: Ecotoxicology and Genotoxicology: Non-traditional Aquatic Models

How to obtain future titles on publication:


A standing order plan is available for this series. A standing order will bring
delivery of each new volume immediately on publication.

For further information please contact:


Book Sales Department, Royal Society of Chemistry, Thomas Graham House,
Science Park, Milton Road, Cambridge, CB4 0WF, UK
Telephone: þ44 (0)1223 420066, Fax: þ44 (0)1223 420247
Email: [email protected]
Visit our website at www.rsc.org/books
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View Online

Ecotoxicology and
Genotoxicology
Non-traditional Aquatic Models
Published on 05 July 2017 on http://pubs.rsc.org | doi:10.1039/9781782629887-FP001

Edited by

Marcelo L. Larramendy
National University of La Plata, Argentina
Email: [email protected]
Published on 05 July 2017 on http://pubs.rsc.org | doi:10.1039/9781782629887-FP001 View Online

Issues in Toxicology No. 33

Print ISBN: 978-1-78262-781-4


Two-volume set print ISBN: 978-1-78801-169-3
PDF eISBN: 978-1-78262-988-7
EPUB eISBN: 978-1-78801-179-2
ISSN: 1757-7179

A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library

r The Royal Society of Chemistry 2017

All rights reserved

Apart from fair dealing for the purposes of research for non-commercial purposes or for
private study, criticism or review, as permitted under the Copyright, Designs and Patents
Act 1988 and the Copyright and Related Rights Regulations 2003, this publication may not
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Preface

Many important ecosystems around the world are being constantly


challenged owing to the growing human and industrial pressure exerted
upon them. The use of various biomarkers in local, easily available species
can be applied to evaluate the response of the biota to such pollutants.
Several biological parameters mirror the interactions between toxic agents
and biotic matrices. These are powerful tools that can be applied to
environmental monitoring tests and studies. Their responses may reveal
general deleterious effects to the organism, pinpointing alterations at a
cellular, biochemical and molecular level, as well as higher levels of
organisation.
Our global society needs to table down actions and set rules to evaluate
and considerably reduce the real and potentially hazardous factors in the
environment that can, as previously stated, result in health risks for all
forms of life (including Homo sapiens sapiens). Despite major positive con-
tributions in the field of health, owing to the immense progress achieved in
science, technology and industrialization, the interaction between environ-
mental risk and health is an often intricate equation, not self-evident, that
involves a variety of not only social, political and economic, but also lifestyle
factors. This cannot be emphasized enough. Health depends on the good
quality of environmental ‘‘basic ingredients’’, such as air, water, soil and
food, among others. We believe that the ultimate challenge in this matter is
to weigh-in short-term positive gains, while, at the same time, taking into
account long-term effects of substances used. Available information about
the toxic effects of heterogeneous xenobiotics, continuously released into
human habitats, inadvertently, deliberately, or by non-regulated industrial
discharges on biological components of the environment, is inconclusive.
There is not a clear-cut definition of the concept of Environmental Health.
Various openings help us in the understanding of this concept. According to

Issues in Toxicology No. 33


Ecotoxicology and Genotoxicology: Non-traditional Aquatic Models
Edited by Marcelo L. Larramendy
r The Royal Society of Chemistry 2017
Published by the Royal Society of Chemistry, www.rsc.org

vii
View Online

viii Preface

the World Health Organization, it is defined by ‘‘all the physical, chemical


and biological factors external to a person and all the related factors
impacting upon behaviours. It encompasses the assessment and control of
those environmental factors that can potentially affect health. It is targeted
towards preventing disease and creating health-supportive environments. . .’’
Published on 05 July 2017 on http://pubs.rsc.org | doi:10.1039/9781782629887-FP007

For the National Environmental Health Association, this concept refers to


‘‘the protection against environmental factors that may adversely impact
human health or the ecological balances essential to long-term human
health and environmental quality, whether in the natural or man-made
environment.’’ A third definition by the National Institute of Environmental
Health Science also involves the criteria that ‘‘the social environment
encompasses lifestyle factors like diet and exercise, socioeconomic status,
and other societal influences that may affect health.’’
In general terms, our health and the health of many other species are
negatively affected by five broad categories of environmental hazards,
namely, electromagnetic fields (produced by high power lines, electrical
wiring, appliances, mobile phones, computers, and TV sets, etc.), radiation
(including nuclear fallout from weapons testing, fission materials from
nuclear power plants and their respective accidents, leaking radioactive
disposal sites, air travel and x-rays), toxic chemicals (some organochlorines,
phthalates, polybrominated flame retardants, perfluorinated substances,
bisphenol-A) and several toxic metals, among others, which have been
shown to have endocrine-disrupting properties, and finally, soil mineral
depletion as a complex environmental hazard.
By definition, health risk assessment in its quantitative and/or qualitative
determinations includes variants such as the type of risk involved and the
severity of response, within or without a probabilistic context. In this regard,
risk-based methods of analysis play a strategic role in identifying and
ranking adverse responses or the structure of the effects of exposure vis-à-vis
environmental factors.
Many compounds can be hazardous if not used appropriately and may
present a real risk to the environment, contaminating soil, water and air.
Most of the pollutants in the different environmental compartments exert
their effects through cytotoxic, genotoxic and metabolically toxic mech-
anisms. In pollution studies, there is an increasing interest in biomonitoring
markers of biological exposure to pollutants. To achieve this goal, several
end-points for the three above-mentioned factors have been used in aquatic
and terrestrial invertebrate and vertebrate species on contaminated areas
(in situ assays) and to screen for xenobiotics after direct or indirect exposure
(in vivo assays).
The use of invertebrate and vertebrate autochthonous species as indi-
cators for monitoring pollutant-induced deleterious environmental effects
will raise the current awareness of real and potential hazards. It is also
known that most of the environmental pollutants not only affect target
organisms, but concomitantly exert negative effects on non-target species
as well.
View Online

Preface ix

Invertebrate and vertebrate animal models have been used for decades in
acute and chronic toxicity tests for hazard identification. They can be very
efficient screening systems that have a major role to play in toxicity research,
because certain aspects of their biology, physiology and genetic character-
istics make them suitable models in ecotoxicological and genotoxicological
Published on 05 July 2017 on http://pubs.rsc.org | doi:10.1039/9781782629887-FP007

studies.
These two books intend to provide an overview of the use of non-
conventional, locally available, invertebrate and vertebrate species as
experimental models for the study of different toxicological aspects induced
by environmental pollutants in both aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems.
Volume One, Ecotoxicology and Genotoxicology: Non-traditional Aquatic
Models includes examples of the use of aquatic species or aquatic stages of
terrestrial species and Volume Two, Ecotoxicology and Genotoxicology: Non-
traditional Terrestrial Models, is committed to terrestrial non-conventional
animal models.
Both volumes aim to shed some light on the matter, whilst offering
relevant tools for evaluating risk and to provide a framework for practical
discussions. These will foster decisions and actions required to reduce
environmental health risk against environmental factors. This piece of work
has been systematized for the sake of clarity, presenting some real-life
examples and extending concepts (of hazardous factors) to living species
that may stimulate new research ideas and trends in the relevant fields.
Available information has been compiled from a diversity of sources,
trying to achieve a representative global and geographical balance, as far as
possible, whilst at the same time aiming at high-quality studies. We believe
that this piece of work is unique in this sense.
Many researchers from different parts of the world have contributed to the
publication of this book. Given the fast pace of new scientific publications
shedding more light on the matter, these books will probably be outdated
very soon. We regard this as a positive and healthy fact. We hope that these
books will meet the expectations and needs of all those interested in the
environmental risk assessment field of study by the use of widely available
species worldwide. Finally, we also hope that the examples included in the
different chapters of these books will awaken the ability to search for new
organisms in local and regional ecosystems to pursue further studies in
ecotoxicology and genotoxicology. If our wishes are granted, we shall be
happy to oblige and edit the next edition of this series.

Prof. Dr Marcelo L. Larramendy


and Dr Guillermo Eli Liwszyc
Published on 05 July 2017 on http://pubs.rsc.org | doi:10.1039/9781782629887-FP007 View Online
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