This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles

for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

Designation: D877/D877M − 19

Standard Test Method for

Dielectric Breakdown Voltage of Insulating Liquids Using
Disk Electrodes1
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D877/D877M; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year
of original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.
A superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the U.S. Department of Defense.

1. Scope used as insulating and cooling liquids in transformers, cables,

and similar apparatus.

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1.1 This test method describes two procedures, A and B, for
determining the electrical breakdown voltage of insulating 1.4.1.2 Procedure A may be used to obtain the dielectric
liquid specimens. The breakdown test uses ac voltage in the breakdown of silicone fluid as specified in Test Methods
power-frequency range from 45 to 65 Hz. D2225, provided the discharge energy into the sample is less
than 20 mJ (milli joule) per breakdown for five consecutive
1.2 This test method is used to determine the electrical
breakdowns.
discharge voltage of in-use electrical liquids. It is no longer
applicable to new insulating liquids upon receipt, in which case 1.4.2 Procedure B:
Test Method D1816 shall be used. 1.4.2.1 This procedure is used to determine the breakdown
NOTE 1—It is understood that long-term histories for this test method voltage of liquids in which any insoluble breakdown products
exist, but this test method is no longer considered applicable as numerous do not completely settle from the space between the disks
deficits exist that affect its usefulness. It is recommended to move all new during the 1-min interval required in Procedure A. Procedure
and in-service electrical discharge voltage testing of electrical insulating B, modified in accordance with Section 17 of Test Methods
liquids to Test Method D1816.
D2225, is acceptable for testing silicone dielectric liquids if the
1.3 Limitations of the Procedures: requirements of 1.4.1.2 can not be achieved.
1.3.1 The sensitivity of this test method to the general 1.4.2.2 Procedure B should also be applied for the determi-
population of contaminants present in a liquid sample de- nation of the breakdown voltage of liquid samples containing
creases as applied test voltages used in this test method become insoluble materials that settle from the specimen during testing.
greater than approximately 25 kV rms. These may include samples taken from circuit breakers, load
1.3.2 If the concentration of water in the sample at room tap changers, and other liquids heavily contaminated with
temperature is less than 60 % of saturation, the sensitivity of insoluble particulate material. These examples represent
this test method to the presence of water is decreased. For samples that may have large differences between replicate
further information refer to RR:D27-1006.2 tests. The use of Procedure B will result in a more accurate
1.3.3 The suitability for this test method has not been value of breakdown voltage when testing such liquids.
determined for a liquid’s viscosity higher than 900 cSt at 40
1.4.2.3 Use Procedure B to establish the breakdown voltage
°C.
of an insulating liquid where an ASTM specification does not
1.4 Procedure Applications exist or when developing a value for an ASTM guide or
1.4.1 Procedure A: standard. Procedure A may be used once the single operator
1.4.1.1 Procedure A is used to determine the breakdown precision of 13.1 has been demonstrated.
voltage of liquids in which any insoluble breakdown products
easily settle during the interval between the required repeated 1.5 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units
breakdown tests. These liquids include petroleum oils, are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in
hydrocarbons, natural and synthetic esters, and askarels (PCB) each system are not necessarily exact equivalents; therefore, to
ensure conformance with the standard, each system shall be
used independently of the other, and values from the two
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D27 on systems shall not be combined.
Electrical Insulating Liquids and Gases and is the direct responsibility of Subcom-
mittee D27.05 on Electrical Test. 1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the
Current edition approved . Published December 2019. Originally approved in safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
1946. Last previous edition approved in 2013 as D877/D877M–13. DOI: 10.1520/
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
D0877_D0877M-19.
2
RR:D27-1006, Round-Robin Data Using Modified VDE Electrode Cell for priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter-
Dielectric Strength Tests on Oil, is available from ASTM Headquarters. mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

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 D877/D877M − 19
1.7 This international standard was developed in accor- 3.5 This test method is used in laboratory or field tests. For
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard- field breakdown results to be comparable to laboratory results,
ization established in the Decision on Principles for the all criteria including room temperature (20 to 30 °C) must be
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom- met.
mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical
Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee. 4. Electrical Apparatus
2. Referenced Documents 4.1 In addition to this section, use IEEE Standard 4 to
determine other requirements necessary for conducting test
2.1 ASTM Standards:3 methods and making measurements using alternating voltages.
D923 Practices for Sampling Electrical Insulating Liquids Procedures to ensure accuracy should follow the requirements
D1816 Test Method for Dielectric Breakdown Voltage of of IEEE Standard 4. Calibration(s) shall be traceable to
Insulating Liquids Using VDE Electrodes national standards and should be conducted annually or more
D2225 Test Methods for Silicone Fluids Used for Electrical often.
Insulation
4.1.1 Test Voltage—The test voltage shall be an alternating
D2864 Terminology Relating to Electrical Insulating Liq-
voltage having a frequency in the range from 45 to 65 Hz,
uids and Gases
normally referred to as power-frequency voltage. The voltage
2.2 IEEE Standards:4
waveshape should approximate a sinusoid with both half cycles
Standard 4, IEEE Standard Techniques for High-Voltage
closely alike, and it should have a ratio of peak-to-rms values
Testing
equal to the square root of 2 within 65 %.
C57.106 Guide for Acceptance and Maintenance of Insulat-
ing Oil in Equipment 4.1.2 Generation of the Test Voltage— The test voltage is
generally supplied by a transformer or resonant circuit. The
3. Significance and Use voltage in the test circuit should be stable enough to be
3.1 The dielectric breakdown voltage is a measure of the practically unaffected by varying current flowing in the capaci-
ability of an insulating liquid to withstand electrical stress. The tive and resistive paths of the test circuit. Nondisruptive
power-frequency breakdown voltage of a liquid is reduced by discharges in the test circuit should not reduce the test voltage
the presence of contaminants such as cellulosic fibers, conduct- to such an extent, and for such a time, that the disruptive
ing particles, dirt, and water. A low result in this test method discharge (breakdown) voltage of the test specimen is signifi-
indicates the presence of significant concentrations of one or cantly affected. In the case of a transformer, the short-circuit
more of these contaminants in the liquid tested. See Appendix current delivered by the transformer should be sufficient to
X1. maintain the test voltage within 3 % during transient current
pulses or discharges, and a short circuit current of 0.1 A may
3.2 A high breakdown voltage measured in this test method suffice.
does not necessarily indicate that the amount of the contami-
4.1.3 Disruptive Voltage Measurement— Design the mea-
nants present in a liquid from which the sample was taken is
surement circuit so the voltage recorded at the breakdown is
sufficiently low for the sampled liquid to be acceptable in all
the maximum voltage across the test specimen immediately
electrical equipment. Test Method D877 is not sensitive to low
prior to the disruptive breakdown with an error no greater than
levels of these contaminants. Breakdown in this test method is
3 %.
dominated by events occurring at the electrode edges. The
voltage stress distribution between the parallel disk electrodes 4.2 Circuit-Interrupting Equipment— Design the circuit
used in this test method are quasi-uniform and there is used to interrupt the disruptive discharge through the specimen
substantial stress concentration at the sharp edges of the flat to operate when the voltage across the specimen has collapsed
disk faces. to less than 100 V. It is recommended that the circuit design
3.3 This test method may be used for evaluation of insulat- limit the disruptive current duration and magnitude to low
ing liquids in equipment that is designed to be filled with values that will minimize damage to the disks and limit
unprocessed liquids as delivered by a vendor. formation of non-soluble materials resulting from the
breakdown, but consistent with the requirements of 4.1.1.
3.4 This test method is not recommended for evaluation of
the breakdown voltage of liquids used in equipment that 4.3 Voltage Control Equipment—Use a rate of voltage rise
requires the application of vacuum and filtering of the oil of 3 kV/s. The tolerance of the rate of rise should be 5 % for
before being placed into service. Test Method D1816 should be any new equipment. Automatic equipment should be used to
used to determine the breakdown voltage of filtered and control the voltage rate of rise because of the difficulty of
degassed liquids. maintaining a uniform voltage rise manually. The equipment
should produce a straight-line voltage-time curve over the
3
operating range of the equipment. Calibrate and label auto-
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
contact ASTM Customer Service at [email protected]. For Annual Book of ASTM
matic controls in terms of rate-of-rise.
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
4.4 Measuring Systems—The voltage shall be measured by
the ASTM website.
4
Available from The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc., PO a method that fulfills the requirements of IEEE Standard No. 4,
Box 1331, Piscataway, NJ 08855. giving rms values.
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 D877/D877M − 19
4.5 Connect the electrodes such that the voltage measured occurs, the cup should be warmed slightly to evaporate any
from each electrode with respect to ground during the test is moisture before use. Take care to avoid touching the electrodes
equal within 5 %. or the inside of the cup after cleaning. Flush the cup using part
of the sample. Fill the cup with a specimen from a sample with
5. Electrodes a known breakdown voltage. Make a voltage breakdown test as
5.1 The electrodes shall have parallel faces and axes in a specified in this test method. If the breakdown voltage is
coincident horizontal line when mounted in the cup. Construct judged in the proper range for the sample with a known
the electrodes of polished brass as disks 25.4 mm [1.0 in.] in breakdown value, the test cup is prepared for testing other
diameter 62.0 %, and at least 3.18 mm [1⁄8 in.] thick, and with samples. If a value lower than expected is obtained, flush or
sharp edges. The sharp edge shall have a quarter circle radius clean the cup as necessary until test results meet the expected
no greater than 0.254 mm [0.010 in.]. Refer to Annex A1 for value for the known sample.
illustrations of measuring edge radius. 7.4 Electrode Edge Verification—Using a 0.254-mm [0.010-
6. Test Cup in.] equivalent radius gauge5 or an optical comparator, verify
that the radius of the edge of the electrode, on the gap side, is
6.1 Construct the cup of a material having high dielectric less than 0.254 mm [0.010 in.]; verify the face of the electrodes
strength, that is inert to any of the cleaning or test liquids. The are at 90 6 1° to the side edge of the electrode. If the edge
cup material shall not absorb moisture or the cleaning and test radius is no greater than the value specified and the sides are at
liquids. The vector sum of the resistive and capacitive current 90°, the electrodes are satisfactory for continued use. Check
of the cup, when filled with insulating liquid, shall be less than the disk in at least four locations for each criteria. If the radius
200 µA at 20 kV, at power frequency. Construct the cup so that exceeds the tolerance or the edges are not at 90°, the electrodes
no part is less than 12.7 mm [0.5 in.] from any part (the side, shall be resurfaced to the specified values. Refer to Annex A1
back or edge) of the electrode disk. The cup shall be designed for illustrations of measuring edge radius.
to permit easy removal of the electrodes for cleaning and
polishing, verification that the sharp edge is within the speci- 7.5 Polishing of Electrodes—When examination of elec-
fied tolerance, and to permit easy adjustment of the gap trodes shows minor scratching or pitting, the electrodes should
spacing. The top of the cup shall be maintained at least 25.4 be removed from the test cup and polished by buffing with
mm [1.0 in.] above the top of the electrodes. jeweler’s rouge using a soft cloth or soft buffing wheel.
(Resurfacing may be necessary in order to remove deep pit
7. Adjustment and Care of Electrodes and Test Cup marks or edge damage.) Care must be taken in resurfacing or
in polishing to ensure that the electrode faces remain perpen-
7.1 Daily Use—At the beginning of each day’s testing
dicular to the axis and the edges’ radius does not exceed the
examine the electrodes for scratches, pitting, and contamina-
value specified in 7.4. All residue from the buffing must be
tion. If pitting or scratches of the disk faces are found, polish
removed before the electrodes are reinstalled in the test cup.
in accordance with 7.5. For severe problems resurfacing may
This can be accomplished by repeated wiping with lint-free
be required. The electrodes should be examined quarterly in
tissue paper saturated with a suitable solvent (such as petro-
accordance with 7.4 for the proper sharp edge, if there is
leum ether), followed by solvent rinsing or ultrasonic cleaning.
apparent edge damage, or upon return from resurfacing. The
After the electrodes have been reinstalled in the test cup, clean
gap shall be reset in accordance with 7.2. Clean and prepare the
and adjust spacing in accordance with 7.2 and 7.3.
cup in accordance with 7.3.
7.6 Storage of Test Cup—When not in use, the cup, if used
7.2 Electrode Spacing—Gauges shall be used to set the
for referee tests, shall be stored filled with a new, dry, filtered
spacing of the electrodes during tests to 2.54 mm [0.100 in.] +
liquid of the type being tested, and tightly covered.
0.0254 mm [0.001 in.]. The gap should be set with “go” and
“no-go” gauges such that the spacing is no less than 2.51 mm
8. Sampling
[0.0990 in.] for a “go” measurement and no larger than 2.57
mm [0.1010 in.]. If the “no-go” gauge can enter the gap, the 8.1 Obtain a sample of the liquid to be tested in accordance
gap must be reset. Alternatively, if the cup is supplied with a with Practices D923. Record on the label of the sample
vernier scale for setting the gap, it can be used following the container identification of the device from which the sample
manufacturer’s instructions. Vernier scales are to be verified at was obtained, the date, and temperature of the sample at the
least monthly with gauges. Recheck the spacing following any time of collection (Note 2). Prior to starting the test, the sample
disturbance of the cup or electrodes and at operation in the shall be inspected for the presence of moisture, sludge, metallic
beginning of each day’s testing. particles, or other foreign matter. If the sample shows evidence
of free water, the dielectric breakdown test should be waived,
7.3 Cleaning—Wipe the electrodes and the cup clean with
and the sample shall be reported as unsatisfactory.
dry, lint-free tissue paper or a clean dry chamois. It is important
to avoid touching the electrodes or the cleaned gauge with the
fingers or with portions of the tissue paper or chamois that have
5
been in contact with the hands. After adjustment of the gap The sole source of supply of the apparatus known to the committee at this time
is www.starrett.com, (Radius Gauge, 0.010 in. Part 167-010). If you are aware of
spacing, the cup shall be rinsed with a dry solvent. A
alternative suppliers, please provide this information to ASTM International
low-boiling solvent should not be used as its rapid evaporation Headquarters. Your comments will receive careful consideration at a meeting of the
may cool the cup, causing moisture condensation. If this responsible technical committee,1 which you may attend.

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 D877/D877M − 19
NOTE 2—It is suggested that 2 L of sample be made available when cup. The mean of the five breakdowns may be reported as the
Procedure B is used, and 1 L of sample be made available when Procedure breakdown voltage, provided the range criteria of 11.4.2 are
A is used.
met. Retain all breakdown values. During testing maintain at
9. Test Temperature least two significant digits for each breakdown.

9.1 Make the temperature of the test specimen about the 11.4 Criteria for Statistical Consistency :
same as the test cup, then equilibrate the specimen and test cup 11.4.1 Calculate the mean of the 5 or 10 breakdowns using
temperature by rinsing the cup with part of the sample and the following equation:
filling the cup with the specimen within 15 s of rinsing the cup.
Record the temperature of the sample and ambient tempera-
X̄ 5 n 21 S( D
n

i51
Xi (1)
ture. Tests conducted in a laboratory shall be done at room
where:
temperature (20 to 30 °C). See Terminology D2864 for
definitions. X̄ = mean of the n individual values,
Xi = ith breakdown voltage, and
10. Voltage Application to the Specimen n = number of breakdowns either 5 or 10.

10.1 Start with the voltage across the electrodes at zero. 11.4.2 Acceptable Range Criteria—Using the breakdown
Apply the test voltage as specified in Section 4 until operation values determined in 11.2 or 11.3, calculate the mean break-
of the interrupting equipment. Record the maximum voltage down value using the equation in 11.4.1. Determine the range
reached prior to the breakdown. If no breakdown takes place of the breakdown voltages as follows:
record the highest value reached and report “no breakdown” Range 5 X Highest 2 X Lowest (2)
occurred. where:
11. Procedure XHighest = the highest breakdown voltage of the readings, and
XLowest = the lowest breakdown voltage of the readings.
11.1 The dielectric breakdown voltage of liquids may be
Determine that the range of the five breakdowns is less than
seriously impaired by the migration of impurities through the
or equal to 92 % of the mean value. If the range is acceptable,
liquid. In order that a representative test specimen containing
report this mean value as the dielectric breakdown voltage. If
the impurities may be obtained, invert and swirl the sample
the allowable range is exceeded, then conduct five additional
container several times before filling the test cup (Note 3).
breakdowns in accordance with 11.2 or 11.3. Obtain the new
Rapid agitation is undesirable, since an excessive amount of air
mean breakdown value for the ten breakdowns. Determine the
may be introduced into the liquid. Immediately after agitation,
range of the ten breakdowns and if the range is less than 151 %
use a small portion of the sample to rinse the test cup. The cup
of the mean value of the ten breakdowns, report this mean
shall then be filled slowly with the liquid to be tested in a
value as the dielectric breakdown voltage for the sample. If the
manner that will avoid entrapment of air. It should be filled to
allowable range is exceeded, the error is too large. Investigate
a level not less than 20.3 mm [0.8 in.] above the top of the
the cause of the error and repeat the tests.
electrodes. In order to permit the escape of air, allow the liquid
to stand in the cup for not less than 2 min and not more than 12. Report
3 min before voltage is applied.
NOTE 3—It is impractical to handle liquids having viscosities ranging 12.1 Report the following information:
from 10 to 22 mm2/s at 100 °C in the manner outlined in 11.1. When 12.1.1 ASTM designation of the test method used (D877/
testing high-viscosity liquids in this range, the sample should be allowed D877M),
to stand until it reaches room temperature. The sample container should 12.1.2 If Procedure B was used, the report should so
not be swirled as prescribed in 11.1, but should be inverted for at least 30
min before the test, and then reinverted and opened just prior to filling the
indicate,
test cup. Refer to 1.3.3. 12.1.3 The type of fluid tested,
12.1.4 Temperature of the sample recorded at collection
11.2 Procedure A—When it is desired to determine the
when available and of the specimen when tested. If the
dielectric breakdown voltage of a liquid on a routine basis, five
temperature of the sample at sampling is not supplied, then the
breakdowns may be made on one cup filling with 1-min
report should state the sampling temperature was not provided,
intervals between each breakdown and the next voltage appli-
12.1.5 The mean breakdown, (Note 4).
cation. The mean of the five breakdowns shall be considered
12.1.6 If the sample was observed to contain free water, the
the dielectric breakdown voltage of the sample, provided the
report should so indicate, with a statement that the test was not
range criteria of 11.4.2 are met. Retain all breakdown test
made.
values. If a second series of five breakdowns is required fill the NOTE 4—Individual breakdown values should be retained and made
cup with a new specimen in accordance with 11.1. During available upon request.
testing, maintain at least two significant digits for each break-
down. 13. Precision and Bias
11.3 Procedure B—When testing dielectric liquids de- 13.1 Single-Operator Precision—The single-operator per-
scribed in 1.4.2.1 to determine dielectric breakdown or when cent coefficient of variation of a single test result comprised of
comparing breakdown results with other test facilities, make 5 breakdowns has been found to be 10.7 %. Therefore, results
one breakdown on each of five successive fillings of the test of two properly conducted tests by the same operator on the
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 D877/D877M − 19
same sample should not differ by more than 30.3 % of the laboratories on the same sample of oil should not differ by
mean of the two tests. The maximum allowable range for the more than 30.3 % of the mean of the two results.
series of 5 breakdowns should not exceed 92 % of the mean of 13.3 Bias—No statement can be made about the bias of this
the 5 breakdowns. The maximum allowable range for the series test method because a standard reference material is not
of 10 breakdowns should not exceed 151 % of the mean of the available.
10 breakdowns.
13.2 Multilaboratory Precision—The multilaboratory per- 14. Keywords
cent coefficient of variation has been found to be 10.7 %. 14.1 breakdown voltage; dielectric strength; disk electrodes;
Therefore, results of two properly conducted tests in different electrical insulating liquids; test cup

ANNEX

(Mandatory Information)

A1. Examples for Measuring Electrode Edge Radius

A1.1 Annex A1 covers an example to use for checking Test

Method D877 disk edge radius. The gray area represents the
disk and the white area represents the gauge. See Figs.
A1.1-A1.3.

NOTE 1—Fig. A1.2 illustrates the case where the edge has a radius equal
to the gauge. Note both edges fit to the edge of the gauge and the disk edge
fits in the radius with no gap as in Fig. A1.1. This disk is acceptable,
however, consideration should be given to machining the disk to a sharp
edge because any degradation will make it unacceptable.
FIG. A1.2 Marginally Acceptable Electrode Edge Radius

NOTE 1—Fig. A1.1 illustrates the case where the edge radius of the disk
exceeds the allowable radius. Both sides of the gauge are flush with the
disk, and the edge of the disk does not fit into the gauge. This condition
requires that the disk be machined back to a sharp edge. See Fig. A1.3 for
a sharp edge.
FIG. A1.1 Unacceptable Electrode Edge Radius

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 D877/D877M − 19

NOTE 1—Fig. A1.3 illustrates the condition of a sharp edge meeting the requirements of Test Method D877. Note the sharp edge fits into the radius
gauge and only one side of the gauge fits up against the disk while the other side has considerable space.
FIG. A1.3 Acceptable Electrode Edge Radius

APPENDIX

(Nonmandatory Information)

X1. FACTORS THAT AFFECT THE DIELECTRIC BREAKDOWN VOLTAGE OF INSULATING LIQUIDS AT POWER FRE-
QUENCIES

X1.1 The dielectric breakdown voltage of a liquid at power X1.1.10 Concentration of dissolved gases if saturation lev-
frequencies is also affected by the following: els are exceeded as a result of a sudden cooling or decrease in
pressure, which may cause the formation of gas bubbles,
X1.1.1 Water content of the oil,
X1.1.11 Incompatibility with materials of construction, and
X1.1.2 The temperature of the liquid as it affects the relative
saturation level of moisture in solution, X1.1.12 Velocity of flow.
A decrease in dielectric strength of the liquid can have an
X1.1.3 The degree of uniformity of the electric field, accentuated effect on the electric creepage strength of the solid
X1.1.4 The area of the electrodes, insulating materials immersed in the liquid.
X1.1.5 Volume of the liquid under maximum stress, X1.2 Because of the separate, cumulative, and in some
cases, interacting effects of the influences previously listed, the
X1.1.6 Insulation on the electrodes in electrical equipment, average breakdown voltage of a liquid as determined by this
X1.1.7 Size and number of particles in the oil, test method cannot be used for design purposes. Alternate
procedures utilizing electrode shapes and configurations simi-
X1.1.8 Length of time for which the liquid is under stress,
lar to those in the apparatus and in Test Method D1816 should
X1.1.9 Gassing tendencies of the liquid under the influence be used for oil-filled equipment utilizing well-rounded and
of electric stress, insulated electrodes.

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