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BOARD OF INTERMEDIATE EDUCATION (AP)
SENIOR INTER BOTANY (2024-25)
MODEL PAPER (English Version)
Time: 3 Hrs. Max.Marks: 60

SECTION - A
Note: i) Very short answer type questions. 10 ´ 2 = 20
ii) Answer All questions.
iii) Each question carries Two marks.
1. What are Porins? What role do they play in diffusion?
2.
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What is the primary acceptor of CO2 in C4 plants? What is the first compound formed as a result of

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primary carboxylation in the C4 pathway?
3.
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What is transformation? Who discovered it and in which organism?

a
4.
5.

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Explain the terms phenotype and genotype?
Distinguish between heterochromatin and euchromatin. Which of the two is transcriptionally active?
6.
7. at
Write any two chemical differences between DNA and RNA?

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What is the full form of PCR? How is it useful in biotechnology?
8.
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Expand GMO. How is it different from a hybrid?
9.
d
Name an immunosuppressive agent. From where it is obtained.

a
10.
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Name any two genetically modified crops?

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Note: i) Short answer type questions.
SECTION - B
6 × 4 = 24

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ii) Answer any Six questions.
iii) Each question carries Four marks.
11.
12. w
Define and explain water potential?
Explain different types of co-factors?
13. Write any four physiological effects of cytokinins in plants?
14. Explain the structure of TMV?
15. Define and design a test cross?
16. Draw the schematic representation or diagrammatic presentation of the lac operon?
17. What is bio-reactor? Describe briefly the stirring type of bio-reactor?
18. Briefly describe about Bt cotton?
SECTION - C
Note: i) Long answer type questions. 2 ´ 8 = 16
ii) Answer any Two questions.
iii) Each question carries Eight marks.
19. Explain the reactions of Krebs cycle?

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20. Explain briefly the various processes of recombinant DNA technology?
21. Describe the Tissue Culture technique and what are the advantages of tissue culture over conventional
method of plant breeding in crop improvement programmes?

ANSWERS
SECTION – A
1. What are Porins? What role do they play in diffusion?
A. Movement of molecules through special proteins are called porins. These are present in the membranes
of mitochondria, plastids and bacteria and allow the hydrophilic molecules of their size.
2. What is the primary acceptor of CO2 in C4 plants? What is the first compound formed as a result
of primary carboxylation in the C4 pathway?
A. PEP ---Phosphoenol pyruvic acid. The first formed compound in C4 pathway is Oxalo acetic acid

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(OAA).
3.
A.
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What is transformation? Who discovered it and in which organism?
The absorption of naked DNA from culture medium and expression of that gene characters in recipient

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cell. Griffith was discovered in Streptococcus pneumoniae.

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4.
A.
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Explain the terms phenotype and genotype?
Phenotype: The physical appearance of an organism e.g.: Tall, dwarf.

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Genotype: The genetic make up of an organism e.g.: Tall plant is represented by genotype TT, Tt and

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dwarf plant is represented by tt.
5.
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Distinguish between heterochromatin and euchromatin. Which of the two is transcriptionally
active?
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A.
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Dark coloured chromatin is heterochromatin and light coloured chromatin is euchromatin. In genetical

6.
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transcription heterochromatin is inactive and euchromatin is active.

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Write any two chemical differences between DNA and RNA?
A.

w w DNA
1. Deoxy ribose sugar (C5H10O4) present
RNA
1. Ribose sugar (C5H10O5) present

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2. Thymine (T) present and Uracil(U) absent
3. Double stranded and mostly genetic material
2. Thymine (T) absent and Uracil(U) present
3. Single stranded and mostly non genetic material
4. Present in nucleus, mitochondria and chloroplast 4. Present in nucleus and cytoplasm
7. What is the full form of PCR? How is it useful in biotechnology?
A. PCR means polymerase chain reaction used to produce multiple copies of desirable DNA. It was
discovered by Kary Mullis by using thermocycler machine. DNA polymerase like Taq polymerase is
commonly used. It is used to diagnosis of diseases like AIDS, TB, plant pathogens and DNA finger
printing.
8. Expand GMO. How is it different from a hybrid?
A. GMO stands for Genetically modified organisms. The organisms in which genes have been altered are
called GMO’s. GM crops are resistant to cold, heat, drought, salt and rich in nutrients.
9. Name an immunosuppressive agent. From where it is obtained.
A. Cyclosporin A. It is obtained from Trichoderma polysporum used as immunosuppressive agent in organ
transplant patients.

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10. Name any two genetically modified crops?
A. Bt cotton, Bt brinjal, Bt tomato.
SECTION – B
11. Define and explain water potential?
A. 1. The relative difference between the chemical potential of pure water to that of solution is called water
potential.
2. Water molecules have kinetic energy. If water concentration is more it increases the kinetic energy
or water potential of that solution.
3.Water will move from higher water potential region to lower water potential region.
4. Water potential of pure water is zero (0). It is denoted by greek symbol Ψw.
5. If some solute is dissolved in pure water the solution has fewer free water molecules and the
concentration of water decreases by reducing its water potential.

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6. Water potential is determined by two main components namely solute potential and pressure
potential.

a.n
7. SOLUTE POTENTIAL: The lowering of water potential due to addition of a solute is called solute

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potential (Ψs). It is always negative.
8. PRESSURE POTENTIAL: The gradual increase of water potential in turgid cell is due to entry of

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water is called pressure potential (Ψp). It is always positive.
9. Water potential of the cell is calculated by both solute potential and pressure potential.
Ψw = Ψs + Ψp

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12.
A. CO-FACTORS:
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Explain different types of co-factors?

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1. Biocatalyst present in living organisms are called enzymes. They may be simple (contain protein part

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only) or holoenzymes (contain protein part and non protein part).

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2. Protein part of an enzyme is called apoenzyme and non-protein part is called co-factor.
3. Co-factors are of 3 types.

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4. Co-enzymes: Organic compounds which are loosely attached to the apoenzyme.
e.g.: NAD, NADP, TPP, CO.A, PP
5. Prosthetic groups: Organic compounds which are tightly attached to the apoenzyme.
e.g.: Peroxidase, catalase
6. Metal ions: Metal ions loosely attached to apoenzyme and also called metallo enzymes.
e.g.: Cu+2 -- cytochrome oxidase, Fe+2 -- catalase, Mg+2 -- Hexo kinase
13. Write any four physiological effects of cytokinins in plants?
A. CYTOKININS: Kinetin, Zeatin
1. A class of growth promotor useful in cell division of plants.
2. Discovered by Skoog and Miller.
3. Promotes cell division.
4. Initiates stem in tissue culture from callus.
5. Removes apical dominance.

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6. Promotes female flowers.
7. Stem grows at higher concentration and roots grow at lower concentration (morphogenesis).
8. Delays senescence (ageing and death of plant parts) is called Richmond – Lang effect.
9. Seedlings show horizontal growth.
14. Explain the structure of TMV?
A. 1. TMV stands for Tobacco Mosaic Virus. RNA
Capsomeres
2. It was crystallized by Stanley and structure was explained by Fraenkel.
3. It is a rod shaped virus and measures about 300 × 18 nm.
4. Its molecular weight is 39 × 106 Daltons.
5. Core is the central part contains single stranded RNA. It contains 6500
nucleotides.
6. Capsid is the peripheral part spirally surrounded by 2130 capsomeres.

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7. Each capsomere is made up of a single polypeptide chain which possess 158 amino acids.
15.
A.
Define and design a test cross?

a.n
1. Crossing of F1 hybrid with its homozygous recessive parent is called test cross.

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2. It was devised by Mendel to prove that F1 is heterozygous or hybrid.

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3. It is used to test whether an individual is homozygous or heterozygous.
4. If the unknown genotype is homozygous, all progeny will exhibit the phenotype associated with

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dominant allele but if the unknown genotype is heterozygous half the progeny will exhibit the
dominant trait and half the progeny will have recessive trait.

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5. The phenotypic and genotypic ratio of test cross is 1 : 1.
16.
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Draw the schematic representation or diagrammatic presentation of the lac operon?

e
e
A.
P

w. I P O z y x In absence of Inducer

w w Repressor mRNA
Repressor binds to the operator region
(O) and prevents RNA polymerase from
transcribing the operon

Repressor

P I P O z y x In Presence of Inducer

Repressor mRNA lac mRNA

galactosidase permease transacetylase

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17. What is bio-reactor? Describe briefly the stirring type of bio-reactor?
A. BIO-REACTORS:
1. The large vessels (100 to 1000 litres) used for biological conversion of raw materials into specific
products like enzymes using microbial, plant, animal or human cells.
2. Provide optimum conditions for achieving the product by providing optimum temperature, pH,
substrate, salts, vitamins, oxygen.
3. Most commonly used bio-reactors are of stirring type.
4. Each bioreactor has a cylindrical stirred tank for mixing of the contents.
5. Stirrer provides facility of mixing the contents as well as the oxygen.
6. It has an agitator system to mix the contents properly, and oxygen delivery system to make
availability of oxygen, a foam control system, a temperature control system, and pH control system.
18. Briefly describe about Bt cotton?
A.

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1. Plants created through gene transfer methods are called transgenic plants.

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2. Bt –cotton is one of the insect resistant transgenic plant.

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3. It produce proteins that kill insects like lepidopterans and dipterans.

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4. Bt toxin protein exists as inactive protoxins and converted into an active form of toxin due to alka-

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t
line pH of the gut of insects. It causes cell lysis.

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5. Toxin genes were isolated from Bacillus thuringiensis and introduced in cotton to produce Bt cotton.
6. Toxin is coded by a gene called ‘Cry’. These Crystal proteins (Cry-proteins) encoded by Crystal
genes (Cry-genes).

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7. Cry IAc and Cry IIAb genes control cotton boll worms and Cry IAb genes control corn borer.

na SECTION – C
19.
A.
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Explain the reactions of Krebs cycle?
Oxidative decarboxylation of pyruvic acid into CO2 and H2O is called Krebs cycle. It occurs in

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mitochondrial matrix. The first formed compound in this cycle is citric acid, hence it is also named as
Citric acid cycle or Tri carboxylic acid (TCA) cycle. It has 10 steps.

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1) Pyruvic acid undergoes oxidative decarboxylation and produce acetyl Co.A. Acetyl Co.A is the
connecting link between glycolysis and Krebs cycle. Acetyl Co.A combines with oxalo acetic acid
and form citric acid in the presence of an enzyme citric synthetase.
cytric synthetase
Oxalo acetic acid + acetyl Co.A → Citric acid + Co.A
2) Citric acid is dehydrated into cis – aconitic acid in presence of aconitase.
aconitase
Citric acid → Cis - aconitic acid + H2O
3) Cis – aconitic acid is hydrated into isocitric acid in presence of aconitase.
aconitase
Cis - aconitic acid + H2O → Isocitric acid
4) Isocitric acid undergoes dehydrogenation and produce oxalo succinic acid in the presence of
dehydrogenase. NAD+ is reduced to NADH + H+.
dehydrogenase
Isocitric acid + NAD+ → Oxalo succinic acid + NADH + H+
5) Oxalo succinic acid undergoes de carboxylation and converted into α - ketoglutaric acid and CO2 in

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the presence of decarboxylase.
decarboxylase
Oxalo succinic acid → a - ketoglutaric acid + CO2
6) α - ketoglutaric acid undergoes oxidative decarboxylation by combining with Co.A converted into
succinyl Co.A and CO2. NAD+ is reduced to NADH + H+.
dehydrogenase
a - ketoglutaric acid + NAD+ + Co.A → Succinyl Co.A + NADH + H+ + CO2
7) Succinyl Co.A is splits into succinic acid and Co.A in the presence of kinase. ADP is changed into
ATP.

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thio kinase
Succinyl Co.A + ADP + Pi → Succinic acid + ATP + Co.A

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8) Succinic acid is oxidised to fumaric acid in the presence of dehydrogenase. FAD is reduced to
FADH2.
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dehydrogenase
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Succinic acid + FAD → Fumaric acid + FADH2

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9) Fumaric acid is hydrated to malic acid in the presence of fumarase.
fumarase

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Fumaric acid + H2O → Malic acid

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10) Malic acid is oxidized into oxalo acetic acid in the presence of dehydrogenase. NAD+ is reduced to
NADH + H+.

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dehydrogenase
Malic acid + NAD+ → Oxalo acetic acid + NADH + H+

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In Krebs cycle, for every 2 molecules of acetyl Co.A oxidation results in 2 ATP (substrate level
phosphorylation), oxidation of 6 NADH + H+ (6 × 3 = 18 ATP), and oxidation of 2 FADH2 (2 × 2 = 4

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ATP) in electron transport system yields 22 ATP. Hence total 24 ATP molecules are produced in this
cycle. Acetyl Co.A
1

w NADH
Oxaloacetate
10
Citrate
2
3
Isocitrate
4
Citric
CO2 NADH
Acid 5
Malate Cycle
a -Ketoglutarate
9 CO2

Fumarate NADH
6
Succinyl Co.A
FADH2
8 7
Succinate
GTP
(ATP)
Krebs Cycle
20. Explain briefly the various processes of recombinant DNA technology?
A. A technique to alter the genetic material in host organisms and change the phenotype of the host
organism to produce desirable products is called r-DNA technology.
It has 6 steps,
1. Isolation and cutting of desirable DNA
2. Isolation and cutting of vector DNA
3. Production and amplification of desirable r-DNA

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4. Insertion of r-DNA into the host cell
5. Selection of transformed host cells
6. Down stream processing
I. Isolation and cutting of desirable DNA:
1. The desirable DNA containing cell walls are digested by enzymes using cellulases, chitinases or
lysosomes.
2. Cell membrane or plasma membrane is digested with detergents then the cell is treated with proteases
and ribonucleases and finally with ethanol to get fine threads of DNA.
3. Restriction enzymes and DNA are incubated at optimum temperature to cut the DNA into fragments.
4. Agarose gel is used to separate the DNA fragments. DNA fragments are negatively charged move
towards anode in electric field and smaller fragments moves longer distance.
5. DNA fragments are visualized with ethidium bromide dye by exposing UV light and appears in
bright orange colour.

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6. The separation of DNA fragments from agarose gel is called elution. Finally DNA fragments are
selected by southern blotting technique.

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ibh
II. Isolation and cutting of vector DNA:
1. Bacterial cell is digested with lysozyme to get plasmid vector (vehicle) DNA.

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2. Plasmid DNA is extracted by centrifugation.

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3. Restriction enzymes are used to cut plasmid DNA into fragments.

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III. Production and amplification of desirable r-DNA

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1. Desirable DNA fragment and vector DNA fragments are united by ligase enzyme with their cohesive
or sticky ends to produce recombinant DNA (r-DNA).

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2. Amplification of r-DNA by PCR technique. PCR means polymerase chain reaction used to produce

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multiple copies of desirable DNA. It was discovered by Kary Mullis (1985).

denaturation.

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3. DNA molecule splits into two strands when it is subjected to high temperature (94°C) is called

4. Two oligonucleotide primers are attached to single stranded DNA molecules at (40°– 60°C) is called

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annealing (joining).
5. The enzyme Taq polymerase synthesizes the DNA segment between the primers at 72°C is called
extension.
6. By repeating PCR cycles the r-DNA can be amplified to billion times.
IV. Insertion of r-DNA into the host cell
1. r- DNA is inserted by incubation of bacteria (E.coli) cells with r-DNA in ice alternate with high
temperature (42°C) and bring back to ice.
2. Insertion can also done by micro injection or gene gun method.
V. Selection of transformed host cells
1. r- DNA carrying antibiotic resistance (ampicillin) is transferred into E. coli cells, then the host cells
are transformed into ampicillin resistant cells.
2. When transformed cells are grown on agar medium containing ampicillin, transformed cells will
grow and others die.

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VI. Downstream processing
1. Transformed cells are grown in stirring type of bioreactors to produce desirable products.
2. Separation, purification, preservation of gene cloning products before ready to use and release in the
market is called downstream processing.

Foreign DNA
Vector DNA

Same restriction enzyme cutting both foreign (plasmid)

Ligases join foreign

Transformation

E.coli
Cells divide

21.
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Describe the Tissue Culture technique and what are the advantages of tissue culture over

A.
a.n
conventional method of plant breeding in crop improvement programmes?
The artificial culturing of cells, tissues and organs on artificial nutrient medium is known as “Tissue

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Culture” or “In Vitro Culture”. It is based on the principle cellular totipotency.

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The ability of plant cell to divide, grow and produce the complete plant is called totipotency.
Tissue Culture technique has 6 steps.

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1. Preparation of nutrient culture medium

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d
2. Sterilization of the culture medium

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3. Preparation of explants

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4. Inoculation of explants
5. Incubation for growth

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6. Acclimatization of plantlets and transfer to pots
I. Preparation of nutrient culture medium:

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1. The medium which contains macro and micro elements, amino acids, vitamins and carbohydrates is
called basal medium.
2. pH of the medium is adjusted to 5-6.
3. Medium is solidified with agar-agar.
II. Sterilization of the culture medium:

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1. Eradication of microorganisms present on the surface of material is called sterilization.
2. Culture medium rich in nutrients and attracts microbes.
3. Medium containing test tubes have sterilized in autoclave (work like pressure cooker) for 15 minutes
at 121°C at 15 pounds of pressure.
III. Preparation of Explant:
1. The part of the plant body used in tissue culture to grow whole plant is called explant.
2. Root tips, shoot tips, leaf and stem segments can be used as explants.
3. Explant is surface sterilized with sodium hypochlorite or 0.1% mercuric chloride solution.
IV. Inoculation of explants:
1.Transfer of explants on to the nutrient culture medium is called inoculation.
2. It is carried out in the Laminar air-flow chamber which maintains aseptic environment.
V. Incubation for growth:

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1. Test tubes containing nutrient medium with explants plugged with cotton are incubated in air
conditioned room for 3-4 weeks.

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2. Explant produce an undifferentiated mass of cells known as callus.

is called organogenesis.
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3. Addition of auxins to the callus induces roots and addition of cytokinins to the callus induces stem

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4. Sometimes embryo like structures develop from callus are called embryoids. These develop from

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somatic tissue other than zygote are called ‘somatic embryos’.

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5. Somatic embryos can be encapsulated with sodium alginate for storage and transport.

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The encapsulated somatic embryos are called “synthetic seeds” or “artificial seeds”.
VI. Acclimatization of plantlets and transfer to pots:

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1. Plantlets transferred from test tubes to plastic pots containing soil rite (material prepared from

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coconut shells and other organic matter) and covered with polythene bags at room temperature for
1 - 2 weeks.

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2. After 2 weeks polythene bags removed and transferred to pots containing a mixture of soil and

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manure.
Advantages:
1. Large number of plants are produced within a short time and space.
2. Mass propagation of plants through tissue culture is known as micro propagation.
3. Plants produced by this method show variations called ‘soma clonal variations’.
4. Unisexual female plants are produced.
5. Virus free plants are produced from shoot-tip cultures.
6. Synthetic seeds can be easily stored and transported.
7. Rare and endemic plants like Pterocarpus santalinus is propagated by this method.
This model paper was prepared by
Dr. Madavaram Chenna Kesavulu

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