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International Relations
Average Preparation
• Any text Book published for CSS , Notes of Academies , Borrowed Notes (Outdated)
• Outdated Books: Prakash Chandar, Palmer & Perkins
• Good Preparation
• General Read International Relations: Joshua Goldstein
• Theories
1. Globalization of World Politics: John Baylis
2. World Politics: Trends and Transformation Kegley.
• 3. Understanding I.R: Chris Brown
• 4. Encyclopedia of IPE vol 1, Barry Jones
• Concepts
• 1. I.R, The Key Concepts: Martin Griffiths
• 2. Encyclopedia of Social Sciences
• 3. Dictionary of History of New Ideas
• d. Paper II (Int’I History)
• 1. International History of the 20th century and beyond: Antony Best
• Foreign Policies of Major Countries
• 1. History (Peu Gosh)
• 2. Contemporary [Link]
International Relations 1871-1914
• Europe in 1871- Dominance of Germany: Berlin became Diplomatic capital of
Europe. France no more center of political activity. What Other countries were
doing? France, Russia, Austro-Hungarian Empire, Great Britain and Italy?
• Fear of Germans and their response evolved a System of Alliances in Europe.
versus France: keep her Isolated. Why? Alsace and Lorraine
• The Three Emperor Understanding 1872: Germany, Austro-Hungarian, Russia:
to maintain piece and to consult and take common action if war
• The Austro- German Dual Alliance 1879: Story of Congress of Berlin 1878 and
Russian anger. if Russia joined France then Germans and Austria would fight
together.
• The New Three Emperor Understanding 1881: Germany, Austro-Hungarian,
Russia. Why Russians back in it? No love for Democracy. if any fourth power
attacked any one of above three then remaining two will observe neutrality.
Renewed in 1884 but ended in 1887 when terms of Dual Alliance were known.
International Relations 1871-1914
• The Triple Alliance 1882: Germany, Austro-Hungarian
Empire and Italy: reasons behind Italy joining it?
France and Italy interests in Northern Africa
• The Reinsurance Treaty 1887: Russia and Germany. if
anyone attacked then other would observe neutrality
• Mediterranean Agreement 1887: Austria, Italy and
England: it was an Austrian response to Reinsurance
treaty.
• German Policy failed......
International Relations 1871-1914
• Economic and Military Cooperation between Russia and France 1888
• The Dual Alliance: Russia and France 1893. Germans were playing double game i.e. Dual
Alliance 1879 and Reinsurance treaty 1887 completely opposite to each other. Russian and
Austria had conflict of interests over Balkan.
• France- Italy Agreement 1902: France secure against Germans. How? Italy declared that
Triple Alliance was not against France
• NOW Europe in 1902: France, Italy and Russia on one side. Austria not friendly with Germans.
Isolation policy of France backfired and now Germans are Isolated.
• Why England was not part of the game? Remember Bismarck's policy but Germans after him
started Naval Program in 1898 hence England's involvement in Alliance system was inevitable
• Dual Entente 1904: France and England. not a military alliance but it continued till 1914 as a
military and naval collaboration.
• England-Russia Entente 1907: why no alliance between them in 19th century? Russo-phobia
• The Triple Entente 1907: England, France and Russia. Non military but consultation on
International Affairs was must.
International Relations 1871-1914
• . England vs Germany: German search for alternative i.e. Ottoman Empire. Naval
program, Berlin-Baghdad Railway Project 1897 a threat for England's interests in
Persian Gulf.
• NOW Europe in 1907: Policies of England put Austria back in German camp. HOW?
Austrian interests in Balkan vs England's support of Russia.
• HOWEVER, interests of Austria and Ottomans over Eastern Europe was a problem for
Germans.
• From 1907 till 1914: Arms race and Crises
• Failure of The First Hague Conference 1899 and The Second Hague Conference 1907
• Morocco Crisis of 1906: French pressure on Ottomans and German response...
Algeciras Conference 1906
• Austria's annexation of Bosnia and Herzegovina 1908... response to Algeciras
conference
• War and Italian betray... Treaty of London 1915
The Bolsheviks and Inter War period 1917- 1939
• Early developments: Violent socialist revolution. Nobility,
capitalists, industrialists, senior army officials killed. A reign of
Terror through the institution of Cheka, a revolutionary tribunal.
Tsar and his family executed in July 1918
• Bolshevik regime 1917-1939: Early Problems: Militant Communism:
"a dictatorship of the proletariat"... early steps: immediately make
peace with central forces. Treaty of Brest-Litovsk March 1918
WHY? .. then Nationalization of industries which will be controlled
by workers and distribution of land among peasants...
• The Great Civil War 1918-20: Reds versus Whites.....
• War with Poland 1921. factors behind war and end was the victory
of Reds...
The Bolsheviks and Inter War period 1917-
1939
• International Relations under LENIN: first major step was Geneva Conference with
Western Powers and its failure led to economic ties between Germans and Russia
in 1922 Treaty of Rapallo...
• International Relations under STALIN: revival of Old rivalry Russia versus Japan...
impact of foreign policy of Russia i.e. Non-aggression pact with all western
neighbors 1932 and also France 1932
• Rise of Hitler and New turns in international relations: US recognized russia 1933.
Russia promised no communist propaganda in US. Russians got permanent seat in
League of Nations 1934.
• Conflict of Interest with Germans over Ukarine and its impact i.e. France-Russia
alliance 1935. Russia- Czechoslovakia Alliance 1935. both in a span of two weeks.
• The U-turn: Hilter annexed Czechoslovakia March 1939 and what was Western
Democracies and Russia were doing? No clear guarantees from west and Stalin
surprised world by signing Non-aggression pact with Germany August 1939...
immediate impact German Invasion of Poland....
